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Hassan M, Hussain D, Kanwal T, Xiao HM, Ghulam Musharraf S. Methods for detection and quantification of gelatin from different sources. Food Chem 2024; 438:137970. [PMID: 37988934 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin is a water-soluble protein obtained from the collagen of various animal origins (porcine, bovine, fish, donkey, horse, and deer hide) and has diverse applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. Porcine and bovine gelatins are extensively used in food and non-food products; however, their acceptance is limited due to religious prohibitions, whereas fish gelatin is accepted in all religions. In Southeast Asia, especially in China, gelatin obtained from donkey and deer skins is used in medicines. However, both sources suffer from adulteration (mixing different sources of gelatin) due to their limited availability and high cost. Unclear labeling and limited information about actual gelatin sources in gelatin-containing products cause serious concern among societies for halal and fraud authentication of gelatin sources. Therefore, authenticating gelatin sources in gelatin-based products is challenging due to close similarities between the composition differences and degradation of DNA and protein biomarkers in processed gelatin. Thus, different methods have been proposed to identify and quantify different gelatin sources in pharmaceutical and food products. To the best of our knowledge, this systematic and comprehensive review highlights different authentication techniques and their limitations in gelatin detection and quantification in various commercial products. This review also describes halal authentication and adulteration prevention strategies of various gelatin sources, mainly focussing on research gaps, challenges, and future directions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabeen Hassan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Dilshad Hussain
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Tehreem Kanwal
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Hua-Ming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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2
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Forooghi E, Vali Zade S, Sahebi H, Abdollahi H, Sadeghi N, Jannat B. Authentication and Discrimination of Tissue Origin of Bovine Gelatin using Combined Supervised Pattern Recognition Strategies. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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3
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Halal and Kosher gelatin: Applications as well as detection approaches with challenges and prospects. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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4
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jannat B, Ghorbani K, Kouchaki S, Sadeghi N, Eslamifarsani E, Rabbani F, Beyramysoltan S. Distinguishing tissue origin of bovine gelatin in processed products using LC/MS technique in combination with chemometrics tools. Food Chem 2020; 319:126302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Ishaq A, Rahman UU, Sahar A, Perveen R, Deering AJ, Khalil AA, Aadil RM, Hafeez MA, Khaliq A, Siddique U. Potentiality of analytical approaches to determine gelatin authenticity in food systems: A review. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Nhari RR, Hanish I, Mokhtar NK, Hamid M, El Sheikha A. Authentication approach using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of porcine substances. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2018.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.M.H. Raja Nhari
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - I. Hanish
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - N.F. Khairil Mokhtar
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - M. Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - A.F. El Sheikha
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, 1101 Zhimin Road, Nanchang 330045, China
- Bioengineering and Technological Research Centre for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 1101 Zhimin Road, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 1101 Zhimin Road, Nanchang 330045, China
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Minufiya University, 32511 Shibin El Kom, Minufiya Government, Egypt
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Cebi N, Dogan CE, Mese AE, Ozdemir D, Arıcı M, Sagdic O. A rapid ATR-FTIR spectroscopic method for classification of gelatin gummy candies in relation to the gelatin source. Food Chem 2019; 277:373-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Wu CK, Tsai JS, Sung WC. Functional Characteristics of Ultraviolet-Irradiated Tilapia Fish Skin Gelatin. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020254. [PMID: 30641905 PMCID: PMC6359145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies were undertaken to investigate the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the gel strength, color, thermal properties, protein molecular masses, and functional groups of commercially available fish gelatin samples. Commercially available tilapia skin gelatin powder was used as the raw material to investigate the functional properties of fish skin gelatin powder treated with UV irradiation for different durations (0⁻6 h). The functional properties of fish gelatin and the optimum irradiation treatment conditions were determined through gel strength testing, color characterization, differential scanning calorimetry, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. UV irradiation treatment increased gel strength and thermal stability, and significantly degraded the macromolecules. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy data indicated that UV irradiation treatment did not significantly change the molecular structure of fish gelatin powder, but these methods could discriminate the molecular structure of gelatin from various sources. Irradiation for 2 h yielded the highest gel strength and melting peak temperature, and the lowest chromatic aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kuo Wu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Jenn-Shou Tsai
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chieh Sung
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
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Jannat B, Ghorbani K, Shafieyan H, Kouchaki S, Behfar A, Sadeghi N, Beyramysoltan S, Rabbani F, Dashtifard S, Sadeghi M. Gelatin speciation using real-time PCR and analysis of mass spectrometry-based proteomics datasets. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Yang H, Yu P, Lu Y, Jiao Z, Chen L, Zhou Y, Shen Y, Jia X. A novel non-sequencing approach for rapid authentication of Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum and Trionycis Carapax by species-specific primers. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172140. [PMID: 29765667 PMCID: PMC5936932 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel non-sequencing approach was developed to detect short DNA fragments (ca 100 bp) for rapid authentication of two natural products, namely Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum and Trionycis Carapax, based on the difference in mitochondrial genome. Five specifically designed primer reactions were established to target species for reliable identification of their commercial products. They were confirmed to have a high level of inter-species-specificity and good intra-species stability. The limit of detection was estimated to be 1 ng of genomes for all of five assays. Also, the validation results demonstrated that the raw materials and processed products in addition to some of the highly processed products can be conveniently authenticated with good sensitivity and precision by this newly proposed approach. Especially, when reference sample mixtures were assayed, these primer sets have still performed well but not the prevailing COI barcoding technology. These could assist in the discrimination and identification of other animal-derived medicines for their form of raw material, the pulverized and the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingtian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqun Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551Singapore
- Authors for correspondence: Yuping Shen e-mail:
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Xiaobin Jia e-mail:
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Lee JH, Kim MR, Jo CH, Jung YK, Kwon K, Kang TS. Specific PCR assays to determine bovine, porcine, fish and plant origin of gelatin capsules of dietary supplements. Food Chem 2016; 211:253-9. [PMID: 27283629 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin, a purified protein derived mostly from pig skin and bovine tissue, is used widely in both food and pharmaceutical industries. Here, to determine the species of origin of capsule gelatin, we developed a sensitive and reliable test using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, which included 1) species-specific or universal primer sets, designed to detect short 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences from cow, pig, and fish (tilapia) as well as genes encoding the large subunit of plant ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase and 2) species-specific PCR coupled with whole-genome amplification. This method was used to verify manufacturing label claims of 28 gelatin capsule samples sold as dietary supplements. The results from 27 samples were consistent with gelatin-related information on the manufacturer label, while one sample that mentioned tilapia gelatin was found to contain only bovine DNA. This rapid method can therefore be used to verify the authenticity of gelatin capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department of Food Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ra Kim
- New Hazardous Substance Team, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, South Korea
| | - Cheon-Ho Jo
- New Hazardous Substance Team, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, South Korea
| | - Yoo-Kyung Jung
- New Hazardous Substance Team, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, South Korea
| | - Kisung Kwon
- New Hazardous Substance Team, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, South Korea
| | - Tae Sun Kang
- New Hazardous Substance Team, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, South Korea.
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12
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Sudjadi, Wardani HS, Sepminarti T, Rohman A. Analysis of Porcine Gelatin DNA in a Commercial Capsule Shell Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Halal Authentication. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1110164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudjadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Research Center of Halal Products, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Abdul Rohman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Research Center of Halal Products, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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13
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Determination of porcine gelatin in edible bird's nest by competitive indirect ELISA based on anti-peptide polyclonal antibody. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Tukiran NA, Ismail A, Mustafa S, Hamid M. Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of porcine gelatine in edible bird's nests. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1023-8. [PMID: 25861981 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1039605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine gelatine is a common adulterant found in edible bird's nests (EBNs) used to increase the net weight prior to sale. This study aimed to develop indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for porcine gelatine adulteration using anti-peptide polyclonal antibodies. Three indirect ELISAs were developed (PAB1, 2 and 3), which had limits of detection (LODs) of 0.12, 0.10 and 0.11 µg g(-1), respectively. When applied to standard solutions of porcine gelatine, the inter- and intra-assays showed coefficients of variation (CVs) less than 20% and were able to detect at least 0.5 ng µg(-1) (0.05%) porcine gelatine in spiked samples. The proposed ELISA offers attractions for quality control in the EBN industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Azira Tukiran
- a Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute , Universiti Putra Malaysia , UPM Serdang , Malaysia
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15
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Nur Azira T, Che Man YB, Raja Mohd Hafidz RN, Aina MA, Amin I. Use of principal component analysis for differentiation of gelatine sources based on polypeptide molecular weights. Food Chem 2013; 151:286-92. [PMID: 24423534 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The study was aimed to differentiate between porcine and bovine gelatines in adulterated samples by utilising sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) combined with principal component analysis (PCA). The distinct polypeptide patterns of 6 porcine type A and 6 bovine type B gelatines at molecular weight ranged from 50 to 220 kDa were studied. Experimental samples of raw gelatine were prepared by adding porcine gelatine in a proportion ranging from 5% to 50% (v/v) to bovine gelatine and vice versa. The method used was able to detect 5% porcine gelatine added to the bovine gelatine. There were no differences in the electrophoretic profiles of the jelly samples when the proteins were extracted with an acetone precipitation method. The simple approach employing SDS-PAGE and PCA reported in this paper may provide a useful tool for food authenticity issues concerning gelatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nur Azira
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Y B Che Man
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R N Raja Mohd Hafidz
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M A Aina
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - I Amin
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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16
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Nhari RMHR, Ismail A, Che Man YB. Analytical Methods for Gelatin Differentiation from Bovine and Porcine Origins and Food Products. J Food Sci 2012; 77:R42-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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