N6-2-hydroxyethyl-adenosine ameliorate cisplatin induced acute kidney injury in mice

Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Toxicity: Potential Roles of Major NAD+-Dependent Enzymes and Plant-Derived Natural Products

Cisplatin is an FDA approved anti-cancer drug that is widely used for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. However, the severe adverse effects of cisplatin, particularly kidney toxicity, restrict its clinical and medication applications. The major mechanisms of cisplatin-induced renal toxicity involve oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis, which are covered in this short review. In particular, we review the underlying mechanisms of cisplatin kidney injury in the context of NAD+-dependent redox enzymes including mitochondrial complex I, NAD kinase, CD38, sirtuins, poly-ADP ribosylase polymerase, and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) and their potential contributing roles in the amelioration of cisplatin-induced kidney injury conferred by natural products derived from plants. We also cover general procedures used to create animal models of cisplatin-induced kidney injury involving mice and rats. We highlight the fact that more studies will be needed to dissect the role of each NAD+-dependent redox enzyme and its involvement in modulating cisplatin-induced kidney injury, in conjunction with intensive research in NAD+ redox biology and the protective effects of natural products against cisplatin-induced kidney injury.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties Mediate the Neuroprotective Effects of Hydro-ethanolic Extract of Tiliacora triandra Against Cisplatin-induced Neurotoxicity

Background

Cisplatin (CDDP) is an efficacious anticancer agent used widely in chemotherapy despite its severe side effect related to neurotoxicity. Redox imbalance and inflammatory mechanism have been implicated in the pathophysiology of CDDP-induced neurotoxicity. Herein, we investigated whether Tiliacora triandra (TT) extract could inhibit  CDDP-induced redox-mediated neurotoxicity and behavioural deficit in rats.

Materials and Methods

CDDP-induced redox-mediated neurotoxicity and behavioral deficit in rats. Rats were administered TT for five consecutive weeks (250 and 500 mg/kg bw), while weekly i.p. injection of CDDP commenced on the second week (2.5 mg/kg bw) of the TT administration.

Results

CCDDP caused significant body weight reduction and cognitive diminution as revealed by Morris water maze and Y maze tests. In the CDDP-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) rats, there were remarkable increases in the brain levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β and malondialdehyde (MDA), whereas catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities considerably decreased compared to normal control. The brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in CDDP control rats was significantly increased compared to the normal control. The expression of caspase-3 and p53 proteins was upregulated by CDDP injection, whereas Bcl2 was downregulated coupled with histopathological alterations in the rat brain. Interestingly, treatment with TT significantly abated neurobehavioral deficits, MDA and cytokine levels and restored CAT, GPx, GSH, SOD, and AChE activities compared to the CDDP control rats. Caspase-3 level as well as Bcl2 and p53 expressions were modulated with alleviated changes in histopathology.

Conclusion

The findings highlight neuroprotective and cognitive function improvement efficacy of TT against CICI via redox-inflammatory balance and antiapoptotic mechanism in rats.

Quinacrine Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Renal Toxicity via Modulation of Sirtuin-1 Pathway

Renal toxicity is a serious side effect that hinders the use of cisplatin, a commonly used and effective chemotherapeutic agent. Meanwhile, quinacrine is an FDA approved drug that has been stated for its anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, we investigated the ameliorative effect of quinacrine against cisplatin-induced renal toxicity. Single intraperitoneal (i.p.) 10 mg/kg cisplatin administration induced renal injury in rats. Our results showed that 10 mg/kg/day quinacrine decreased the mortality rate of rats from 46.15% (cisplatin group) to 12.5%, and significantly decreased renal tissue fibrosis, relative kidney to body weight ratio, serum creatinine and urea levels compared with the cisplatin group. Indeed, quinacrine significantly decreased renal malondialdehyde concentration and increased renal total antioxidant capacity, compared with the cisplatin group. Furthermore, quinacrine caused significant upregulation of renal sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) with significant downregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Moreover, quinacrine significantly blocked cisplatin-induced apoptosis, which was made evident by downregulating renal apoptotic proteins (BAX and p53) and upregulating the renal anti-apoptotic protein BCL2, compared with the cisplatin group. In conclusion, this study demonstrates, for the first time, that quinacrine alleviates cisplatin-induced renal toxicity via upregulating SIRT-1, downregulating inflammatory markers (ICAM-1 and TNF-α), reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting apoptosis.