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Azizi M, Shahgolzari M, Fathi-Karkan S, Ghasemi M, Samadian H. Multifunctional plant virus nanoparticles: An emerging strategy for therapy of cancer. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2023; 15:e1872. [PMID: 36450366 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Cancer therapy requires sophisticated treatment strategies to obtain the highest success. Nanotechnology is enabling, revolutionizing, and multidisciplinary concepts to improve conventional cancer treatment modalities. Nanomaterials have a central role in this scenario, explaining why various nanomaterials are currently being developed for cancer therapy. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) have shown promising performance in cancer therapy due to their unique features. VNPs possess morphological homogeneity, ease of functionalization, biocompatibility, biodegradability, water solubility, and high absorption efficiency that are beneficial for cancer therapy applications. In the current review paper, we highlight state-of-the-art properties and potentials of plant viruses, strategies for multifunctional plant VNPs formulations, potential applications and challenges in VNPs-based cancer therapy, and finally practical solutions to bring potential cancer therapy one step closer to real applications. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Azizi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Dental Implants Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahgolzari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hadi Samadian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Sun Y, Chen LG, Fan XM, Pang JL. Ultrasound Responsive Smart Implantable Hydrogels for Targeted Delivery of Drugs: Reviewing Current Practices. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5001-5026. [PMID: 36275483 PMCID: PMC9586127 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s374247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the process of delivering therapeutic drugs to a patient with a controlled release profile has been a significant focus of drug delivery research. Scientists have given tremendous attention to ultrasound-responsive hydrogels for several decades. These smart nanosystems are more applicable than other stimuli-responsive drug delivery vehicles (ie UV-, pH- and thermal-, responsive materials) because they enable more efficient targeted treatment via relatively non-invasive means. Ultrasound (US) is capable of safely transporting energy through opaque and complex media with minimal loss of energy. It is capable of being localized to smaller regions and coupled to systems operating at various time scales. However, the properties enabling the US to propagate effectively in materials also make it very difficult to transform acoustic energy into other forms that may be used. Recent research from a variety of domains has attempted to deal with this issue, proving that ultrasonic effects can be used to control chemical and physical systems with remarkable specificity. By obviating the need for multiple intravenous injections, implantable US responsive hydrogel systems can enhance the quality of life for patients who undergo treatment with a varied dosage regimen. Ideally, the ease of self-dosing in these systems would lead to increased patient compliance with a particular therapy as well. However, excessive literature has been reported based on implanted US responsive hydrogel in various fields, but there is no comprehensive review article showing the strategies to control drug delivery profile. So, this review was aimed at discussing the current strategies for controlling and targeting drug delivery profiles using implantable hydrogel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Le-Gao Chen
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Fan
- Cancer Center, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xiao-Ming Fan, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), No. 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-571-85893290, Email
| | - Jian-Liang Pang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tiantai People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang People’s Hospital), Taizhou, 317200, People’s Republic of China,Jian-Liang Pang, Department of Vascular Surgery, Tiantai People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang People’s Hospital), Kangning Middle Road, Shifeng Street, Tiantai County, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 317200, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-576- 81302085, Email
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Sharifi-Azad M, Fathi M, Cho WC, Barzegari A, Dadashi H, Dadashpour M, Jahanban-Esfahlan R. Recent advances in targeted drug delivery systems for resistant colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:196. [PMID: 35590367 PMCID: PMC9117978 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest cancers in the world, the incidences and morality rate are rising and poses an important threat to the public health. It is known that multiple drug resistance (MDR) is one of the major obstacles in CRC treatment. Tumor microenvironment plus genomic instability, tumor derived exosomes (TDE), cancer stem cells (CSCs), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), as well as cellular signaling pathways are important issues regarding resistance. Since non-targeted therapy causes toxicity, diverse side effects, and undesired efficacy, targeted therapy with contribution of various carriers has been developed to address the mentioned shortcomings. In this paper the underlying causes of MDR and then various targeting strategies including exosomes, liposomes, hydrogels, cell-based carriers and theranostics which are utilized to overcome therapeutic resistance will be described. We also discuss implication of emerging approaches involving single cell approaches and computer-aided drug delivery with high potential for meeting CRC medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Sharifi-Azad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Fathi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Dadashi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dadashpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. .,Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Agraharam G, Girigoswami A, Girigoswami K. Nanoencapsulated Myricetin to Improve Antioxidant Activity and Bioavailability: A Study on Zebrafish Embryos. Chemistry 2022; 4:1-17. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds that mainly possess antioxidant properties due to more hydroxyl groups in their structure and play an important role in combatting many diseases. Myricetin is a flavonoid found in grapes, green tea, fruits, and vegetables and is not only an antioxidant but also is a pro-oxidant. Myricetin is sparingly soluble in water and restricts its properties due to low bioavailability. The present study reports the liposomal nanoformulations of myricetin to improve its bioavailability with reduced pro-oxidant activity. The nanoformulated myricetin was characterized using different photophysical tools, such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of nanoencapsulated myricetin on the developing zebrafish embryo was studied in terms of microscopic observations, cumulative hatchability, and antioxidant activities, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, after treating the zebrafish embryo with standard oxidant hydrogen peroxide. The results obtained from the cumulative hatchability, developmental studies, and antioxidant assays indicated that the liposomal nanoformulation of myricetin had enhanced antioxidant activity, leading to defense against oxidative stress. The formulation was highly biocompatible, as evidenced by the cumulative hatching studies as well as microscopic observations. The positive effects of liposomal nanoformulation on zebrafish embryos can open an avenue for other researchers to carry out further related research and to check its activities in clinical studies and developmental studies.
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Zhang WJ, Yan YZ, Nagappan S, He S, Ha CS, Jin YS. Dual (thermo-/pH-) responsive P(NIPAM-co-AA-co-HEMA) nanocapsules for controlled release of 5-fluorouracil. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1964368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Special Elastomer Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Zhu Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Saravanan Nagappan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shanshan He
- Engineering/Precision Manufacturing Systems Division, School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Ha
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Shun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Special Elastomer Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
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Wei L, Li G, Lu T, Wei Y, Nong Z, Wei M, Pan X, Qin Q, Meng F, Li X. Functionalized Graphene Oxide as Drug Delivery Systems for Platinum Anticancer Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3631-3638. [PMID: 34303674 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Graphene Oxide, prepared by the modified Hummer's method, was modified with a series of high polymers (polyethyleneimine, polyethylene glycol, chitosan) and Folic Acid for the delivery of platinum anticancer drugs including Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin and Eptaplatin. Nanocarriers were successfully prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. Measurement of drug loading efficiency showed that these nanocarriers had the ability for effective delivery of the platinum anticancer drugs. The Maximum loading ratios of Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin and Eptaplatin were 25.72, 161.08, 345.21 and 67.80 μg/mg. Drug release experiments in the acid environment showed that the cumulative release rate of platinum anticancer drugs from nanocarriers was higher than that in the neutral environment. The cumulative release of all three nanocarriers in the acid environment reached above 60%. In vitro cytotoxicity assay showed that those nanocarriers had a low toxicity. The cell viability rates were above 80% for all three nanocarriers. Investigation of the anticancer activity in vitro showed that those drug delivery systems had the ability to inhibit the growth of the SKOV3 cell line. These results showed that those nanocarriers were suitable for the delivery of platinum anticancer drugs. Providing preliminary advice on the potential application of the combination of platinum anticancer drugs and the functionalized Graphene Oxide nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wei
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Guo Li
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Taicheng Lu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yiming Wei
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenzhen Nong
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Mei Wei
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin Pan
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Qixiao Qin
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Fayan Meng
- Chemistry Department, Frostburg State University, 101 Braddock Rd, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA
| | - Xuehua Li
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Neha Desai, Momin M, Khan T, Gharat S, Ningthoujam RS, Omri A. Metallic nanoparticles as drug delivery system for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1261-1290. [PMID: 33793359 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1912008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The targeted delivery of anticancer agents to tumor is a major challenge because most of the drugs show off-target effect resulting in nonspecific cell death. Multifunctionalized metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are explored as new carrier system in the era of cancer therapeutics. Researchers investigated the potential of metallic NPs to target tumor cells by active and passive mechanisms, thereby reducing off-target effects of anticancer agents. Moreover, photocatalytic activity of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect have also gained wide potential in cancer treatment. Recent advancement in the field of nanotechnology highlights their potency for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the types of gold and silver metallic NPs with targeting mechanisms and their potentiality in cancer therapy. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology for cancer therapy offer high specificity and targeting efficiency. Targeting tumor cells through mechanistic pathways using metallic NPs for the disruption/alteration of molecular profile and survival rate of the tumor cells has led to an effective approach for cancer therapeutics. This alteration in the survival rate of the tumor cells might decrease the proliferation thereby resulting in more efficient management in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Munira Momin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sankalp Gharat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
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Derakhshankhah H, Jahanban‐Esfahlan R, Vandghanooni S, Akbari‐Nakhjavani S, Massoumi B, Haghshenas B, Rezaei A, Farnudiyan‐Habibi A, Samadian H, Jaymand M. A bio‐inspired gelatin‐based
pH
‐ and thermal‐sensitive magnetic hydrogel for in vitro chemo/hyperthermia treatment of breast cancer cells. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Derakhshankhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Rana Jahanban‐Esfahlan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Somayeh Vandghanooni
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Sattar Akbari‐Nakhjavani
- Department of Molecular Medicine School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | | | - Babak Haghshenas
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Aram Rezaei
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Amir Farnudiyan‐Habibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Medical Biomaterials Research Center Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Hadi Samadian
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Mehdi Jaymand
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
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Ahmadi A, Hosseini-Nami S, Abed Z, Beik J, Aranda-Lara L, Samadian H, Morales-Avila E, Jaymand M, Shakeri-Zadeh A. Recent advances in ultrasound-triggered drug delivery through lipid-based nanomaterials. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:2182-200. [PMID: 33010479 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The high prescribed dose of anticancer drugs and their resulting adverse effects on healthy tissue are significant drawbacks to conventional chemotherapy (CTP). Ideally, drugs should have the lowest possible degree of interaction with healthy cells, which would diminish any adverse effects. Therefore, an ideal scenario to bring about improvements in CTP is the use of technological strategies to ensure the efficient, specific, and selective transport and/or release of drugs to the target site. One practical and feasible solution to promote the efficiency of conventional CTP is the use of ultrasound (US). In this review, we highlight the potential role of US in combination with lipid-based carriers to achieve a targeted CTP strategy in engineered smart drug delivery systems.
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Zamani S, Shafeie-Ardestani M, Bitarafan-Rajabi A, Khalaj A, Sabzevari O. Synthesis, radiolabelling, and biological assessment of folic acid-conjugated G-3 99mTc-dendrimer as the breast cancer molecular imaging agent. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:628-634. [PMID: 33010140 PMCID: PMC8676428 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2020.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hence, in this study, the authors aimed to develop a dendrimer-based imaging agent comprised of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-citrate, technetium-99 m (99mTc), and folic acid. The dendrimer-G3 was synthesised and conjugated with folic acid, which confirmed by Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamic light scattering, and transition electron microscopy. 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium-5-Carboxanilide cytotoxicity assay kit was used to measure the cellular toxicity of dendrimer. Imaging and biodistribution studies were conducted on the mice bearing tumour. The results showed that the fabricated dendrimer-G3 has a size of 90 ± 3 nm, which was increased to 100 ± 4 nm following the conjugation with folic acid. The radiostablity investigation showed that the fabricated dendrimers were stable in the human serum at various times. Toxicity assessment confirmed no cellular toxicity against HEK-293 cells at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/μl concentrations. The in vivo studies demonstrated that the synthesised dendrimers were able to provide a bright SPECT image applicable for tumour detection. In conclusion, the authors' study documented the positive aspects of PEG-citrate dendrimer conjugated with folic acid as the SPECT contrast agent for breast cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saedeh Zamani
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shafeie-Ardestani
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Khalaj
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Sabzevari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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