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Li W, Yue H. Thymidine phosphorylase: A potential new target for treating cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2017; 28:157-171. [PMID: 29108898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently found that thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP), also known as platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, plays an important role in platelet activation in vitro and thrombosis in vivo by participating in multiple signaling pathways. Platelets are a major source of TYMP. Since platelet-mediated clot formation is a key event in several fatal diseases, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and pulmonary embolism, understanding TYMP in depth may lead to uncovering novel mechanisms in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Targeting TYMP may become a novel therapeutic for cardiovascular disorders. In this review article, we summarize the discovery of TYMP and the potential molecular mechanisms of TYMP involved in the development of various diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases. We also offer insights regarding future studies exploring the role of TYMP in the development of cardiovascular disease as well as in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall, University, Huntington, WV; Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, WV.
| | - Hong Yue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall, University, Huntington, WV
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Petaccia M, Gentili P, Bešker N, D'Abramo M, Giansanti L, Leonelli F, La Bella A, Gradella Villalva D, Mancini G. Kinetics and mechanistic study of competitive inhibition of thymidine phosphorylase by 5-fluoruracil derivatives. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 140:121-127. [PMID: 26752208 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a previous investigation, cationic liposomes formulated with new 5-FU derivatives, differing for the length of the polyoxyethylenic spacer that links the N(3) position of 5-FU to an alkyl chain of 12 carbon atoms, showed a higher cytotoxicity compared to free 5-FU, the cytotoxic effect being directly related to the length of the spacer. To better understand the correlation of the spacer length with toxicity, we carried out initial rate studies to determine inhibition, equilibrium and kinetic constants (KI, KM, kcat), and get inside inhibition activity of the 5-FU derivatives and their mechanism of action, a crucial information to design structural variations for improving the anticancer activity. The experimental investigation was supported by docking simulations based on the X-ray structure of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) from Escherichia coli complexed with 3'-azido-2'-fluoro-dideoxyuridin. Theoretical and experimental results showed that all the derivatives exert the same inhibition activity of 5-FU either as monomer and when embedded in lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Petaccia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito (Aq), Italy
| | - Patrizia Gentili
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Neva Bešker
- CINECA, SCAI-Super Computing Applications and Innovation Department, Via dei Tizii, 6, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco D'Abramo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Luisa Giansanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito (Aq), Italy.
| | - Francesca Leonelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Angela La Bella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Denise Gradella Villalva
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mancini
- CNR-Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo Scalo, 00016 Rome, Italy
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Álvarez P, Marchal JA, Boulaiz H, Carrillo E, Vélez C, Rodríguez-Serrano F, Melguizo C, Prados J, Madeddu R, Aranega A. 5-Fluorouracil derivatives: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:107-23. [PMID: 22329541 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.661413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fluorinated analog of uracil 5-FU is an antimetabolite, active against a wide range of solid tumors. The main mechanism of action consists in interfering with DNA synthesis and mRNA translation. However, patients treated with 5-FU display several side effects, a result of its nonspecific cytotoxicity for tumor cells. Numerous modifications of the 5-FU structure have been performed in order to overcome these disadvantages. AREAS COVERED In this review, the metabolic pathways, pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology of 5-FU are briefly introduced. Moreover, several derivatives developed and patented, including oral 5-FU prodrugs and combinations with other active compounds, are presented. Finally, new innovative methods for administration and vehiculization of 5-FU and its derivatives are described. EXPERT OPINION The search for less toxic 5-FU derivatives, which diminish or circumvent some of its disadvantages, has allowed the development of selective antitumor prodrugs and novel methods for tissue-specific drug delivery. Although some of these oral prodrugs are being used clinically, either alone or in combination therapy with other anticancer agents, it seems that the potential of personalized medicine, including pharmacogenomics and targeted therapy with novel 5-FU derivatives, will improve the management and clinical responses of patients treated with 5-FU-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Álvarez
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Centre, Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER) Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 (Armilla)-Granada, Spain
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Vande Voorde J, Liekens S, McGuigan C, Murziani PG, Slusarczyk M, Balzarini J. The cytostatic activity of NUC-3073, a phosphoramidate prodrug of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, is independent of activation by thymidine kinase and insensitive to degradation by phosphorolytic enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:441-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rajabi M, Mansell D, Freeman S, Bryce RA. Structure–activity relationship of 2,4,5-trioxoimidazolidines as inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1165-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fanciullino R, Giacometti S, Mercier C, Aubert C, Blanquicett C, Piccerelle P, Ciccolini J. In vitro and in vivo reversal of resistance to 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer cells with a novel stealth double-liposomal formulation. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:919-26. [PMID: 17848948 PMCID: PMC2360412 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major cause of treatment failure in cancer chemotherapy, including that with the extensively prescribed antimetabolite, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In this study, we tried to reverse 5-FU resistance by using a double-punch strategy: combining 5-FU with a biochemical modulator to improve its tumoural activation and encapsulating both these agents in one same stealth liposome. Experiments carried out in the highly resistant, canonical SW620 human colorectal model showed a up to 80% sensitisation to 5-FU when these cells were treated with our liposomal formulation. Results with this formulation demonstrated 30% higher tumoural drug uptake, better activation with increased active metabolites including critical-5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine-5-monophosphate, superior inhibition (98%) of tumour thymidylate synthase, and subsequently, higher induction of both early and late apoptosis. Drug monitoring showed that higher and sustained exposure was achieved in rats treated with liposomal formulation. When examined in a xenograft animal model, our dual-agent liposomal formulation caused a 74% reduction in tumour size with a mean doubling in survival time, whereas standard 5-FU failed to exhibit significant antiproliferative activity as well as to increase the lifespan of tumour-bearing mice. Taken collectively, our data suggest that resistance to 5-FU can be overcome through a better control of its intratumoural activation and the use of an encapsulated formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fanciullino
- EA3286-Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - S Giacometti
- EA3286-Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - C Mercier
- EA3286-Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - C Aubert
- EA3286-Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - C Blanquicett
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P Piccerelle
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 05 13385, France
| | - J Ciccolini
- EA3286-Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- EA3286, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin 13385, Marseille 05, France. E-mail:
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Ranieri G, Grammatica L, Patruno R, Zito AF, Valerio P, Iacobellis S, Gadaleta C, Gasparini G, Ribatti D. A possible role of thymidine phosphorylase expression and 5-fluorouracil increased sensitivity in oropharyngeal cancer patients. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 11:362-8. [PMID: 17378915 PMCID: PMC3822834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine Pi deoxyribosyltransferase (TP) is an enzyme involved in DNA synthesis up-regulated in tumours and it is also a pro-angiogenic factor. TP cannot activate capecitabine, because capecitabine first needs conversion by carboxylesterase and cytidine deaminase into 5-deoxy-fluorouridine. This compound can be activated by TP to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Although TP is not necessary for 5-FU toxicity, experimental data suggest that high levels of TP correlate with an enhanced response to 5-FU therapy. In this study, we have analysed by immunohistochemistry CD34, CD68 and TP positive cells in bioptic samples from 53 patients with T1–3 N0–1 M0 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSC) and from 24 patients with non-dysplastic oropharyngeal leukoplakia (NDOLP). Results showed that the mean of TP-positive cells, CD68 positive macrophages and CD34 positive endothelial cells eval-uated as microvessel density (MVD) was significantly higher in OSC than in NDOLP. Moreover, at a median follow-up of 19 months, patients with TP expression and higher MVD showed a better survival rate as compared to those with low MVD, probably as a consequence of 5-FU-based therapy.We hypothesized a role for TP in oropharyngeal tumourigenesis and 5-FU activation in the adjuvant setting of OSC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ranieri
- Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, Department of Critical Area and Surgery, National Cancer Institute of Bari, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence to: Domenico RIBATTI Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy. Tel.: 0039 080 5478240 Fax: 0039 080 5478310 E-mail:
| | - L Grammatica
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Head and Neck Section, National Cancer Institute of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - R Patruno
- Division of Surgery, Di Venere Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - AF Zito
- Unit of Pathology, National Cancer Institute of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - P Valerio
- Division of Surgery, Di Venere Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - S Iacobellis
- Division of Surgery, Di Venere Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - C Gadaleta
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, Department of Critical Area and Surgery, National Cancer Institute of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - G Gasparini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera ‘San Filippo Neri’, Roma, Italy
| | - D Ribatti
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence to: Domenico RIBATTI Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy. Tel.: 0039 080 5478240 Fax: 0039 080 5478310 E-mail:
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