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Zhang L, Zhong D, Yao C, Liu Q, Shi D, Jiang M, Wang J, Xiong Z, Li H. Buffalo bbu-miR-493-5p Promotes Myoblast Proliferation and Differentiation. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:533. [PMID: 38396500 PMCID: PMC10886120 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the meat and dairy value of buffaloes has become a major concern in buffalo breeding, and the improvement of buffalo beef quality is key to protecting buffalo germplasm resources and solving the problem of beef supply. MiRNAs play a significant role in regulating muscle development. However, the precise mechanism by which they regulate the development of buffalo skeletal muscles remains largely unexplored. In this study, we examined miRNA expression profiles in buffalo myoblasts during the proliferation and differentiation stages. A total of 177 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, out of which 88 were up-regulated and 89 down-regulated. We focused on a novel miRNA, named bbu-miR-493-5p, that was significantly differentially expressed during the proliferation and differentiation of buffalo myoblasts and highly expressed in muscle tissues. The RNA-FISH results showed that bbu-miR-493-5p was primarily located in the cytoplasm to encourage buffalo myoblasts' proliferation and differentiation. In conclusion, our study lays the groundwork for future research into the regulatory role of miRNAs in the growth of buffalo muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (D.Z.); (C.Y.); (D.S.); (M.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Dandan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (D.Z.); (C.Y.); (D.S.); (M.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Chengxuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (D.Z.); (C.Y.); (D.S.); (M.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Qingyou Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China;
| | - Deshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (D.Z.); (C.Y.); (D.S.); (M.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Mingsheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (D.Z.); (C.Y.); (D.S.); (M.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (D.Z.); (C.Y.); (D.S.); (M.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Zhaocheng Xiong
- Research & Development Affairs Office, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (D.Z.); (C.Y.); (D.S.); (M.J.); (J.W.)
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms in COVID-19 coagulopathy: role of inflammation and endotheliopathy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 53:282-290. [PMID: 34687400 PMCID: PMC8536904 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) infection or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is frequently associated with microvascular thrombosis.The microthrombosis in COVID-19 is the result of the interplay between inflammation and endotheliopathy. Elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) characterizes COVID-19 inflammation resulting in endotheliopathy and coagulopathy marked by elevated D-dimer (DD). Aim of this study is to identify and to describe the coagulation changes in 100 moderate COVID-19 patients having lung involvement and to determine the association of coagulopathy with the severity and prognosis. METHODS Inflammation, endothelial and coagulation molecules were measured in moderate and mild disease. RESULTS IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and tissue factor (TF), von Willebrand factor (VWF), and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) significantly increased in moderate disease as well as D-dimer, thrombin antithrombin complex (TAT), Fibrinogen (Fib), platelet factor-4 (PF4), β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), P-selectin, and platelet adhesion. Shortened clotting time (CT) and clot formation time (CFT), high maximum clot firmness (MCF) and low LY at 30 min were present in 100% of moderate COVID-19 patients compared with mild COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that moderate COVID-19 has a profound inflammation associated with severee ndotheliopathy and intense coagulation activation uncontrolled by TFPI. Attention should be paid to coagulopathy in COVID-19. Closely monitoring of coagulation and application of appropriate anticoagulation may improve the prognosis of moderate COVID-19 and to prevent the progression to severe COVID-19 disease.
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Hennigs JK, Matuszcak C, Trepel M, Körbelin J. Vascular Endothelial Cells: Heterogeneity and Targeting Approaches. Cells 2021; 10:2712. [PMID: 34685692 PMCID: PMC8534745 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Forming the inner layer of the vascular system, endothelial cells (ECs) facilitate a multitude of crucial physiological processes throughout the body. Vascular ECs enable the vessel wall passage of nutrients and diffusion of oxygen from the blood into adjacent cellular structures. ECs regulate vascular tone and blood coagulation as well as adhesion and transmigration of circulating cells. The multitude of EC functions is reflected by tremendous cellular diversity. Vascular ECs can form extremely tight barriers, thereby restricting the passage of xenobiotics or immune cell invasion, whereas, in other organ systems, the endothelial layer is fenestrated (e.g., glomeruli in the kidney), or discontinuous (e.g., liver sinusoids) and less dense to allow for rapid molecular exchange. ECs not only differ between organs or vascular systems, they also change along the vascular tree and specialized subpopulations of ECs can be found within the capillaries of a single organ. Molecular tools that enable selective vascular targeting are helpful to experimentally dissect the role of distinct EC populations, to improve molecular imaging and pave the way for novel treatment options for vascular diseases. This review provides an overview of endothelial diversity and highlights the most successful methods for selective targeting of distinct EC subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan K. Hennigs
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Christiane Matuszcak
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Martin Trepel
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany;
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
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Amunugama K, Pike DP, Ford DA. The lipid biology of sepsis. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100090. [PMID: 34087197 PMCID: PMC8243525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, defined as the dysregulated immune response to an infection leading to organ dysfunction, is one of the leading causes of mortality around the globe. Despite the significant progress in delineating the underlying mechanisms of sepsis pathogenesis, there are currently no effective treatments or specific diagnostic biomarkers in the clinical setting. The perturbation of cell signaling mechanisms, inadequate inflammation resolution, and energy imbalance, all of which are altered during sepsis, are also known to lead to defective lipid metabolism. The use of lipids as biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity may aid in early diagnosis and guide clinical decision making. In addition, identifying the link between specific lipid signatures and their role in sepsis pathology may lead to novel therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the recent evidence on dysregulated lipid metabolism both in experimental and human sepsis focused on bioactive lipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol as well as the enzymes regulating their levels during sepsis. We highlight not only their potential roles in sepsis pathogenesis but also the possibility of using these respective lipid compounds as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushalya Amunugama
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel P Pike
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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5
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Effect of acyl and alkyl analogs of platelet-activating factor on inflammatory signaling. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 151:106478. [PMID: 32711129 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a bioactive ether phospholipid with significant pro-inflammatory properties, was identified almost half a century ago. Despite extensive study of this autocoid, therapeutic strategies for targeting its signaling components have not been successful, including the recent clinical trials with darapladib, a drug that targets plasma PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). We recently provided experimental evidence that the previously unrecognized acyl analog of PAF, which is concomitantly produced along with PAF during biosynthesis, dampens PAF signaling by acting both as a sacrificial substrate for PAF-AH and probably as an endogenous PAF-receptor antagonist/partial agonist. If this is the scenario in vivo, PAF-AH needs to catalyze the selective hydrolysis of alkyl-PAF and not acyl-PAF. Accordingly, different approaches are needed for treating inflammatory diseases in which PAF signaling is implicated. The interplay between acyl-PAF, alkyl-PAF, PAF-AH, and PAF-R is complex, and the outcome of this interplay has not been previously appreciated. In this review, we discuss this interaction based on our recent findings. It is very likely that the relative abundance of acyl and alkyl-PAF and their interactions with PAF-R in the presence of their hydrolyzing enzyme PAF-AH may exert a modulatory effect on PAF signaling during inflammation.
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Tvaroška I, Selvaraj C, Koča J. Selectins-The Two Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Faces of Adhesion Molecules-A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122835. [PMID: 32575485 PMCID: PMC7355470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectins belong to a group of adhesion molecules that fulfill an essential role in immune and inflammatory responses and tissue healing. Selectins are glycoproteins that decode the information carried by glycan structures, and non-covalent interactions of selectins with these glycan structures mediate biological processes. The sialylated and fucosylated tetrasaccharide sLex is an essential glycan recognized by selectins. Several glycosyltransferases are responsible for the biosynthesis of the sLex tetrasaccharide. Selectins are involved in a sequence of interactions of circulated leukocytes with endothelial cells in the blood called the adhesion cascade. Recently, it has become evident that cancer cells utilize a similar adhesion cascade to promote metastases. However, like Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’s two faces, selectins also contribute to tissue destruction during some infections and inflammatory diseases. The most prominent function of selectins is associated with the initial stage of the leukocyte adhesion cascade, in which selectin binding enables tethering and rolling. The first adhesive event occurs through specific non-covalent interactions between selectins and their ligands, with glycans functioning as an interface between leukocytes or cancer cells and the endothelium. Targeting these interactions remains a principal strategy aimed at developing new therapies for the treatment of immune and inflammatory disorders and cancer. In this review, we will survey the significant contributions to and the current status of the understanding of the structure of selectins and the role of selectins in various biological processes. The potential of selectins and their ligands as therapeutic targets in chronic and acute inflammatory diseases and cancer will also be discussed. We will emphasize the structural characteristic of selectins and the catalytic mechanisms of glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of glycan recognition determinants. Furthermore, recent achievements in the synthesis of selectin inhibitors will be reviewed with a focus on the various strategies used for the development of glycosyltransferase inhibitors, including substrate analog inhibitors and transition state analog inhibitors, which are based on knowledge of the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tvaroška
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84538 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.K.); Tel.: +421-948-535-601 (I.T.); +420-731-682-606 (J.K.)
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Koča
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.K.); Tel.: +421-948-535-601 (I.T.); +420-731-682-606 (J.K.)
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7
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Endothelial signaling by neutrophil-released oncostatin M enhances P-selectin-dependent inflammation and thrombosis. Blood Adv 2020; 3:168-183. [PMID: 30670533 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018026294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the earliest phase of inflammation, histamine and other agonists rapidly mobilize P-selectin to the apical membranes of endothelial cells, where it initiates rolling adhesion of flowing neutrophils. Clustering of P-selectin in clathrin-coated pits facilitates rolling. Inflammatory cytokines typically signal by regulating gene transcription over a period of hours. We found that neutrophils rolling on P-selectin secreted the cytokine oncostatin M (OSM). The released OSM triggered signals through glycoprotein 130 (gp130)-containing receptors on endothelial cells that, within minutes, further clustered P-selectin and markedly enhanced its adhesive function. Antibodies to OSM or gp130, deletion of the gene encoding OSM in hematopoietic cells, or conditional deletion of the gene encoding gp130 in endothelial cells inhibited neutrophil rolling on P-selectin in trauma-stimulated venules of the mouse cremaster muscle. In a mouse model of P-selectin-dependent deep vein thrombosis, deletion of OSM in hematopoietic cells or of gp130 in endothelial cells markedly inhibited adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes and the rate and extent of thrombus formation. Our results reveal a paracrine-signaling mechanism by which neutrophil-released OSM rapidly influences endothelial cell function during physiological and pathological inflammation.
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Patten DA, Shetty S. More Than Just a Removal Service: Scavenger Receptors in Leukocyte Trafficking. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2904. [PMID: 30631321 PMCID: PMC6315190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors are a highly diverse superfamily of proteins which are grouped by their inherent ability to bind and internalize a wide array of structurally diverse ligands which can be either endogenous or exogenous in nature. Consequently, scavenger receptors are known to play important roles in host homeostasis, with common endogenous ligands including apoptotic cells, and modified low density lipoproteins (LDLs); additionally, scavenger receptors are key regulators of inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Also, as a consequence of their affinity for a wide range of microbial products, their role in innate immunity is also being increasingly studied. However, in this review, a secondary function of a number of endothelial-expressed scavenger receptors is discussed. There is increasing evidence that some endothelial-expressed scavenger receptors are able to directly bind leukocyte-expressed ligands and subsequently act as adhesion molecules in the trafficking of leukocytes in lymphatic and vascular tissues. Here, we cover the current literature on this alternative role for endothelial-expressed scavenger receptors and also speculate on their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Patten
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shishir Shetty
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Corsi M, Pagani D, Dogliotti G, Perona F, Sambataro G, Pignataro L. Protein Biochip Array of Adhesion Molecule Expression in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Nasal Polyposis. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 23:115-20. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080802300208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nasal polyposis is a chronic non-infectious inflammatory disease of the nasal and paranasal cavity mucosa of unknown multifactorial origin in which inflammatory cells, and in particular eosinophils, seem to play a pivotal role. Eosinophil migration from the bloodstream to nasal polyps is considered to be specific and is a complex process involving several different molecules such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and L-, P- and E-selectins. The aim of this study was to investigate, using a protein biochip array technology, the concentrations of these molecules in the peripheral blood of a group of patients affected by nasal polyposis. Patients exhibited a significantly higher expression of VCAM-1, E-selectin, and L-selectin compared to healthy controls, and Spearman's rank correlation test limited to the molecules with significant between-group differences demonstrated a significant correlation between VCAM-1 and E-selectin, VCAM-1 and L-selectin, and E-selectin and L-selectin. The results of this investigation are in line with those coming from various imunohistochemical analyses, and seem to confirm the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. These molecules may also represent novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of nasal polyps, and may allow the selection of pharmacological prophylactics that would allow effective inhibition of the inflammation induced by a given allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Corsi
- Institute of General Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Milan
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnologies, IRCCS Galeazzi Hospital, Milan
| | - D. Pagani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngological and Ophthalmological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan
| | - G. Dogliotti
- Institute of General Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Milan
| | - F. Perona
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Galeazzi Hospital, Milan - Italy
| | - G. Sambataro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngological and Ophthalmological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan
| | - L. Pignataro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngological and Ophthalmological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan
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Schneberger D, Sethi RS, Singh B. Comparative View of Lung Vascular Endothelium of Cattle, Horses, and Water Buffalo. MOLECULAR AND FUNCTIONAL INSIGHTS INTO THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE 2018; 228:21-39. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68483-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Myeloid cell recruitment to sites of infection and injury started out as a simple model that has been referred to as the universal concept of leukocyte recruitment. However, as we gain more insight into the different mechanisms, it is becoming clear that each organ and perhaps even each cell has its own unique mechanism of recruitment. Moreover, as the ability to visualize specific cell types in specific organs becomes more accessible, it is also becoming clear that there are resident populations of leukocytes, some within the tissues and others attached to the vasculature of tissues, the latter poised to affect the local environment. In this review, we will first highlight the imaging approaches that have allowed us to gain spectacular insight into locale and function of specific cell types, and then we will discuss what we have learned from this approach as far as myeloid cells are concerned. We will also highlight some of the gaps in our knowledge, which exist almost certainly because of the challenges of being able to visualize certain compartments of the body.
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12
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Damiani E, Puebla-Osorio N, Lege BM, Liu J, Neelapu SS, Ullrich SE. Platelet activating factor-induced expression of p21 is correlated with histone acetylation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41959. [PMID: 28157211 PMCID: PMC5291204 DOI: 10.1038/srep41959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated keratinocytes secrete the lipid mediator of inflammation, platelet-activating factor (PAF). PAF plays an essential role in UV-induced immune suppression and skin cancer induction. Dermal mast cell migration from the skin to the draining lymph nodes plays a prominent role in activating systemic immune suppression. UV-induced PAF activates mast cell migration by up-regulating mast cell CXCR4 surface expression. Recent findings indicate that PAF up-regulates CXCR4 expression via histone acetylation. UV-induced PAF also activates cell cycle arrest and disrupts DNA repair, in part by increasing p21 expression. Do epigenetic alterations play a role in p21 up-regulation? Here we show that PAF increases Acetyl-CREB-binding protein (CBP/p300) histone acetyltransferase expression in a time and dose-dependent fashion. Partial deletion of the HAT domain in the CBP gene, blocked these effects. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that PAF-treatment activated the acetylation of the p21 promoter. PAF-treatment had no effect on other acetylating enzymes (GCN5L2, PCAF) indicating it is not a global activator of histone acetylation. This study provides further evidence that PAF activates epigenetic mechanisms to affect important cellular processes, and we suggest this bioactive lipid can serve as a link between the environment and the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Damiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nahum Puebla-Osorio
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bree M Lege
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sattva S Neelapu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen E Ullrich
- Department of Immunology and The Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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13
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Mason JC, Haskard DO. The Clinical Importance of Leucocyte and Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecules in Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x9400500306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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14
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Middleton EA, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. Platelets in Pulmonary Immune Responses and Inflammatory Lung Diseases. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1211-59. [PMID: 27489307 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are essential for physiological hemostasis and are central in pathological thrombosis. These are their traditional and best known activities in health and disease. In addition, however, platelets have specializations that broaden their functional repertoire considerably. These functional capabilities, some of which are recently discovered, include the ability to sense and respond to infectious and immune signals and to act as inflammatory effector cells. Human platelets and platelets from mice and other experimental animals can link the innate and adaptive limbs of the immune system and act across the immune continuum, often also linking immune and hemostatic functions. Traditional and newly recognized facets of the biology of platelets are relevant to defensive, physiological immune responses of the lungs and to inflammatory lung diseases. The emerging view of platelets as blood cells that are much more diverse and versatile than previously thought further predicts that additional features of the biology of platelets and of megakaryocytes, the precursors of platelets, will be discovered and that some of these will also influence pulmonary immune defenses and inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Middleton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Andrew S Weyrich
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Guy A Zimmerman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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15
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Tremblay C, Paradis M, Doré M. Expression of E- and P-selectin in Tumor Necrosis Factor—induced Dermatitis in Dogs. Vet Pathol 2016; 38:261-8. [PMID: 11355655 DOI: 10.1354/vp.38-3-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules on endothelial cells play an important role in leukocyte recruitment in several inflammatory processes. Vascular selectins mediate the initial adhesion of leukocytes to the blood vessel wall during their extravasation into inflamed tissues, and in vitro studies in dogs have shown that selectin expression can be induced by cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1). The objective of this study was to determine whether vascular selectins are induced by cytokines in vivo in a cutaneous model of inflammation in dogs. Skin biopsies were collected from nine dogs at various time points after an intradermal injection of TNF-α (10 ng/site) or phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin, and immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-P-selectin (MD3) and anti-E-selectin (CL37) monoclonal antibodies. In all animals, TNF-α induced an inflammatory reaction that was maximal at 12 hours and then decreased by 24 and 48 hours. Control skin displayed no expression of E- and P-selectin, whereas TNF-α induced the expression of P-selectin and E-selectin on dermal vessels that was highest at 12 hours and 3 hours, respectively ( P < 0.05). Numerous platelet aggregates recognized by the anti-P-selectin antibody were present in the lumina of vessels and in perivascular tissues. These results demonstrate that TNF-α can induce the expression of P- and E-selectin in vivo in dog skin and suggest that these selectins are involved in leukocyte recruitment in canine dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tremblay
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, PQ, Canada
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Zhang N, Liu Z, Yao L, Mehta-D'souza P, McEver RP. P-Selectin Expressed by a Human SELP Transgene Is Atherogenic in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1114-21. [PMID: 27102967 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During inflammation, P-selectin expressed on activated endothelial cells and platelets mediates rolling adhesion of leukocytes. Atherosclerosis-prone mice crossed with P-selectin-deficient (Selp(-/-)) mice develop smaller lesions. Cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, increase Selp transcripts and augment atherosclerosis in mice. However, they decrease SELP transcripts in humans, challenging assumptions that human P-selectin is atherogenic. We used mice expressing a human SELP transgene to examine the atherogenic role of P-selectin. APPROACH AND RESULTS We crossed apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe(-/-)) mice with Selp(-/-) mice or transgenic mice expressing the entire human SELP gene (TgSELP(+/-)). Aortas developed larger, macrophage-rich atheromas in Apoe(-/-)Selp(-/-)TgSELP(+/-) mice than in Apoe(-/-)Selp(-/-) mice after 8 or 16 weeks on a Western diet. Confocal microscopy of Apoe(-/-)Selp(-/-)TgSELP(+/-) aortas revealed staining for human P-selectin in endothelial cells overlying atheromas but not in lesional macrophages. We also observed staining for human P-selectin in aortic endothelial cells of 3- to 4-week-old Apoe(-/-)Selp(-/-)TgSELP(+/-) weanlings before atheromas developed. Furthermore, human SELP transcripts were ≈3-fold higher in aortas of Apoe(-/-)Selp(+/-)TgSELP(+/-) weanlings than in Selp(+/-)TgSELP(+/-) weanlings, whereas murine Selp and Sele transcripts were equivalent in weanlings of both genotypes. Human SELP transcripts in aortas of Apoe(-/-)Selp(+/-)TgSELP(+/-) mice remained nearly constant during 16 weeks on a Western diet, whereas murine Selp and Sele transcripts progressively increased. Bone marrow transplantation in Apoe(-/-)Selp(-/-) and Apoe(-/-)Selp(-/-)TgSELP(+/-) mice demonstrated that both platelets and endothelial cells must express human P-selectin to promote atherogenesis. CONCLUSIONS P-selectin expressed by human SELP is atherogenic in Apoe(-/-) mice, suggesting that P-selectin contributes to atherogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (N.Z., R.P.M.); and Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City (Z.L., L.Y., P.M.-D., R.P.M.)
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (N.Z., R.P.M.); and Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City (Z.L., L.Y., P.M.-D., R.P.M.)
| | - Longbiao Yao
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (N.Z., R.P.M.); and Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City (Z.L., L.Y., P.M.-D., R.P.M.)
| | - Padmaja Mehta-D'souza
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (N.Z., R.P.M.); and Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City (Z.L., L.Y., P.M.-D., R.P.M.)
| | - Rodger P McEver
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (N.Z., R.P.M.); and Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City (Z.L., L.Y., P.M.-D., R.P.M.).
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Tong S, Wang H, Zhang T, Chen L, Liu B. Accumulation of CD62P during storage of apheresis platelet concentrates and the role of CD62P in transfusion-related acute lung injury. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7777-81. [PMID: 26397744 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion-associated morbidity and mortality. Activated platelets have important roles in TRALI and CD62P was identified to be an important indicator of platelet activation. However, the precise roles of CD62P in TRALI have remained elusive. The present study assessed CD62P accumulation during storage of apheresis platelet concentrates (A‑Plts) and established a mouse model of TRALI to further investigate the roles of CD62P in TRALI. The results showed that the CD62P concentration in A‑Plts was increased with the storage time. Mice were treated with monoclonal major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‑1 antibody to induce TRALI. The murine model of TRALI was successfully established as evidenced by pulmonary oedema, accompanied by decreased clearance of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), increased pulmonary and systemic inflammation, elevated lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as well as increased pulmonary and systemic coagulation in the TRALI group compared with those in the control group. To further determine the role of CD62P in TRALI, mice were treated with anti‑CD62P antibody to knockdown CD62P in vivo. It was found that pulmonary oedema, BALF clearance, pulmonary and systemic inflammation, MPO activity as well as pulmonary and systemic coagulation were decreased in the TRALI + anti‑CD62P antibody group compared with those in the TRALI + isotype antibody group. The present study supported the notion that CD62P is involved in mediating TRALI and may provide an important molecular basis for enhancing the clinical safety and effectiveness of platelet transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tong
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The General Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
| | - Haibao Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The General Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The General Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
| | - Linfeng Chen
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The General Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
| | - Bowei Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The General Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
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Damiani E, Puebla-Osorio N, Gorbea E, Ullrich SE. Platelet-Activating Factor Induces Epigenetic Modifications in Human Mast Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:3034-3040. [PMID: 26316070 PMCID: PMC4648694 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced systemic immune suppression is a major risk factor for skin cancer induction. The migration of dermal mast cells from the skin to the draining lymph nodes plays a prominent role in activating systemic immune suppression. UV-induced keratinocyte-derived platelet-activating factor (PAF) activates mast cell migration, in part by up regulating the expression of CXCR4 on the surface of mast cells. Others have indicated that epigenetic mechanisms regulate CXCR4 expression, so we asked whether PAF activates epigenetic mechanisms in mast cells. Human mast cells were treated with PAF and the effect on DNA methylation and/or acetylation was measured. PAF suppressed the expression of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 and 3b. On the other hand, PAF increased p300 histone acetyltransferase expression, and the acetylation of histone H3, which coincided with a decreased expression of the histone deacetylase HDAC2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that PAF-treatment activated the acetylation of the CXCR4 promoter. Finally, inhibiting histone acetylation blocked p300 up-regulation and suppressed PAF-induced surface expression of CXCR4. Our findings suggest a novel molecular mechanism for PAF, activation of epigenetic modifications. We suggest that PAF may serve as an endogenous molecular mediator that links the environment (UV radiation) with the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Damiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Department of Immunology and The Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Nahum Puebla-Osorio
- Department of Immunology and The Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Enrique Gorbea
- Department of Immunology and The Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Stephen E Ullrich
- Department of Immunology and The Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.,The Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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McEver RP. Selectins: initiators of leucocyte adhesion and signalling at the vascular wall. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:331-9. [PMID: 25994174 PMCID: PMC4592324 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The selectins are transmembrane, Ca(2+)-dependent lectins that mediate leucocyte rolling on vascular surfaces, the first adhesive step during inflammation and immune surveillance. Leucocytes express L-selectin, activated platelets express P-selectin, and activated endothelial cells express E- and P-selectin. Rolling involves force-regulated, rapidly reversible interactions of selectins with a limited number of glycosylated cell surface ligands. Rolling permits leucocytes to interact with immobilized chemokines that convert β2 integrins to high-affinity conformations, which mediate arrest, post-arrest adhesion strengthening, and transendothelial migration. However, rolling leucocytes also transduce signals through selectin ligands, the focus of this review. These signals include serial activation of kinases and recruitment of adaptors that convert integrins to intermediate-affinity conformations, which decrease rolling velocities. In vitro, selectin signalling enables myeloid cells to respond to suboptimal levels of chemokines and other agonists. This cooperative signalling triggers effector responses such as degranulation, superoxide production, chemokine synthesis, and release of procoagulant/proinflammatory microparticles. In vivo, selectin-mediated adhesion and signalling likely contributes to atherosclerosis, arterial and deep vein thrombosis, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger P McEver
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Swanepoel AC, Nielsen VG, Pretorius E. Viscoelasticity and Ultrastructure in Coagulation and Inflammation: Two Diverse Techniques, One Conclusion. Inflammation 2015; 38:1707-26. [PMID: 25772112 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The process of blood clotting has been studied for centuries. A synopsis of current knowledge pertaining to haemostasis and the blood components, including platelets and fibrin networks which are closely involved in coagulation, are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on tissue factor (TF), calcium and thrombin since these components have been implicated in both the coagulation process and inflammation. Analysis of platelets and fibrin morphology indicate that calcium, tissue factor and thrombin at concentrations used during viscoelastic analysis (with thromboelastography or TEG) bring about alterations in platelet and fibrin network ultrastructure, which is similar to that seen in inflammation. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that, when investigating platelet structure in disease, addition of TF, calcium or thrombin will mask disease-induced alterations associated with platelet activation. Therefore, washed platelets without any additives is preferred for morphological analysis. Furthermore, morphological and viscoelastic analysis confirmed that thrombin activation is the preferred method of fibrin activation when investigating fibrin network ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albe C Swanepoel
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa,
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Guo SW, Ding D, Geng JG, Wang L, Liu X. P-selectin as a potential therapeutic target for endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2015; 103:990-1000.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mitchell MJ, Lin KS, King MR. Fluid shear stress increases neutrophil activation via platelet-activating factor. Biophys J 2014; 106:2243-53. [PMID: 24853753 PMCID: PMC4052238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte exposure to hemodynamic shear forces is critical for physiological functions including initial adhesion to the endothelium, the formation of pseudopods, and migration into tissues. G-protein coupled receptors on neutrophils, which bind to chemoattractants and play a role in neutrophil chemotaxis, have been implicated as fluid shear stress sensors that control neutrophil activation. Recently, exposure to physiological fluid shear stresses observed in the microvasculature was shown to reduce neutrophil activation in the presence of the chemoattractant formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Here, however, human neutrophil preexposure to uniform shear stress (0.1-2.75 dyn/cm(2)) in a cone-and-plate viscometer for 1-120 min was shown to increase, rather than decrease, neutrophil activation in the presence of platelet activating factor (PAF). Fluid shear stress exposure increased PAF-induced neutrophil activation in terms of L-selectin shedding, αMβ2 integrin activation, and morphological changes. Neutrophil activation via PAF was found to correlate with fluid shear stress exposure, as neutrophil activation increased in a shear stress magnitude- and time-dependent manner. These results indicate that fluid shear stress exposure increases neutrophil activation by PAF, and, taken together with previous observations, differentially controls how neutrophils respond to chemoattractants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Kimberly S Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Michael R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
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Abstract
Leukocyte migration through activated venular walls is a fundamental immune response that is prerequisite to the entry of effector cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, and effector T cells to sites of infection, injury, and stress within the interstitium. Stimulation of leukocytes is instrumental in this process with enhanced temporally controlled leukocyte adhesiveness and shape-changes promoting leukocyte attachment to the inner wall of blood vessels under hydrodynamic forces. This initiates polarized motility of leukocytes within and through venular walls and transient barrier disruption facilitated sequentially by stimulated vascular cells, i.e., endothelial cells and their associated pericytes. Perivascular cells such as macrophages and mast cells that act as tissue inflammatory sentinels can also directly and indirectly regulate the exit of leukocytes from the vascular lumen. In this review, we discuss current knowledge and open questions regarding the mechanisms involved in the interactions of different effector leukocytes with peripheral vessels in extralymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel.
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24
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Pober JS, Sessa WC. Inflammation and the blood microvascular system. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 7:a016345. [PMID: 25384307 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic inflammation is associated with changes in microvascular form and function. At rest, endothelial cells maintain a nonthrombogenic, nonreactive surface at the interface between blood and tissue. However, on activation by proinflammatory mediators, the endothelium becomes a major participant in the generation of the inflammatory response. These functions of endothelium are modified by the other cell populations of the microvessel wall, namely pericytes, and smooth muscle cells. This article reviews recent advances in understanding the roles played by microvessels in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8089
| | - William C Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8089
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25
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Macrophage derived platelet activating factor implicated in the resolution phase of gouty inflammation. Int J Inflam 2014; 2014:526496. [PMID: 25328755 PMCID: PMC4190697 DOI: 10.1155/2014/526496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood derived in vitro differentiated monocytes or macrophages are a population of cells which have been investigated over the years to determine the role these cells play in the resolution phase of gout. Macrophages are able to phagocytose monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals without releasing inflammatory factors. This study analysed macrophage platelet activating factor secretion and its possible role in the pathway of gout resolution. Analysis of sunatants from in vitro differentiated macrophages stimulated with MSU crystals revealed the secretion of platelet activating factor (PAF) 1.54 ± 0.10 mean ± SEM; ng/mL per 106 cells. This secretion was absent in immature monocytes treated similarly. When these monocytes were pretreated with recombinant human PAF-acetylhydrolase (rhuPAF-AH) and MSU crystals resulted in TNFα suppression. Addition of WEB2086, a platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist, to differentiated macrophages with MSU crystals unmasked TNFα secretion 0.7 ± 0.06 mean ± SEM; ng/mL per 106 cells. This study identifies a role for PAF and the PAF receptor antagonist in the pathway by which macrophages ingest MSU crystals and resolve the concomitant inflammation.
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Assessment of the E-selectin rs5361 (561A>C) polymorphism and soluble protein concentration in acute coronary syndrome: association with circulating levels. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:158367. [PMID: 25147432 PMCID: PMC4132325 DOI: 10.1155/2014/158367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a complex disease where genetic and environmental factors are involved. E-selectin gene is a candidate for ACS progression due to its contribution in the inflammatory process and endothelial function. The rs5361 (561A>C) polymorphism in the E-selectin gene has been linked to changes in gene expression, affinity for its receptor, and plasmatic levels; therefore it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine the association of the rs5361 polymorphism with ACS and to measure serum levels of soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin). Materials and Methods. 283 ACS patients and 205 healthy subjects (HS) from Western Mexico were included. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to determine the rs5361 polymorphism. The sE-selectin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Neither genotype nor allele frequencies of the rs5361 polymorphism showed statistical differences between groups. The sE-selectin levels were significantly higher in ACS patients compared to HS (54.58 versus 40.41 ng/ml, P = 0.02). The C allele had no effect on sE-selectin levels. Conclusions. The rs5361 E-selectin gene polymorphism is not a susceptibility marker for ACS in Western Mexico population. However, sE-selectin may be a biological marker of ACS.
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) syndromes are rare genetically determined conditions with challenging clinical features. These immunodeficiencies also provide insights that are broadly relevant to the biology of leukocytes, platelets, intercellular interactions, and intracellular signaling. Recent discoveries merit their review in the context of existing knowledge. RECENT FINDINGS New activities of β(2) integrins, which are deficient or absent in LAD-I, and new β(2) integrin-dependent functions of neutrophils and other leukocytes have recently been identified. Genetic defects and mechanisms accounting for impaired fucosylation of selectin ligands and defective selectin binding and signaling in LAD-II are now apparent. LAD-III, which presents with bleeding similar to that in Glanzmann thrombasthenia and platelet dysfunction in addition to impaired leukocyte adhesion, is now known to be due to absence of KINDLIN-3, a cytoplasmic protein that acts cooperatively with TALIN-1 in activating β(1), β(2), and β(3) integrins. Understanding of the leukocyte adhesion cascade and interactions of leukocytes with inflamed endothelium, which are impaired in each of the LAD syndromes, continues to be refined. SUMMARY Although LAD syndromes are rare maladies, their investigation is generating new knowledge directly applicable to the diagnosis and care of patients and to fundamental paradigms in immunobiology and hemostasis.
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Imaging inflammatory leukocyte recruitment in kidney, lung and liver—challenges to the multi‐step paradigm. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:281-9. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
The process of leukocyte emigration from the blood into a site of inflammation can be dissected into four distinct but continuous stages involving sequential interactions of different adhesion molecules on the leukocyte and endothelial surfaces. Although the molecules mediating adhesion to the luminal surface have been well studied, much less is known about the final stage of this process, transendothelial migration. This is the stage in which a leukocyte bound to the vascular wall passes between adjacent endothelial cells; it is a complex process in its own right, involving continuous structural, mechanical, and biochemical changes in both interacting cell types. Distinct cell adhesion molecule and signal transduction mechanisms that appear to be involved in this phase are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Muller
- William A. Muller is at the Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Salama MK, Taha FM, Safwat M, Darweesh HEA, Basel ME. The Tie2 receptor antagonist angiopoietin-2 in systemic lupus erythematosus: its correlation with various disease activity parameters. Immunol Invest 2012; 41:864-75. [PMID: 22989097 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.711407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus is one of the autoimmune diseases characterized by multisystem involvement associated with autoantibody and immune complex vasculitis along with endothelial cell damage. OBJECTIVE to study the possible role of Angiopoietin- 2 (Ang-2) as a recently highlighted inflammatory and angiogenic mediator in the pathogenesis of SLE and its correlation with the state of another inflammatory marker, P-Selectin, as well as with various markers of the disease activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS The present study included 3 main groups: active SLE patients (group I), inactive SLE patients (group II) and healthy normal control subjects (group III). Groups I and II were subjected to disease activity assessment using the SLEDAI scoring system and measurement of plasma Ang-2 and P-Selectin by ELISA in addition to various laboratory investigations to assess disease activity as: Complete blood count, ESR, serum creatinine, C3, C4 and 24-h urinary proteins. RESULTS The mean level of Plasma Ang-2 and P-selectin showed a high significant increase in active group compared to inactive SLE patients and control subjects (p < 0.001).There was a significant positive correlation between Ang-2, P-Selectin, and each of SLEDAI score and 24-h urinary proteins in all SLE patients as well as in the active group, and Ang-2 was a significant independent marker for proteinuria. A significant negative correlation was found between Ang-2, P-Selectin and each of C3, C4. Ang-2 and P-Selectin showed a high sensitivity and specificity in the patients with SLE. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that Ang-2 may be a more useful marker than P-Selectin, C3 and C4 in the assessment of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa K Salama
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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O'Brien M. The reciprocal relationship between inflammation and coagulation. Top Companion Anim Med 2012; 27:46-52. [PMID: 23031455 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and coagulation constitute two host defense systems with complementary roles in eliminating invading pathogens, limiting tissue damage, and restoring homeostasis. Extensive cross talk exists between these 2 systems, whereby inflammation leads to activation of coagulation, and coagulation considerably affects inflammatory activity. Infection leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines that, in turn, stimulate the production of tissue factor. Activation of the coagulation system and ensuing thrombin generation are dependent on the expression of tissue factor. Conversely, activated coagulation proteases may affect specific receptors on inflammatory cells and endothelial cells and thereby modulate the inflammatory response. Activation of coagulation with the simultaneous down-regulation of endothelial-bound anticoagulant mechanisms and endogenous fibrinolysis characterizes the pathophysiology of sepsis. The mechanisms by which these highly complex and codependent defense strategies are linked together both in health and disease is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauria O'Brien
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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Sun WY, Abeynaike LD, Escarbe S, Smith CD, Pitson SM, Hickey MJ, Bonder CS. Rapid histamine-induced neutrophil recruitment is sphingosine kinase-1 dependent. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1740-50. [PMID: 22322303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation is critical for the development of acute allergic responses. Rapid P-selectin up-regulation by endothelial cells is a key promoter of leukocyte infiltration in response to mediators such as histamine. However, the mechanisms underpinning this process are still incompletely understood. We examined the role of the sphingosine kinase/sphingosine-1-phosphate (SK/S1P) pathway and showed that in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, histamine rapidly activates SK in an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2-dependent manner, concurrent with the induction of P-selectin expression. Histamine activated both SK-1 and SK-2 isoforms; inhibition of SK-1, but not SK-2, attenuated histamine-induced P-selectin up-regulation and neutrophil rolling in vitro. S1P receptor antagonists failed to prevent histamine-induced P-selectin expression, and exogenous S1P did not increase P-selectin expression, suggesting that S1P cell surface receptors are not involved in this process. Finally, the role of both SK-1 and SK-2 in histamine-induced leukocyte rolling in vivo was assessed using pharmacological and genetic methods. Consistent with the in vitro findings, mice pretreated with either sphingosine kinase inhibitor or fingolimod (FTY720) significantly attenuated histamine-induced leukocyte rolling in the cremaster muscle. Similarly, Sphk1(-/-) but not Sphk2(-/-) mice exhibited reduced histamine-induced leukocyte rolling. These findings demonstrate a key role for SK-1 in histamine-induced rapid P-selectin up-regulation and associated leukocyte rolling, and suggest that endothelial SK-1 is an important contributor to allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Y Sun
- Division of Human Immunology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
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Vieira-de-Abreu A, Campbell RA, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. Platelets: versatile effector cells in hemostasis, inflammation, and the immune continuum. Semin Immunopathol 2011; 34:5-30. [PMID: 21818701 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are chief effector cells in hemostasis. In addition, however, their specializations include activities and intercellular interactions that make them key effectors in inflammation and in the continuum of innate and adaptive immunity. This review focuses on the immune features of human platelets and platelets from experimental animals and on interactions between inflammatory, immune, and hemostatic activities of these anucleate but complex and versatile cells. The experimental findings and evidence for physiologic immune functions include previously unrecognized biologic characteristics of platelets and are paralleled by new evidence for unique roles of platelets in inflammatory, immune, and thrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Vieira-de-Abreu
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Abstract
The mechanisms of vascular control of thrombotic events remain unclear. The vasculature possesses essential anticoagulant factors that regulate coagulation. Because the endothelium-to-blood ratios are much higher in the microcirculation, it is likely that stasis contributes to thrombotic risk, due in large part to failure to rapidly access the microcirculation and to gain access to this highly anticoagulant environment. Inflammation can potentiate thrombosis in part through downregulation of the vascular anticoagulants, a process that appears to be exacerbated in aging, a well-known risk factor for thrombosis. Surgery and trauma, two major risk factors for thrombosis, result in the release of a variety of cellular components that trigger coagulation through separate mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Esmon
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, 73104, USA.
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Thomas R, Cheng Y, Yan J, Bettinger T, Broillet A, Rioufol G, Nunn AD. Upregulation of coronary endothelial P-selectin in a monkey heart ischemia reperfusion model. J Mol Histol 2010; 41:277-87. [PMID: 20803056 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-010-9289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The design of targeted ultrasound contrast agents for molecular imaging of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) requires the availability of an adequate in vivo model in a species in which cross reactivity with the target occurs. P-selectin (Psel) is an activation-dependent endothelial receptor that supports rapid and reversible cell adhesion in a flowing system. Together with E- and L-selectins it constitutes the selectin family of adhesion molecules. We investigated the myocardial expression of selectins in a closed chest minimally invasive monkey myocardial IR model. Catheter-based occlusion (30-50 min) followed by reperfusion (3 or 5 h) of left anterior descending artery (LAD) was performed in anesthetised monkeys. At the end of each procedure animals were killed, and their hearts were excised. The tissues were analyzed immunohistochemically using an anti-human Psel antibody (AK-6 clone) that cross reacts with rhesus monkey. Histopathological features confirm the presence of IR injuries in myocardial tissues. There was significant increase in the Psel expression in vessels from the IR areas. However, significantly higher Psel immunoreactivity was also seen in areas which are distant from IR injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regi Thomas
- Ernst Felder Laboratories, Discovery Biology, Bracco Research USA, 305 College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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Carbo C, Duerschmied D, Goerge T, Hattori H, Sakai J, Cifuni SM, White GC, Chrzanowska-Wodnicka M, Luo HR, Wagner DD. Integrin-independent role of CalDAG-GEFI in neutrophil chemotaxis. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:313-9. [PMID: 20413728 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis and integrin activation are essential processes for neutrophil transmigration in response to injury. CalDAG-GEFI plays a key role in the activation of beta1, beta2, and beta3 integrins in platelets and neutrophils by exchanging a GDP for a GTP on Rap1. Here, we explored the role of CalDAG-GEFI and Rap1b in integrin-independent neutrophil chemotaxis. In a transwell assay, CalDAG-GEFI-/- neutrophils had a 46% reduction in transmigration compared with WT in response to a low concentration of LTB4. Visualization of migrating neutrophils in the presence of 10 mM EDTA revealed that CalDAG-GEFI-/- neutrophils had abnormal chemotactic behavior compared with WT neutrophils, including reduced speed and directionality. Interestingly, Rap1b-/- neutrophils had a similar phenotype in this assay, suggesting that CalDAG-GEFI may be acting through Rap1b. We investigated whether the deficit in integrin-independent chemotaxis in CalDAG-GEFI-/- neutrophils could be explained by defective cytoskeleton rearrangement. Indeed, we found that CalDAG-GEFI-/- neutrophils had reduced formation of F-actin pseudopodia after LTB4 stimulation, suggesting that they have a defect in polarization. Overall, our studies show that CalDAG-GEFI helps regulate neutrophil chemotaxis, independent of its established role in integrin activation, through a mechanism that involves actin cytoskeleton and cellular polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Carbo
- Immune Disease Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Role of nitroso radicals as drug targets in circulatory shock. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:494-508. [PMID: 19630831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast amount of circumstantial evidence implicates oxygen-derived free radicals (especially, superoxide and hydroxyl radical) and high-energy oxidants [such as peroxynitrite (OONO(-))] as mediators of shock and ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Reactive oxygen species can initiate a wide range of toxic oxidative reactions. These include initiation of lipid peroxidation, direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, inhibition of membrane sodium/potassium adenosine 5'-triphosphate-ase activity, inactivation of membrane sodium channels and other oxidative modifications of proteins. All these toxicities are likely to play a role in the pathophysiology of shock and ischaemia and reperfusion. Moreover, various studies have clearly shown that treatment with either OONO(-) decomposition catalysts, which selectively inhibit OONO(-), or with superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics, which selectively mimic the catalytic activity of the human SOD enzymes, have been shown to prevent in vivo the delayed vascular decompensation and the cellular energetic failure associated with shock and ischaemia/reperfusion injury.
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Expression patterns of angiopoietin-1, -2, and tie-2 receptor in ulcerative colitis support involvement of the angiopoietin/tie pathway in the progression of ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:2094-9. [PMID: 19051019 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The active stage of ulcerative colitis (UC) involves transmigration of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells to colonic epithelia. The angiopoietin (Ang) pathway plays a role as the regulator of PMN transmigration. To clarify the role of the Ang/Tie pathway in the activation of UC, especially in cypt abscess formation, 67 tissue samples were obtained from patients with UC and ten controls without UC for immunohistochemical analysis for the expression of Ang-1, -2, or Tie-2. The epithelia of crypt abscess was strongly positive for Ang-1 and -2 for all 57 samples derived from patients with active UC, though the colorectal epithelium without crypt abscess showed minimal expression of Ang-1, -2, and Tie-2. Numerous transepithelial migrating PMN cells in crypt abscesses also expressed Tie-2. The specimens of UC patients in remission showed significantly less immunoreactivity for Ang-1, -2, or Tie-2. These findings suggest that the Ang/Tie pathway may play a role in the progression of UC.
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Worku D, Laluf S, McGee J, Goswami M, VanMeter K, Slakey DP. P-selectin expression in cold preserved kidneys in University of Wisconsin and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solutions. J Surg Res 2009; 169:125-31. [PMID: 20036384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 08/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The differences and efficacy of standard preservation solutions in kidney transplantation, University of Wisconsin (UW) and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK), remain a topic of debate in recent clinical studies. P-selectins represent glycoproteins expressed on endothelial cells and platelets responsible for the earliest events in ischemia/reperfusion injury in kidney transplantation. This study aimed to compare the levels of P-selectin expression between cold preserved kidney tissues in UW and HTK solutions. Thirty kidneys were procured from male Lewis rats and stored in cold (4°C) solutions for periods of 4, 12, 16, 20, and 24h. Group 1 (n=15) kidneys were stored in UW solutions, and group 2 (n=15) kidneys were submerged in HTK solutions. At the end of each time point, the kidneys underwent preparation and levels of P-selectin expression in the tissues were measured using Immunoblot analyses and adjusted volumetric quantification of Western blot signals. For all periods of cold preservation, P-selectin expression was significantly down-regulated in kidney tissues stored in UW compared with HTK solutions (P<0.001). In summary, UW demonstrated a significant benefit over HTK solution in down-regulating P-selectin expression in cold preserved kidney grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Worku
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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Pacora P, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Kusanovic JP, Erez O, Vaisbuch E, Mazaki-Tovi1 S, Gotsch F, Kim CJ, Than NG, Yeo L, Mittal1 P, Hassan SS. Amniotic fluid angiopoietin-2 in term and preterm parturition, and intra-amniotic infection/inflammation. J Perinat Med 2009; 37:503-11. [PMID: 19435449 PMCID: PMC3505686 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2009.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent observations have revealed an interaction between inflammation and angiogenesis, which may be mediated by angiopoietins and chemokines. Given the importance of inflammation in parturition, we sought to determine whether angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) is present in amniotic fluid (AF) and if its concentration changes with gestational age, labor, and in intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI) in patients with spontaneous preterm labor and intact membranes. STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study included 486 patients in the following groups: 1) women in the mid-trimester of pregnancy (14-18 weeks) who underwent amniocentesis for genetic indications and delivered a normal neonate at term (n=52); 2) normal pregnant women at term with (n=48) and without (n=45) spontaneous labor; 3) patients with an episode of spontaneous preterm labor (PTL) and intact membranes who were classified into: a) PTL without IAI who delivered at term (n=152); b) PTL without IAI who delivered preterm (<37 weeks gestation; n=107); and c) PTL with IAI (n=82). Ang-2 concentration in AF was determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS 1) Ang-2 was detected in all AF samples; 2) the median AF Ang-2 concentration at term was significantly lower than that in the mid-trimester (1877.4 pg/mL vs. 3525.2 pg/mL; P<0.001); 3) among patients with PTL, the median AF Ang-2 concentration was significantly higher in patients with IAI than in those without IAI (4031.3 pg/mL vs. 2599.4 pg/mL; P<0.001) and those with PTL without IAI who delivered at term (4031.3 pg/mL vs. 2707.3 pg/mL; P<0.001); and 4) no significant differences were observed in the median AF Ang-2 concentration between patients with spontaneous labor at term and those at term not in labor (1722.9 pg/mL vs. 1877.4 pg/mL; P=0.6). CONCLUSIONS 1) Ang-2, a protein involved in the process of vascular remodeling, is a physiologic constituent of the amniotic fluid and its concentration decreased with advancing gestation; 2) the median Ang-2 concentration in amniotic fluid is higher in patients with IAI than in those without; and 3) spontaneous parturition at term is not associated with changes in the AF concentration of Ang-2. These findings support the view of a link between angiopoietins and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy Pacora
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Edi Vaisbuch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shali Mazaki-Tovi1
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lami Yeo
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pooja Mittal1
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Rivera-Nieves J, Gorfu G, Ley K. Leukocyte adhesion molecules in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:1715-35. [PMID: 18523998 PMCID: PMC2733908 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulated recruitment of leukocytes into the intestine is required for the initiation and maintenance of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Several families of molecules regulate the influx of these cells into sites of inflammation. Interference with some of these molecules has already shown efficacy in the clinics and antibodies that target the molecules involved have been approved by the FDA for use in Crohn's disease (CD), multiple sclerosis (i.e., natalizumab), and psoriasis (i.e., efalizumab). Here, we discuss basic aspects of the different families of relevant molecules and compile a large body of preclinical studies that supported the targeting of specific steps of the leukocyte adhesion cascade for therapeutic purposes in colitis and in novel models of CD-like ileitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Rivera-Nieves
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver Colorado 80206,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr. Jesus Rivera-Nieves, Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Biochemistry Research Building Room 742A, 4200 E. 9th Ave SE, B146, Denver, CO 80206, e-mail address:
| | - Gezahegn Gorfu
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Boueiz A, Hassoun PM. Regulation of endothelial barrier function by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Microvasc Res 2008; 77:26-34. [PMID: 19041330 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), by activated neutrophils and endothelial cells, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of endothelial barrier dysfunction. Disruption of the integrity of this barrier markedly increases permeability to fluids, solutes and inflammatory cells and is the hallmark of many disorders such as acute lung injury (ALI) and sepsis. There has been considerable progress in our understanding of the sequence of molecular and structural events that mediate the response of endothelial cells to oxidants and nitrosants. In addition, substantial experimental evidence demonstrates improvement of endothelial barrier dysfunction with antioxidant strategies. However, no significant benefits have been observed, so far, in clinical trials of antioxidants for the treatment of endothelial barrier dysfunction. This article will review the available evidence implicating ROS and RNS in endothelial barrier dysfunction, explore potential underlying mechanisms, and identify areas of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Boueiz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) on human endothelial cells binds von Willebrand factor strings under fluid shear stress. Blood 2008; 113:1589-97. [PMID: 18927433 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-05-158584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acutely secreted von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers adhere to endothelial cells, support platelet adhesion, and may induce microvascular thrombosis. Immunofluorescence microscopy of live human umbilical vein endothelial cells showed that VWF multimers rapidly formed strings several hundred micrometers long on the cell surface after stimulation with histamine. Unexpectedly, only a subset of VWF strings supported platelet binding, which depended on platelet glycoprotein Ib. Electron microscopy showed that VWF strings often consisted of bundles and networks of VWF multimers, and each string was tethered to the cell surface by a limited number of sites. Several approaches implicated P-selectin and integrin alpha(v)beta(3) in anchoring VWF strings. An RGDS peptide or a function-blocking antibody to integrin alpha(v)beta(3) reduced the number of VWF strings formed. In addition, integrin alpha(v) decorated the VWF strings by immunofluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, lentiviral transduction of shRNA against the alpha(v) subunit reduced the expression of cell-surface integrin alpha(v)beta(3) and impaired the ability of endothelial cells to retain VWF strings. Soluble P-selectin reduced the number of platelet-decorated VWF strings in the absence of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) but had no effect in the presence of these cations. These results indicate that VWF strings bind specifically to integrin alpha(v)beta(3) on human endothelial cells.
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Rastogi P, White MC, Rickard A, McHowat J. Potential mechanism for recruitment and migration of CD133 positive cells to areas of vascular inflammation. Thromb Res 2008; 123:258-66. [PMID: 18495219 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mast cells are found in large numbers in atherosclerotic plaques. The present study was conducted to determine whether tryptase stimulation of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) would lead to an increase in transmigration of CD133 positive cells (CD133+). In vitro these cells can differentiate into mast cells under the influence of specific cytokines and growth factors. METHODS AND RESULTS CD133+ cells were isolated from umbilical cord blood. They express mRNA for several adhesion molecules that are also utilized in neutrophil migration and can migrate across an HCAEC monolayer. Migration increased significantly when HCAEC were stimulated with tryptase and decreased when CD133+ cells were pretreated with CV3988, a platelet activating factor receptor (PTAFR) antagonist. Following long-term cell culture, these cells stained positively for the presence of tryptase, a mast cell enzyme. CONCLUSION CD133+ cells can be utilized as a mast cell precursor population. The transendothelial migration is facilitated by the presence of tryptase and may utilize the PAF/PTAFR interaction in a manner similar to that involved in neutrophil transmigration. Following transmigration, a subset of these progenitor cells may mature into mast cells in the subendothelial space and play a role in propagation of the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Francischetti IMB, Seydel KB, Monteiro RQ. Blood coagulation, inflammation, and malaria. Microcirculation 2008; 15:81-107. [PMID: 18260002 DOI: 10.1080/10739680701451516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a highly prevalent disease in more than 90 countries and accounts for at least 1 million deaths every year. Plasmodium falciparum infection is often associated with a procoagulant tonus characterized by thrombocytopenia and activation of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolytic system; however, bleeding and hemorrhage are uncommon events, suggesting that a compensated state of blood coagulation activation occurs in malaria. This article (i) reviews the literature related to blood coagulation and malaria in a historic perspective, (ii) describes basic mechanisms of coagulation, anticoagulation, and fibrinolysis, (iii) explains the laboratory changes in acute and compensated disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), (iv) discusses the implications of tissue factor (TF) expression in the endothelium of P. falciparum infected patients, and (v) emphasizes the procoagulant role of parasitized red blood cells (RBCs) and activated platelets in the pathogenesis of malaria. This article also presents the Tissue Factor Model (TFM) for malaria pathogenesis, which places TF as the interface between sequestration, endothelial cell (EC) activation, blood coagulation disorder, and inflammation often associated with the disease. The relevance of the coagulation-inflammation cycle for the multiorgan dysfunction and coma is discussed in the context of malaria pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo M B Francischetti
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA.
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Sodium/hydrogen exchange inhibition with cariporide reduces leukocyte adhesion via P-selectin suppression during inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153:1678-85. [PMID: 18332863 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Na(+)/H(+) exchange (NHE) inhibitor cariporide is known to ameliorate ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by reduction of cytosolic Ca(2+) overload. Leukocyte activation and infiltration also mediates I/R injury but whether cariporide reduces I/R injury by affecting leukocyte activation is unknown. We studied the effect of cariporide on thrombin and I/R induced leukocyte activation and infiltration models and examined P-selectin expression as a potential mechanism for any identified effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH An in vivo rat mesenteric microcirculation microscopy model was used with stimulation by thrombin (0.5 micro ml(-1)) superfusion or ischaemia (by haemorrhagic shock for 60 min) and reperfusion (90 min). KEY RESULTS Treatment with cariporide (10 mg kg(-1) i.v.) significantly reduced leukocyte rolling, adhesion and extravasation after thrombin exposure. Similarly, cariporide reduced leukocyte rolling (54+/-6.2 to 2.4+/-1.0 cells min(-1), P<0.01), adherence (6.3+/-1.9 to 1.2+/-0.4 cells 100 microm(-1), P<0.01) and extravasation (9.1+/-2.1 to 2.4+/-1.1 cells per 20 x 100 microm perivascular space, P<0.05), following haemorrhagic shock induced systemic ischaemia and reperfusion. The cell adhesion molecule P-selectin showed a profound decrease in endothelial expression following cariporide administration in both thrombin and I/R stimulated groups (35.4+/-3.2 vs 14.2+/-4.1% P-selectin positive cells per tissue section, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The NHE inhibitor cariporide is known to limit reperfusion injury by controlling Ca(2+) overload but these data are novel evidence for a vasculoprotective effect of NHE inhibition at all levels of leukocyte activation, an effect which is likely to be mediated at least in part by a reduction of P-selectin expression.
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Thurmond RL, Gelfand EW, Dunford PJ. The role of histamine H1 and H4 receptors in allergic inflammation: the search for new antihistamines. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:41-53. [PMID: 18172439 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Histamine has a key role in allergic inflammatory conditions. The inflammatory responses resulting from the liberation of histamine have long been thought to be mediated by the histamine H1 receptor, and H1-receptor antagonists--commonly known as antihistamines--have been used to treat allergies for many years. However, the importance of histamine in the pathology of conditions such as asthma and chronic pruritus may have been underestimated. Here, we review accumulating evidence suggesting that histamine indeed has roles in inflammation and immune function modulation in such diseases. In particular, the discovery of a fourth histamine receptor (H4) and its expression on numerous immune and inflammatory cells has prompted a re-evaluation of the actions of histamine, suggesting a new potential for H4-receptor antagonists and a possible synergy between H1 and H4-receptor antagonists in targeting various inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Thurmond
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C. San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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