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Škomrlj J, Modrić T, Sekulić D, Bandalović A, Turić A, Bećir B, Veršić Š. Longitudinal analysis of the incidence rate of injury in elite youth football: Trends over six years including the COVID-19 pandemic period. Phys Ther Sport 2024; 66:85-92. [PMID: 38359730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyze injury trends and the possible effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on the incidence rates of injury in young elite football players. DESIGN A prospective cohort study design was adopted. PARTICIPANTS Our study included 832 male football players who suffered an injury during any of the six competitive seasons. SETTING An elite youth football academy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Descriptive data and the incidence of injury were calculated. A generalized linear mixed model was used to assess differences in the occurrence of injury among the various age groups. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze injury trends. RESULTS Joinpoint regression models showed a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of injury in all age groups with an average annual percent change (AAPC) of 13.9 (95 %Confidence Interval [CI]:-23.2 - 3.4) and -13.5 (95 %CI:-24.5 to -0.9) for models with zero and one joinpoint, respectively. Football players in older age groups sustain a higher number of injuries, probably due to a higher number of matches and greater training intensity. CONCLUSION This study showed a downward trend in injuries in the participants prior to the pandemic, with an evident increase in the incidence rate of injury during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakša Škomrlj
- HNK Hajduk Split, Split, 21000, Croatia; University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, Split, 21000, Croatia.
| | - Toni Modrić
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, Split, 21000, Croatia; High Performance Sport Center, Croatian Olympic Committee, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
| | - Damir Sekulić
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, Split, 21000, Croatia; High Performance Sport Center, Croatian Olympic Committee, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
| | - Ante Bandalović
- HNK Hajduk Split, Split, 21000, Croatia; University Hospital Split, Surgery Clinic, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Ante Turić
- HNK Hajduk Split, Split, 21000, Croatia; University Hospital Split, Surgery Clinic, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | | | - Šime Veršić
- HNK Hajduk Split, Split, 21000, Croatia; University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, Split, 21000, Croatia; High Performance Sport Center, Croatian Olympic Committee, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
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Spyrou K, Alcaraz PE, Martínez-Serrano A, Marín-Cascales E, Ferioli D, Contreras JPS, Ribeiro JN, Travassos B, Freitas TT. Exploring countermovement jump variables across competitive levels and playing positions in futsal. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1371467. [PMID: 38463713 PMCID: PMC10920249 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1371467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aims of this study were to compare several countermovement jump (CMJ) kinetic variables between professional (PRO) and semi-professional (SEMI-PRO) futsal players and examine the differences amongst playing positions. Methods CMJ performance from 56 male futsal players (25.2 ± 4.8 years; weight: 74.4 ± 6.4 kg) was analysed. Players were separated into PRO (n = 29; 27.0 ± 4.4 years; 75.4 ± 6.0 kg) and SEMI-PRO (n = 27; 22.7 ± 4.3 years; 73.1 ± 6.8 kg), and according to playing position: defenders (n = 16; 25.4 ± 3.7 years; 75.2 ± 6.0 kg), wingers (n = 26; 23.5 ± 4.5 years; 72.0 ± 6.9 kg), and pivots (n = 14; 28.0 ± 5.6 years; 77.8 ± 4.3 kg). Linear mixed models and effect sizes were used for the analyses based on the mean of two jumps for each variable. Results PRO players presented a deeper center of mass (COM) displacement (p = 0.002, ES = 0.83), greater eccentric (Ecc) absolute (p = 0.019, ES = 0.61) and relative peak power (p = 0.046, ES = 0.52), and achieved greater Ecc peak velocities (p = 0.004, ES = 0.76) when compared to SEMI-PRO. Non-significant and trivial-to-small differences were observed in all the other CMJ variables according to the competitive level and playing position. Discussion Ecc capabilities (i.e., deeper COM displacement, greater Ecc absolute and relative peak power, and peak velocity) during vertical jump seem to differentiate PRO and SEMI-PRO players. However, CMJ variables do not discriminate amongst playing positions in futsal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-Serrano
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Marín-Cascales
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Murcia, Spain
| | - Davide Ferioli
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - João Nuno Ribeiro
- Research Center in Sports Science, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Research Center in Sports Science, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Murcia, Spain
- NAR Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rites AA, Merino-Muñoz P, Ribeiro F, Miarka B, Salermo V, Gomes DV, Brito CJ, Aedo-Muñoz E. Effects of peppermint oil inhalation on vertical jump performance in elite young professional soccer players: A double-blinded randomized crossover study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24360. [PMID: 38293549 PMCID: PMC10826725 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims To evaluate peppermint essential oil (PEO) inhalation's effect on young soccer athletes' motor performance. Methods A randomized crossover design was used to test the effect of the PEO. Eleven U-17 soccer players were evaluated into two conditions (PEO and Placebo - PLA). The players were tested in squat jump and countermovement jump and inhaled PEO or PLA and 10 min later performed the physical tests again. A mixed ANOVA was performed to test the hypotheses. Results Main effects were found for the time in jumping height in the CMJ (p = 0.037). No main and interaction effects were found in the SJ variables. Conclusion From the results, decrease CMJ performance acutely, both conditions presented decrease in JH, but based in effect size, PLA decrease is higher (more sample size for corroborate this) possibly due to improvements in the eccentric yielding sub-phase, where mentioned phase could be reflecting neural changes (required experimental verification). The PEO could be the interest in trainers for use before of match or in the half-time for minimize the decreased of physical performance by the rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ambrosio Rites
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Fluminense Football Club, Brazil
| | - Pablo Merino-Muñoz
- Núcleo de investigación en ciencias de la motricidad humana, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chile
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Bianca Miarka
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veronica Salermo
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Viana Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Rosa BV, Maldonado AJ, de Araújo AO, Neves LM, Rossi FE. Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Body Composition and Physical Performance of Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2319. [PMID: 37628517 PMCID: PMC10454760 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11162319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporting events were cancelled, and sports training was banned to prevent the spread of COVID-19. These changes during the COVID-19 pandemic decreased the physical activity levels, increased sedentary time, and also impaired the mental health of elite and sub-elite athletes. The impact on body composition and physical performance is not clear, however, especially considering a systematic review with meta-analysis. Thus, our objective was to conduct a review in accordance with the PRISMA Statement studies published in scientific journals (PubMed, Web of Science, or Scopus databases) that investigated the effect that social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic had on the physical performance (muscle power, cardiorespiratory capacity, and sprint) or body composition (body weight, percentage of fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass) of athletes. Data from 24 studies indicate that, throughout the global lockdown, the athletes maintained muscle power, cardiorespiratory capacity, and sprint, and prevented significant changes in fat mass and fat-free mass. However, the total body weight (meta-analysis with 18 studies), showed a significant increase (p = 0.006), with a small ES = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.21. Furthermore, the time of follow-up, level of training, and the age of the athletes were possible moderators of these effects. The data reinforce the importance of general strength and endurance exercises sessions to maintain physical fitness during non-competitive periods or due to the mandatory lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Viana Rosa
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (B.V.R.); (A.O.d.A.)
| | - Alberto Jimenez Maldonado
- Facultad de Deportes Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California México, Mexicali 22890, BC, Mexico;
| | - Ayrton Oliveira de Araújo
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (B.V.R.); (A.O.d.A.)
| | - Lucas Melo Neves
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University, Sao Paulo 04829-300, SP, Brazil;
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Pacaembu 05508-220, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Eduardo Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (B.V.R.); (A.O.d.A.)
- Graduate Program in Science and Health, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Movement Science, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil
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Corsini A, Bisciotti A, Canonico R, Causarano A, Del Vescovo R, Gatto P, Gola P, Iera M, Mazzoni S, Minafra P, Nanni G, Pasta G, Pulcini I, Salvatori S, Scorcu M, Stefanini L, Tenore F, Palermi S, Casasco M, Calza S. Are Football Players More Prone to Muscle Injury after COVID-19 Infection? The "Italian Injury Study" during the Serie a Championship. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5182. [PMID: 36982090 PMCID: PMC10048896 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Football was the first sport to resume competitions after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown and promptly the hypothesis was raised of a potential relationship between the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and musculoskeletal injuries in athletes. This study aimed to confirm the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and muscle strain injury in a large population of elite football players and to investigate if the COVID-19 severity level could affect the risk of injury. METHODS A retrospective cohort study involving 15 Italian professional male football teams was performed during the Italian Serie A 2020-2021 season. Injuries and SARS-CoV-2 positivity data were collected by team doctors through an online database. RESULTS Of the 433 included players, we observed 173 SARS-CoV-2 infections and 332 indirect muscle strains. COVID-19 episodes mostly belonged to severity level I and II. The injury risk significantly increased after a COVID-19 event, by 36% (HR = 1.36, CI95% 1.05; 1.77, p-value = 0.02). The injury burden demonstrated an 86% increase (ratio = 1.86, CI95% 1.21; 2.86, p-value = 0.005) in the COVID-19 severity level II/III versus players without a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, while level I (asymptomatic) patients showed a similar average burden (ratio = 0.92, CI95% 0.54; 1.58, p-value = 0.77). A significantly higher proportion of muscle-tendon junction injuries (40.6% vs. 27.1%, difference = 13.5%, CI95% 0.002%; 26.9%, p-value = 0.047) was found when comparing level II/III versus Non-COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the correlation between SARS-CoV-2 infection and indirect muscle injuries and highlights how the severity of the infection would represent an additional risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Mazzoni
- Sport Medicine Department—Milan Lab, Associazione Calcistica Milan, 20149 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Gianni Nanni
- Bologna Football Club 1909, 40132 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Palermi
- Public Health Department, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | | | - Stefano Calza
- Unit of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
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Tsolakis C, Cherouveim ED, Viliotis A, Simeonidis T, Skouras A, Koulouvaris P. Effect of a home-based exercise training program on anthropometric characteristics and exercise performance during Covid-19 quarantine in young high-level kayak athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2023; 19:339-347. [PMID: 36092545 PMCID: PMC9450821 DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The Covid-19 restriction exposed most athletes to insufficient training stimuli leading to detraining. This study investigated whether a home-based exercise training program could preserve body composition and exercise performance in young high-level kayak athletes during Covid-19 restriction. Methods Seventeen healthy young high-level kayak athletes (10 males and 7 females), aged 14.7 ± 1 yrs, participated in this study. A 7-week home-based training program was followed during Covid-19 restriction. Baseline measurements were assessed 4 weeks before Covid-19 pandemic and ended on 4 May 2020. Body composition, flexibility, isometric muscle trunk strength (Biodex), anaerobic power (30-s all-out trial), and aerobic capacity (4-min maximal test) were evaluated. Personal daily loads and wellness details were collected with AthleteMonitoring.com software. Results Home-based exercise training program was effective to improve flexibility (9.20 ± 2.85%) and lean body mass (3.96 ± 0.89%), to maintain muscle strength, anaerobic power, body mass, and body fat percentage but insufficient to maintain aerobic capacity (- 8.96 ± 2.49%). Conclusion The findings of the present study potentially highlight the importance of the implementation of such a program to minimize the detraining effect on young athletes during periods of movement restriction caused by pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charilaos Tsolakis
- Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evgenia D. Cherouveim
- Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Theocharis Simeonidis
- Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Skouras
- Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Koulouvaris
- Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Effects of high-intensity interval training versus sprint interval training during the second wave of COVID-19 lockdown on soccer players. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2023; 58:100414. [PMCID: PMC10123353 DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2023.100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of two intervention programs (i.e., high-intensity interval training [ΗΙΙΤ] versus sprint interval training [SIT]) during the second wave of pandemic COVID-19 in semi-professional soccer players. Twenty-nine male soccer players were divided into two groups: HIIT (N: 16, age: 19.6 ± 2.4 years, height: 1.8 ± 0.5 m, weight: 71.5 ± 4.6 kg, and body fat: 7.3 ± 2.6%), who performed a HIIT protocol with progressive intensity and resistance training; SIT (N: 13, age: 23.5 ± 5.1 years, height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m, weight: 74.0 ± 4.5 kg and body fat: 8.8 ± 2.6%) that performed a SIT program combined with body weight circuit training. According to the instructions from World Health Organization of basic protective measures against COVID-19, each session did not exceed 60 min. Aerobic capacity (Yo–Yo IR1) and countermovement jump (CMJ) height were measured before and after a 4-week intervention period. Aerobic variables (maximum oxygen uptake [V̇O2max], velocity at V̇O2max [vV̇O2max] and CMJ significantly increased (p <0.001), while maximum heart rate [HRmax] decreased (p <0.01) following the HIIT intervention program. Conversely, values remained unchanged in the SIT group after the training. Post-evaluation between-group comparisons revealed that V̇O2max was significantly higher in HIIT when compared to SIT (p <0.05). These results suggest that HIIT combined with resistance training, in different sessions, could lead to superior improvements in endurance and vertical jump ability in short time periods when compared to the combination of SIT and body-weighted strength training in semi-professional soccer players.
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Krzyszkowski J, Chowning LD, Harry JR. Phase-Specific Verbal Cue Effects on Countermovement Jump Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3352-3358. [PMID: 34533485 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Krzyszkowski, J, Chowning, LD, and Harry, JR. Phase-Specific Verbal Cue Effects on Countermovement Jump Performance. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3352-3358, 2022-The aim of this study was to determine whether countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) phase-specific cues can improve jump performance and phase-specific force-time characteristics. Twenty-nine subjects (14 males and 15 females) performed 15 total CMVJ trials (5 per condition) while being provided with a control and phase-specific (unloading phase and eccentric braking phases) foci of attention. Jump height, reactive strength index-modified, countermovement depth, time-to-takeoff, and CMVJ subphase force-time characteristics were compared between each phase-specific verbal cues and the control condition using paired samples t-tests ( α = 0.05) and Cohen's d effect sizes ( d ; large >1.2). Female ( d = 0.242; p = 0.012) and male ( d = 1.96; p = 0.047) subjects achieved greater jump heights in the control condition compared with the unloading phase condition. Females demonstrated a faster unloading phase, less unloading force, greater unloading yank, and greater braking force during the unloading condition, as well as greater eccentric braking force during the eccentric braking condition compared with the control condition ( p ≤ 0.014; d ≥ 0.242). Males exhibited less body mass unloading, greater unloading yank, faster eccentric braking time, greater eccentric braking force, and greater eccentric braking yank for both the unloading and eccentric braking conditions compared with the control condition ( p ≤ 0.047; d ≥ 0.196). Collectively, these results suggest that phase-specific foci of attention do not acutely improve jump performance but can enhance phase-specific force-time characteristics in recreationally active individuals. Specifically, practitioners should consider using an eccentric braking phase instruction for individuals need to improve eccentric braking force generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Krzyszkowski
- Human Performance & Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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Thron M, Düking P, Härtel S, Woll A, Altmann S. Differences in Physical Match Performance and Injury Occurrence Before and After the COVID-19 Break in Professional European Soccer Leagues: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:121. [PMID: 36178557 PMCID: PMC9523642 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, matches and soccer-specific training were suspended for several weeks, matches after resumption were congested, and substitutions per team and game increased from three to five. Objective The aim of this review was to examine possible differences in physical match performance and injuries between before and after the COVID-19 induced break of matches and training in professional male European soccer leagues during the 2019/2020 season. Methods A systematic search identified all scientifically peer-reviewed publications involving elite male soccer players competing in the European leagues which reported physical match performance variables such as total running distance and running distance at different speed zones and/or injury parameters pre- and post-COVID-19 induced break. Results In total, 11 articles were included, which were coming from German Bundesliga, Polish Ekstraklasa, Croatian HNL, Spanish La Liga, and Italian Serie A. In all studies investigating the German Bundesliga, most parameters of physical match performance remained unaffected (0.08 ≤ p ≤ 0.82; − 0.15 ≤ ES 0.15), while studies investigating the Polish Ekstraklasa (p ≤ 0.03; − 0.27 ≤ ES − 0.18), Croatian HNL (p ≤ 0.04; − 1.42 ≤ ES ≤ 1.44), Spanish La Liga (p ≤ 0.017; − 0.32 ≤ ES ≤ 5.5), and Italian Serie A (p ≤ 0.014; − 1.01 ≤ ES 0.24) showed a decrease in most parameters of physical match performance after the COVID-19 break. Injury rates were only investigated by studies targeting the German Bundesliga and Italian Serie A. In the majority of studies (3 out of 4 studies), there occurred no difference in injuries between pre- and post-COVID-19 break (p > 0.05; ES = N/A). Conclusion Results indicate that Bundesliga teams maintained physical match performance during the 9-weeks break in matches and 3-weeks break in group training, whereas a longer match and group training interruption up to 15 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively, in the other leagues appeared to lead to a decreased physical match performance. Regarding injuries, we speculate that the increase in substitutions from 3 to 5 substitutions per game might prevent an increase in injury occurrence during matches. The underlying studies’ results provide hints for possible upcoming unexpected interruptions with respect to optimal physical preparations for the resumption of matches and a congested schedule to maintain physical match performance, or for possible rule changes such as 5 instead of 3 substitutions to avoid physical overload during congested match schedules. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-022-00505-z.
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Asín-Izquierdo I, Gutiérrez-García L, Zapardiel JC, Chena M. Structure of the training program during the COVID-19 confinement in spanish professional football, a coach survey. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:380-387. [PMID: 34030592 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.1932633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe and analyze the training programs carried out during the COVID-19 forced confinement in men´s professional football in Spain. METHODS Observational Study based on a telematic ad-hoc questionnaire developed to meet the objective of the study. The sample consisted of thirty-six coaches representing thirty-six professional men's soccer teams in the Spanish first and second division. RESULTS Training programs developed during confinement prioritized conditioning and functional emphasis, in addition to general and nonspecific resistance training, due to contextual limitations. CONCLUSION The structure of training during the COVID-19 confinement was limited by contextual circumstances. This study has made possible to record the training and strategies used in professional football during a confinement due to a worldwide state of alarm, with the aim of resuming competitive activity in the best possible conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Asín-Izquierdo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gutiérrez-García
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Zapardiel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.,Consejo de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Marcos Chena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Wing C, Hart NH, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Impact of Sudden Rule Changes on Player Injuries and Performance: Insights from Australian Football. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:458-464. [PMID: 36157397 PMCID: PMC9459767 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of reduced quarter time due to COVID-19 pandemic rule changes, on running performance and injuries in Australian Football. Microsensor data for eight matches performed by the same 17 players were compared between the 2019 (standard) and 2020 (COVID-19) seasons using linear and generalised mixed models. Injury rates were assessed in 34 players across the full 2019 season, and 32 players across the full 2020 season. The total distance (ES = 1.28 [0.55 to 2.02]), high-speed (>18 km/h) (ES = 0.44 [-0.24 to 1.12]) and very highspeed (>24 km/h) (ES = 0.27 [-0.41 to 0.94]) distances, PlayerLoad™ (ES = 0.96 [0.25 to 1.67]), high-intensity efforts (ES = 0.48 [-0.20 to 1.16]), and accelerations (ES = 0.33 [-0.34 to 1.01]) were smaller (p ≤ 0.01) for the 2020 than the 2019 season. Expressed relative to playing time, distance (ES=-0.38 [-1.06 to 0.30]), PlayerLoad™ (ES = -0.27 [-0.94 to 0.41]), and acceleration efforts (ES = -0.50 [-1.18 to 0.18]) were greater (p < 0.05) for the 2020 than the 2019 season. No significant differences in maximum ball-in-play periods nor the difference between the 1st and 4th quarters were evident. Injury rates remained similar between 2019 (3.36 per game) and 2020 (3.55 per game). However, the proportion of injuries that led to lost time (missed games) was greater for the 2020 (38%) than 2019 season (24%). The changes in the rules had a profound impact on player performance and increased the likelihood of time loss injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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12
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Analysis of the Sustainability of Long-Term Detraining Caused by COVID-19 Lockdown: Impact on the Maximal Aerobic Speed of Under-16 Soccer Players. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective cohort study aimed to analyze the effect of a 9-week detraining caused by COVID-19 lock-down on the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) of youth soccer players. The study included twenty-two under-16 male players competing at the national league level (15.4 ± 0.7 years old) who were analyzed pre and post the detraining period. The MAS was estimated using the Bronco’s test. Moreover, the self-regulated physical exercise performed by the players during the lockdown was monitored using a questionnaire. Considering the training volume per week, the players were grouped into those working more (>180 min/week) and those working less (<180 min/week) during the lockdown. Within-group changes revealed no significant differences (p = 0.122; d = 0.381) in the group that self-trained less than 180 min/week started (pre-lockdown) at 3.97 ± 0.29 m/s and ended (post-lockdown) at 3.85 ± 0.34 m/s, corresponding to a decrease of 3.02%. For those who self-trained more than 180 min/week during the lockdown, they started with 4.33 ± 0.28 m/s and decreased by 1.62% for 4.26 ± 0.28 m/s (p = 0.319; d = 0.250). The team as a whole (pooled data, all players included) decreased 2.27% from 4.15 ± 0.34 to 4.06 ± 0.37 m/s (p = 0.077; d = 0.321). Between group analysis revealed that the group of players that trained more than 180 min/weeks were significantly better than players working below 180 min/week in both pre-lockdown moment (+9.01%; p = 0.007; d = 1.263) and post-lockdown moment (10.6%; p = 0.006; d = 1.323). Home-based training can be a good strategy to mitigate the detraining effects caused by a lockdown.
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13
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Harper DJ, McBurnie AJ, Santos TD, Eriksrud O, Evans M, Cohen DD, Rhodes D, Carling C, Kiely J. Biomechanical and Neuromuscular Performance Requirements of Horizontal Deceleration: A Review with Implications for Random Intermittent Multi-Directional Sports. Sports Med 2022; 52:2321-2354. [PMID: 35643876 PMCID: PMC9474351 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid horizontal accelerations and decelerations are crucial events enabling the changes of velocity and direction integral to sports involving random intermittent multi-directional movements. However, relative to horizontal acceleration, there have been considerably fewer scientific investigations into the biomechanical and neuromuscular demands of horizontal deceleration and the qualities underpinning horizontal deceleration performance. Accordingly, the aims of this review article are to: (1) conduct an evidence-based review of the biomechanical demands of horizontal deceleration and (2) identify biomechanical and neuromuscular performance determinants of horizontal deceleration, with the aim of outlining relevant performance implications for random intermittent multi-directional sports. We highlight that horizontal decelerations have a unique ground reaction force profile, characterised by high-impact peak forces and loading rates. The highest magnitude of these forces occurs during the early stance phase (< 50 ms) and is shown to be up to 2.7 times greater than those seen during the first steps of a maximal horizontal acceleration. As such, inability for either limb to tolerate these forces may result in a diminished ability to brake, subsequently reducing deceleration capacity, and increasing vulnerability to excessive forces that could heighten injury risk and severity of muscle damage. Two factors are highlighted as especially important for enhancing horizontal deceleration ability: (1) braking force control and (2) braking force attenuation. Whilst various eccentric strength qualities have been reported to be important for achieving these purposes, the potential importance of concentric, isometric and reactive strength, in addition to an enhanced technical ability to apply braking force is also highlighted. Last, the review provides recommended research directions to enhance future understanding of horizontal deceleration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J. Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, Preston, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Alistair J. McBurnie
- Department of Football Medicine and Science, Manchester United Football Club, AON Training Complex, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas Dos’ Santos
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Ola Eriksrud
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Evans
- The FA Group, St George’s Park, Burton-Upon-Trent, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Daniel D. Cohen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Masira Research Institute, University of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Sports Science Centre (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Bogotá, Distrito Capital Colombia
| | - David Rhodes
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, Preston, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Christopher Carling
- Present Address: FFF Research Centre, French Football Federation, Clairefontaine National Football Centre, Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines, France
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - John Kiely
- Physical Education and Sports Science Department, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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14
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Dauty M, Grondin J, Daley P, Louguet B, Menu P, Fouasson-Chailloux A. Consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Anaerobic Performances in Young Elite Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116418. [PMID: 35682003 PMCID: PMC9180319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic required local confinement measures reducing sport practice with possible consequences on the athletes’ performances. Furthermore, anaerobic detraining was underestimated and poorly known in adolescents. This article aimed to assess the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and 1-month COVID-19 confinement on jump testing in young elite soccer players despite a 1-month multimodal training program followed by a 1-month soccer retraining period. Thirty-one elite soccer players aged 14 were included; 16 were infected by the SARS-CoV-2 and compared with 15 non-infected elite soccer players before and after 1 month of COVID-19 confinement, and after 1 month of a soccer retraining period. Squat jumps (SJ), countermovement jumps with (CMJs) and without arm swinging (CMJ) and multiple consecutive jumps (stiffness) were used to explore the anaerobic performances. Analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to compare the positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 groups, taking into account the confinement period (low training) and the retraining soccer period. The jump tests were not altered in the positive SARS-CoV-2 group compared to the negative SARS-CoV-2 group after confinement (SJ: 31.6 ± 5.6 vs. 32.7 ± 3.7; CMJ: 34.1 ± 6.9 vs. 34.2 ± 2.6; CMJs: 38.6 ± 6.8 vs. 40.3 ± 3.9; stiffness: 28.5 ± 4.3 vs. 29.1 ± 3.7) and at 1 month of this period (SJ: 33.8 ± 5.5 vs. 36.2 ± 4.6; CMJ: 34.7 ± 5.5 vs. 36.4 ± 3.5; CMJs: 40.4 ± 6.7 vs. 42.7 ± 5.5; stiffness: 32.6 ± 4.7 vs. 34.0 ± 4.3). The SARS-CoV-2 infection had no consequence on anaerobic performances assessed by jump tests in adolescent soccer players. The adolescents’ growth could explain the absence of alteration of jump performances during the COVID-19 confinement. These results can be useful to manage the recovery of the anaerobic fitness after SARS-CoV-2 infection occurring in adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dauty
- Nantes Université, Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (M.D.); (J.G.); (P.D.); (B.L.); (P.M.)
- Nantes Université, Service de Physique et Réadaptation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, ONIRIS, 44042 Nantes, France
- Institut Régional de Médecine du Sport, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Grondin
- Nantes Université, Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (M.D.); (J.G.); (P.D.); (B.L.); (P.M.)
- Nantes Université, Service de Physique et Réadaptation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Pauline Daley
- Nantes Université, Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (M.D.); (J.G.); (P.D.); (B.L.); (P.M.)
- Nantes Université, Service de Physique et Réadaptation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Bastien Louguet
- Nantes Université, Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (M.D.); (J.G.); (P.D.); (B.L.); (P.M.)
- Institut Régional de Médecine du Sport, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Menu
- Nantes Université, Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (M.D.); (J.G.); (P.D.); (B.L.); (P.M.)
- Nantes Université, Service de Physique et Réadaptation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, ONIRIS, 44042 Nantes, France
- Institut Régional de Médecine du Sport, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Alban Fouasson-Chailloux
- Nantes Université, Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (M.D.); (J.G.); (P.D.); (B.L.); (P.M.)
- Nantes Université, Service de Physique et Réadaptation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, ONIRIS, 44042 Nantes, France
- Institut Régional de Médecine du Sport, 44093 Nantes, France
- Correspondence:
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15
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Waldén M, Ekstrand J, Hägglund M, McCall A, Davison M, Hallén A, Bengtsson H. Influence of the COVID-19 Lockdown and Restart on the Injury Incidence and Injury Burden in Men's Professional Football Leagues in 2020: The UEFA Elite Club Injury Study. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:67. [PMID: 35552918 PMCID: PMC9100303 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Studies on football and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have mainly focused on the lockdown consequences for player fitness, the resumption of football training, and how to safely restart the league play, but injury data are scarce. Objective To describe the injury incidence and injury burden in men’s professional football teams during the pandemic year of 2020. Methods Nineteen teams in 12 countries prospectively registered data on player-exposure and time-loss injuries throughout 2020. All major football leagues were paused as a direct response to the pandemic in March 2020 and were thereafter completely cancelled or restarted after a lockdown interval of at least two months. Historical data from 43 teams in the same cohort during the five preceding years (2015–2019) were used as reference. Between-season and within-season comparisons were made for injury incidence (number of injuries per 1000 h) and injury burden (number of absence days per 1000 h) with 95% confidence intervals and interquartile ranges. Results There was no increased match injury incidence or injury burden following the restart in 2020 compared with other time periods of 2020 and the corresponding periods 2015–2019. There was an increased training injury incidence and injury burden immediately during the lockdown in 2020, and they remained elevated also following the restart, being higher in 2020 compared with 2015–2019, respectively. The injury characteristics during the first months of the new 2020/21 season (August/September–December) were similar between the five teams that cancelled their 2019/20 season in March 2020 and the 14 teams that restarted their season in May/June 2020. Conclusions There was no increased match injury incidence or injury burden following the COVID-19 lockdown and restart of the football season in 2020, but training injury incidence and injury burden were elevated and higher than in 2015–2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Waldén
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden. .,Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Jan Ekstrand
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.,Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.,Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alan McCall
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.,School of Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.,Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | - Michael Davison
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.,Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Anna Hallén
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.,Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Bengtsson
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.,Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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16
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Effect of the COVID-19 Confinement Period on Selected Neuromuscular Performance Indicators in Young Male Soccer Players: Can the Maturation Process Counter the Negative Effect of Detraining? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19094935. [PMID: 35564333 PMCID: PMC9105184 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19094935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has led to an unprecedented long-term cessation in athletes’ training routines. This study examined the effect of a 32-week detraining period, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, on selected neuromuscular performance indicators in 29 young male soccer players, assessed close to their adolescent growth spurt (age = 13.0 ± 0.8 years). Change of direction ability of both lower limbs (COD), linear sprint times (10 and 20 m), and vertical jump height (CMJ) was evaluated twice, once before the first national lockdown, and one week after the return to training activities. Paired-sample t-tests detected significant improvements in all three testing variables (COD: 2.82 ± 0.23 vs. 2.66 ± 0.22 s, p ≤ 0.005, 0.001, effect size [ES] = 0.91 to 1.05 for the right and left limb, respectively; 10 m: 2.12 ± 0.16 vs. 1.96 ± 0.15 s, p ≤ 0.001, effect size [ES] = 1.67, 20 m: 3.56 ± 0.3 vs. 3.42 ± 0.27 s, p ≤ 0.001, effect size [ES] = 1.02 and CMJ: 23.3 ± 7.5 vs. 24.5 ± 7.6 cm, p = 0.033, ES = 0.42). These results indicate that maturation-related adaptations can lead to enhanced change of direction, linear sprint, and vertical jump performance, even in the absence of exposure to any level of exercise. Soccer coaches and practitioners working with youth athletes should consider the stage of maturation when planning and implementing training programs aiming to enhance neuromuscular performance.
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17
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COVID-19 Confinement Effects on Game Actions during Competition Restart in Professional Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074252. [PMID: 35409933 PMCID: PMC8999149 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to compare high-intensity actions in a week of three matches before and after the COVID-19 lockdown. The observational methodology was used. This study analysed 551 professional soccer players from 22 different Spanish teams (LaLiga Smartbank 2019−2020) by a multi-camera tracking system and associated software (Mediacoach®, Spain). Variables of distances per minute and totals, travelled at High Intensity (HIR), Very High Intensity (VHIR), Sprint (HSR), player’s maximum speed, average speed, and the number of efforts in VHIR and HSR were analysed in the first and second half of the games, the full match, as well as in relation to the playing position. Players who participated in the same number of matches pre- and post-COVID-19 showed an increase in the total minutes played, p < 0.05, and small decreases in game actions, p < 0.05, with an effect size between 0.21 and 0.45, while players who participated in different number of matches pre- and post-COVID-19 showed a performance decrease, p < 0.05, with a size effect between 0.13 and 0.51; this was evident, particularly, for midfielders, p < 0.05, with a size effect between 0.39 and 0.75. The results seem to show that the playing intensity after COVID-19 confinement did not lead to large performance losses, except for midfielders who were the most involved players and showed a higher decrease in performance. The main findings of this study could provide insight to football coaches for rotations in starting line-ups and game substitutions, so as not to affect the intensity levels of the competitions.
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18
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Friebe D, Fischer M, Giesche F, Füzéki E, Banzer W. Auswirkungen des COVID-19-Lockdowns auf physische Leistungsparameter im professionellen Fußball. ZENTRALBLATT FÜR ARBEITSMEDIZIN, ARBEITSSCHUTZ UND ERGONOMIE 2022; 72:89-97. [PMID: 35095213 PMCID: PMC8785923 DOI: 10.1007/s40664-022-00455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die staatlichen Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung des Coronavirus SARS-CoV‑2 im Jahr 2020 brachten den Trainings- und Wettkampfbetrieb im professionellen Fußball in vielen Ländern zum zeitweiligen Erliegen. In Folge des Lockdowns waren die Trainingsmöglichkeiten zumeist auf unspezifische heimbasierte Trainingsmethoden begrenzt. Es ist unklar, ob sich die fehlenden sportspezifischen Belastungsreize negativ auf die physische Leistungsfähigkeit der Fußballspielenden auswirkten.
Methodik
Im Rahmen eines narrativen Reviews wurde mittels einer selektiven Literaturrecherche in den Datenbanken PubMed, Google Scholar und BISp-Surf nach Studien gesucht, welche die Auswirkungen des Lockdowns auf physische Leistungsparameter bei erwachsenen professionellen Fußballspielenden untersuchten.
Ergebnisse
In die Übersichtsarbeit wurden sechs prospektive Längsschnittstudien eingeschlossen. In allen Studien kam während der Quarantäne ein heimbasiertes Ersatztraining zum Einsatz. Vier Studien verglichen die Leistungsfähigkeit der Fußballer/-innen mit Leistungsdaten aus vorherigen Spielzeiten. Zwei Studien ermittelten die Leistungsfähigkeit der Sportler/-innen unmittelbar vor und nach der Lockdownperiode.
Diskussion
Während die allgemeine Kraft- und Ausdauerleistung durch heimbasierte Ersatztrainingsprogramme erhalten werden kann, weisen die Studien darauf hin, dass sich die fehlenden spezifischen Belastungsreize vor allem negativ auf die Schnelligkeits- und Schnellkraftleistung der Fußballspielenden auswirken könnten. Bei Rückkehr in den regulären Trainingsbetrieb sollte daher auf eine progressive Belastungssteuerung insbesondere im Schnelligkeitstraining geachtet werden, um das Risiko für Verletzungen zu senken.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Friebe
- Institut für Arbeits‑, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Arbeitsbereich Präventiv- und Sportmedizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 9B, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Deutschland
| | - M. Fischer
- Institut für Arbeits‑, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Arbeitsbereich Präventiv- und Sportmedizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 9B, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Deutschland
| | - F. Giesche
- Institut für Arbeits‑, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Arbeitsbereich Präventiv- und Sportmedizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 9B, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Deutschland
| | - E. Füzéki
- Institut für Arbeits‑, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Arbeitsbereich Präventiv- und Sportmedizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 9B, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Deutschland
| | - W. Banzer
- Institut für Arbeits‑, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Arbeitsbereich Präventiv- und Sportmedizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 9B, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Deutschland
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19
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Impact of Prolonged Absence of Organized Training on Body Composition, Neuromuscular Performance, and Aerobic Capacity: A Study in Youth Male Soccer Players Exposed to COVID-19 Lockdown. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031148. [PMID: 35162174 PMCID: PMC8834273 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine how physical performance has changed after 15 weeks (109 days) long-term absence of organized training in youth soccer players imposed by the stay at home orders. A total of sixty-eight young male soccer players from different age categories (U15, U16, U17 and U19) voluntarily participated in the prospective cohort study. Body fat percentage (BF%), counter-movement jump (CMJ), 30 m sprint, change-of-direction (COD) and yo-yo intermittent recovery test level-1 (YYIRTL-1) were evaluated twice (before and after the detraining period). Subsequently, 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA was used to investigate group and time differences in repeated measurements. A significance level of p < 0.05 was implemented. CV and SWC values were calculated to test the reliability of the tests performed at different times. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS statistics software (v.25, IBM, New York, NY, USA). Significant increments in BF%, 30 m sprint, and COD (left and right), and also significant decrements in CMJ and YYIRTL-1, were found after the detraining period. A long-term detraining period due to the stay at home orders has a detrimental effect on body composition, neuromuscular performances, and aerobic capacity in youth soccer players.
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20
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Martens G, Delvaux F, Forthomme B, Kaux JF, Urhausen A, Bieuzen F, Leclerc S, Winkler L, Brocherie F, Nedelec M, Morales-Artacho AJ, Ruffault A, Macquet AC, Guilhem G, Hannouche D, Tscholl PM, Seil R, Edouard P, Croisier JL. Exercise-Based Injury Prevention in High-Level and Professional Athletes: Narrative Review and Proposed Standard Operating Procedure for Future Lockdown-Like Contexts After COVID-19. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:745765. [PMID: 34977567 PMCID: PMC8718545 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.745765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In regular times, implementing exercise-based injury prevention programs into the training routine of high-level and professional athletes represents a key and challenging aspect to decrease injury risk. Barriers to implementing such prevention programs have previously been identified such as lack of resources, logistic issues or motivation. The COVID-19 pandemic associated with restrictions on daily life dramatically impacted sports participation from training to competition. It is therefore reasonable to assume that such lockdown-like context has exacerbated the challenge to implement exercise-based injury prevention programs, potentially leading to a greater musculoskeletal injury risk. In this narrative review, recommendations are proposed for building an expertise- and evidence-based Standard Operating Procedure for injury prevention in lockdown-like contexts for high-level and professional athletes. The following recommendations can be provided: (1) assess the global and sport-specific risks in the light of the ongoing cause of isolation; (2) adapt remote training materials and programs; (3) ensure regular quality communication within the staff, between athletes and the staff as well as between athletes; (4) follow the athlete's mental well-being; and (5) plan for a safe return-to-sports as well as for an ongoing monitoring of the load-recovery balance. These key domains should further be addressed to comply with local policies, which are subject to change over time in each individual country. The use of these recommendations may improve the readiness of athletes, coaches, physicians and all sports stakeholders for future lockdown-like contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Martens
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Delvaux
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology Department, SportS, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Forthomme
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology Department, SportS, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Kaux
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology Department, SportS, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Axel Urhausen
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Clinique du Sport, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Human Motion, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - François Bieuzen
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Medico-Scientific Department, Institut National du Sport du Québec (INS), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Suzanne Leclerc
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Medico-Scientific Department, Institut National du Sport du Québec (INS), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Winkler
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Nedelec
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Antonio J. Morales-Artacho
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Alexis Ruffault
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Interfacultaire Santé et Société (URiSS), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Claire Macquet
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Didier Hannouche
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe M. Tscholl
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romain Seil
- Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Human Motion, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Pascal Edouard
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science (LIBM EA 7424), University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Croisier
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology Department, SportS, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
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21
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Marotta N, DE Sire A, Gimigliano A, Demeco A, Moggio L, Vescio A, Iona T, Ammendolia A. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the epidemiology of soccer muscle injuries in Italian Serie A professional football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:356-360. [PMID: 34546026 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence that COVID-19 lockdown had on the epidemiology of soccer musculoskeletal injuries during 2019/2020 Italian First Football League Serie A in professional football players. METHODS In this retrospective study we analyzed records from media-based platform (Trasfermarkt, https://www.transfermarkt.com), describing the epidemiology of muscle injuries before and after the first COVID-19 lockdown phases in Italian professional football players. We also classified the severity of the injury as the number of missing days from participation. RESULTS We assessed a lower prevalence of post-lockdown injuries, albeit showing a similar injury rate at 1000 game-hours (pre-lockdown: 16.9 [13.0-20.7], post-lockdown: 15.5 [9.9-21.1]; RR: 0.92 [0.46-1.8]). All risk ratios for injury rate were not significantly different (p> .05) between pre- and post-lockdown. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of muscle injuries has not significantly changed after the first COVID-19 lockdown in Italian professional soccer players. Recognizing injury rates might be crucial for physician to evaluate adequate preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Marotta
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro DE Sire
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy -
| | | | - Andrea Demeco
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Moggio
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Vescio
- Section of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, A.O.U. Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Teresa Iona
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Ammendolia
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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22
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Pedersen S, Johansen D, Casolo A, Randers MB, Sagelv EH, Welde B, Winther AK, Pettersen SA. Maximal Strength, Sprint, and Jump Performance in High-Level Female Football Players Are Maintained With a Customized Training Program During the COVID-19 Lockdown. Front Physiol 2021; 12:623885. [PMID: 33716770 PMCID: PMC7952977 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.623885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 outbreak with partial lockdown has inevitably led to an alteration in training routines for football players worldwide. Thus, coaches had to face with the novel challenge of minimizing the potential decline in fitness during this period of training disruption. METHODS In this observational pre- to posttest study involving Norwegian female football players (18.8 ± 1.9 years, height 1.68 ± 0.4 m, mass 61.3 ± 3.7 kg), we investigated the effects of a prescribed home-based and group-based intervention, implemented during the COVID-19 lockdown, on maximal muscular force production and high velocity variables. Specifically, maximal partial squat strength one repetition maximum (1RM), counter movement jump (CMJ) and 15 m sprint time were assessed 1 week prior to the lockdown and 12 weeks after the onset of lockdown. We also collected training content and volume from the prescribed training program and self-reported perceived training quality and motivation toward training. RESULTS We observed no change in 1RM [pretest: 104 ± 12 kg, posttest: 101 ± 11 kg (P = 0.28)], CMJ height [pretest: 28.1 ± 2.3 cm, posttest: 26.8 ± 1.9 (P = 0.09)], and 15 m sprint time [pretest: 2.60 ± 0.08 s, posttest: 2.61 ± 0.07 s (P = 0.52)]. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a prescribed home-based and group-based intervention with increased training time devoted to strength, jump, and sprint ability, and regulated to obtain a sufficient infection control level is feasible and effective to preserve strength, jumping, and sprinting abilities of high-level female football players during a ∼ 3-month period of a pandemic-induced lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Pedersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dag Johansen
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrea Casolo
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Morten B. Randers
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Sport Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Edvard H. Sagelv
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Boye Welde
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andreas Kjæreng Winther
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Pettersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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