Recent Advances on Triterpenes fromGanodermaMushroom

Fortification of Chinese Steamed Bread Through Broken Ganoderma lucidum Spore Powder Incorporation: Effects on Physicochemical and Quality Properties

Broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder (BGLSP) is abundant in nutrients and bioactive compounds, rendering it a suitable functional raw material for food applications. This study examined the impact of incorporating BGLSP (ranging from 0.5% to 10%) on the physicochemical properties of flour blends, dough, and the quality of Chinese steamed bread (CSB). The results indicated that with increasing BGLSP content, the a* value, onset temperature, peak temperature, water absorption, development time, and dough stability all exhibited an upward trend in the flour blends and dough, while the L* value and protein network weakening decreased. When compared to the control sample, the inclusion of 10% BGLSP resulted in a reduction in the spread ratio, specific volume, cohesiveness, and springiness of CSB, while simultaneously increasing its hardness, chewiness, and gumminess. The observed odor variations among samples were primarily ascribed to the proportions of aldehydes and ketones. Notably, sensory evaluation demonstrated that the flavor attributes of BGLSP-enhanced samples were superior to those of the control sample. In conclusion, the incorporation of BGLSP at concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 1% is deemed optimal for CSB, offering novel insights into the application of BGLSP within the food industry.

A Review on the Sources, Structures, and Pharmacological Activities of Lucidenic Acids

Ganoderma lucidum has long been used as a multi-purpose plant and functional food. The pharmacological properties of G. lucidum are primarily attributed to its polysaccharides and triterpenoids. Ganoderic and lucidenic acids are the two major triterpenoids groups in G. lucidum. Despite the discovery of 22 types of lucidenic acids, research on lucidenic acids is significantly less extensive compared to that on ganoderic acid. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, in this review, we aimed to summarize the sources, contents, chemical structures, and pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-viral, neuroprotective, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, and anti-diabetic properties, of lucidenic acids. Studies on lucidenic acids are still preliminary and have several limitations. Therefore, more in-depth studies with optimal designs are essential for the development of lucidenic acids as medicines, functional foods, and nutraceuticals.

Valorisation of biomass and diaper waste into a sustainable production of the medical mushroom Lingzhi Ganoderma lucidum

Global solid waste is expected to increase by at least 70% annually until year 2050. The mixture of solid waste including food waste from food industry and domestic diaper waste in landfills is causing environmental and human health issues. Nevertheless, food and diaper waste containing high lignocellulose can easily degrade using lignocellulolytic enzymes thereby converted into energy for the development and growth of mushroom. Therefore, this study explores the potential of recycling biomass waste from coffee ground, banana, eggshell, tea waste, sugarcane bagasse and sawdust and diaper waste as raw material for Lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) cultivation. Using 2% of diaper core with sawdust biowaste leading to the fastest 100% mushroom mycelium spreading completed in one month. The highest production yield is 71.45 g mushroom; this represents about 36% production biological efficiency compared to only 21% as in commercial substrate. The high mushroom substrate reduction of 73% reflect the valorisation of landfill waste. The metabolomics profiling showed that the Lingzhi mushroom produced is of high quality with a high content of triterpene being the bioactive compounds that are medically important for treating assorted disease and used as health supplement. In conclusion, our study proposed a potential resource management towards zero-waste and circular bioeconomy for high profitable mushroom cultivation.

Meroterpenoids from the Fungus Ganoderma sinensis and First Absolute Configuration Clarification of Zizhine H

Five new meroterpenoids, zizhines P-S and U (1−4,7), together with two known meroterpenoids (5 and 6) were isolated from Ganoderma sinensis. Their structures including absolute configurations were assigned by using spectroscopic, computational, and chemical methods. Racemics zizhines P and Q were purified by HPLC on chiral phase. Biological evaluation found that 4, 5 and 6 are cytotoxic toward human cancer cells (A549, BGC-823, Kyse30) with IC₅₀ values in the range of 63.43–80.83 μM towards A549, 59.2 ± 2.73 μM and 64.25 ± 0.37 μM towards BGC-823, 76.28 ± 1.93 μM and 85.42 ± 2.82 μM towards Kyse30.

New Unsaturated Lactones and a Meroterpenoid from Ganoderma lucidum

From the dried fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, 2 new unsaturated lactones, dayaolingzhilactones A and B (1 and 2), and 1 new meroterpenoid, dayaolingzhiol H (3), together with 10 known compounds (4-13), were isolated. Their chemical structures were identified by using spectroscopic data and calculated specific rotation. The inhibitory activities of compounds 1 and 2 toward acetylcholinesterase (AchE) were assessed in vitro with tacrine as the positive control. Both of them exhibited moderate AchE inhibitory activities at the concentration of 50 μM.

Four new polycyclic meroterpenoids from Ganoderma cochlear

Four pairs of new polycyclic-meroterpenoid enantiomers, ganocins A-C (1-3) possessing a spiro[4,5]decane ring system, along with ganocin D (4) with an eight-membered ring, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma cochlear. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data and X-ray diffraction crystallography. Their anti-AChE activities were evaluated, and a possible biogenetic pathway was also proposed.

A New Ergostane Triterpenoid from Cultures of the Basidiomycete Inocybe lilacina

A new ergostane triterpenoid (4α-methylergost-8,24(28)-dien-3,7,11-trione, 1) together with four known compounds (2–5) were isolated from cultures of the basidiomycete Inocybe lilacina. The structure of the new compound was established on the basis of IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and MS experiments.

Pharmacokinetics of ganoderic acid D and its main metabolite by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

The present study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetics of ganoderic acid D (GD), a representative active triterpenoid from Ganoderma lucidum. A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the concentrations of GD and its main metabolite (ganoderic acid B) in rat plasma. Following protein precipitation, the analytes were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column. Acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (40:60:0.01) was used at a flow-rate of 0.2ml/min. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source was used as the detector and was operated in the negative ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring using the characteristic transitions was performed to quantify the analytes. The method had a lower limit of quantification of 8.19ng/ml for GD, and 8.59ng/ml for ganoderic acid B (GB). The calibration curves were demonstrated to be linear over the concentration range of 8.19-4096ng/ml and 8.59-2149ng/ml, respectively. Variations within- and between-batch were less than 6.4% and 4.6%, respectively. The extraction recovery rates ranged from 98.8 to 105.2% and 100.7 to 113.6%, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to the quantification of GD and GB concentrations in rat plasma after oral administration (or intravenous administration) of GD preparations at a dose of 15mg/kg. The data showed that the absolute bioavailability increased from 22% to 70% after the GD suspension was changed to GD loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. In the meantime, the Cmax increased from 107.2 to 1555.6ng/ml; the tmax changed from 2.0h to 0.3h. These results are very helpful in the further studies.

Identification of metabolites of ganoderic acid D by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Ganoderic acid D (GD) is the major active triterpenoid in Ganoderma lucidum, a medicinal fungus used daily. However, the metabolic fate of GD remains unknown. To know whether GD is extensively metabolized, we first investigated the metabolism of GD in vitro and in vivo. The metabolic profiles of the bile samples obtained from rats in vivo were almost the same as those obtained in vitro. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, a total of 25 metabolites were identified from the bile sample. Few metabolites were found in the urine samples. These results indicated that biliary rather than renal clearance was the major route of excretion. The major metabolites were identified by comparison with the standard reference compounds. Metabolites at low concentrations were identified by interpreting the mass spectra. Both phase I and phase II metabolites were observed. The metabolic transformation included reduction, monohydroxylation, dihydroxylation, trihydroxylation, oxidation, desaturation, sulfation, and glucuronidation. The main metabolic soft spots in the chemical structure of GD were the 3-carbonyl group, angular methyl groups, the 7-hydroxy group, and the 26-carboxylic acid moiety. Overall, this study gives us an insight into the metabolism of GD, an active oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenoid.