1
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CK1 Is a Druggable Regulator of Microtubule Dynamics and Microtubule-Associated Processes. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051345. [PMID: 35267653 PMCID: PMC8909099 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases of the Casein Kinase 1 family play a vital role in the regulation of numerous cellular processes. Apart from functions associated with regulation of proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis, localization of several Casein Kinase 1 isoforms to the centrosome and microtubule asters also implicates regulatory functions in microtubule dynamic processes. Being localized to the spindle apparatus during mitosis Casein Kinase 1 directly modulates microtubule dynamics by phosphorylation of tubulin isoforms. Additionally, site-specific phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins can be related to the maintenance of genomic stability but also microtubule stabilization/destabilization, e.g., by hyper-phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 1A and RITA1. Consequently, approaches interfering with Casein Kinase 1-mediated microtubule-specific functions might be exploited as therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. Currently pursued strategies include the development of Casein Kinase 1 isoform-specific small molecule inhibitors and therapeutically useful peptides specifically inhibiting kinase-substrate interactions.
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2
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Fu G, Scarbrough C, Song K, Phan N, Wirschell M, Nicastro D. Structural organization of the intermediate and light chain complex of Chlamydomonas ciliary I1 dynein. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21646. [PMID: 33993568 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001857r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Axonemal I1 dynein (dynein f) is the largest inner dynein arm in cilia and a key regulator of ciliary beating. It consists of two dynein heavy chains, and an intermediate chain/light chain (ICLC) complex. However, the structural organization of the nine ICLC subunits remains largely unknown. Here, we used biochemical and genetic approaches, and cryo-electron tomography imaging in Chlamydomonas to dissect the molecular architecture of the I1 dynein ICLC complex. Using a strain expressing SNAP-tagged IC140, tomography revealed the location of the IC140 N-terminus at the proximal apex of the ICLC structure. Mass spectrometry of a tctex2b mutant showed that TCTEX2B dynein light chain is required for the stable assembly of TCTEX1 and inner dynein arm interacting proteins IC97 and FAP120. The structural defects observed in tctex2b located these 4 subunits in the center and bottom regions of the ICLC structure, which overlaps with the location of the IC138 regulatory subcomplex, which contains IC138, IC97, FAP120, and LC7b. These results reveal the three-dimensional organization of the native ICLC complex and indicate potential protein-protein interactions that are involved in the pathway by which I1 regulates ciliary motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Fu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chasity Scarbrough
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kangkang Song
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nhan Phan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Maureen Wirschell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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3
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Yamamoto R, Hwang J, Ishikawa T, Kon T, Sale WS. Composition and function of ciliary inner-dynein-arm subunits studied in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:77-96. [PMID: 33876572 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Motile cilia (also interchangeably called "flagella") are conserved organelles extending from the surface of many animal cells and play essential functions in eukaryotes, including cell motility and environmental sensing. Large motor complexes, the ciliary dyneins, are present on ciliary outer-doublet microtubules and drive movement of cilia. Ciliary dyneins are classified into two general types: the outer dynein arms (ODAs) and the inner dynein arms (IDAs). While ODAs are important for generation of force and regulation of ciliary beat frequency, IDAs are essential for control of the size and shape of the bend, features collectively referred to as waveform. Also, recent studies have revealed unexpected links between IDA components and human diseases. In spite of their importance, studies on IDAs have been difficult since they are very complex and composed for several types of IDA motors, each unique in composition and location in the axoneme. Thanks in part to genetic, biochemical, and structural analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we are beginning to understand the organization and function of the ciliary IDAs. In this review, we summarize the composition of Chlamydomonas IDAs particularly focusing on each subunit, and discuss the assembly, conservation, and functional role(s) of these IDA subunits. Furthermore, we raise several additional questions/challenges regarding IDAs, and discuss future perspectives of IDA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Juyeon Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takahide Kon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Winfield S Sale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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4
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Kutomi O, Yamamoto R, Hirose K, Mizuno K, Nakagiri Y, Imai H, Noga A, Obbineni JM, Zimmermann N, Nakajima M, Shibata D, Shibata M, Shiba K, Kita M, Kigoshi H, Tanaka Y, Yamasaki Y, Asahina Y, Song C, Nomura M, Nomura M, Nakajima A, Nakachi M, Yamada L, Nakazawa S, Sawada H, Murata K, Mitsuoka K, Ishikawa T, Wakabayashi KI, Kon T, Inaba K. A dynein-associated photoreceptor protein prevents ciliary acclimation to blue light. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/9/eabf3621. [PMID: 33637535 PMCID: PMC7909887 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-responsive regulation of ciliary motility is known to be conducted through modulation of dyneins, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we report a novel subunit of the two-headed f/I1 inner arm dynein, named DYBLUP, in animal spermatozoa and a unicellular green alga. This subunit contains a BLUF (sensors of blue light using FAD) domain that appears to directly modulate dynein activity in response to light. DYBLUP (dynein-associated BLUF protein) mediates the connection between the f/I1 motor domain and the tether complex that links the motor to the doublet microtubule. Chlamydomonas lacking the DYBLUP ortholog shows both positive and negative phototaxis but becomes acclimated and attracted to high-intensity blue light. These results suggest a mechanism to avoid toxic strong light via direct photoregulation of dyneins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kutomi
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamamoto
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Keiko Hirose
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Yuuhei Nakagiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Noga
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jagan Mohan Obbineni
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Noemi Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Masako Nakajima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Misa Shibata
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Kogiku Shiba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Masaki Kita
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hideo Kigoshi
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yui Tanaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuya Yamasaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuma Asahina
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Chihong Song
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Mami Nomura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nomura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakajima
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Mia Nakachi
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Lixy Yamada
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Toba, Mie 517-0004, Japan
| | - Shiori Nakazawa
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Toba, Mie 517-0004, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sawada
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Toba, Mie 517-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kaoru Mitsuoka
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takahide Kon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan.
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5
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Beeby M, Ferreira JL, Tripp P, Albers SV, Mitchell DR. Propulsive nanomachines: the convergent evolution of archaella, flagella and cilia. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:253-304. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Echoing the repeated convergent evolution of flight and vision in large eukaryotes, propulsive swimming motility has evolved independently in microbes in each of the three domains of life. Filamentous appendages – archaella in Archaea, flagella in Bacteria and cilia in Eukaryotes – wave, whip or rotate to propel microbes, overcoming diffusion and enabling colonization of new environments. The implementations of the three propulsive nanomachines are distinct, however: archaella and flagella rotate, while cilia beat or wave; flagella and cilia assemble at their tips, while archaella assemble at their base; archaella and cilia use ATP for motility, while flagella use ion-motive force. These underlying differences reflect the tinkering required to evolve a molecular machine, in which pre-existing machines in the appropriate contexts were iteratively co-opted for new functions and whose origins are reflected in their resultant mechanisms. Contemporary homologies suggest that archaella evolved from a non-rotary pilus, flagella from a non-rotary appendage or secretion system, and cilia from a passive sensory structure. Here, we review the structure, assembly, mechanism and homologies of the three distinct solutions as a foundation to better understand how propulsive nanomachines evolved three times independently and to highlight principles of molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Beeby
- Department of Life Sciences, Frankland Road, Imperial College of London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josie L Ferreira
- Department of Life Sciences, Frankland Road, Imperial College of London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Patrick Tripp
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79211 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79211 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David R Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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6
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Grotjahn DA, Lander GC. Setting the dynein motor in motion: New insights from electron tomography. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13202-13217. [PMID: 31285262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.003095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyneins are ATP-fueled macromolecular machines that power all minus-end microtubule-based transport processes of molecular cargo within eukaryotic cells and play essential roles in a wide variety of cellular functions. These complex and fascinating motors have been the target of countless structural and biophysical studies. These investigations have elucidated the mechanism of ATP-driven force production and have helped unravel the conformational rearrangements associated with the dynein mechanochemical cycle. However, despite decades of research, it remains unknown how these molecular motions are harnessed to power massive cellular reorganization and what are the regulatory mechanisms that drive these processes. Recent advancements in electron tomography imaging have enabled researchers to visualize dynein motors in their transport environment with unprecedented detail and have led to exciting discoveries regarding dynein motor function and regulation. In this review, we will highlight how these recent structural studies have fundamentally propelled our understanding of the dynein motor and have revealed some unexpected, unifying mechanisms of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Grotjahn
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Gabriel C Lander
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.
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7
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Kubo T, Hou Y, Cochran DA, Witman GB, Oda T. A microtubule-dynein tethering complex regulates the axonemal inner dynein f (I1). Mol Biol Cell 2018. [PMID: 29540525 PMCID: PMC5921573 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-11-0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
FAP44 and FAP43/FAP244 form a complex that tethers the Inner dynein subspecies f to the microtubule in Chlamydomonas flagella. The tether complex regulates flagellar motility by restraining conformational change in the dynein motor. Motility of cilia/flagella is generated by a coordinated activity of thousands of dyneins. Inner dynein arms (IDAs) are particularly important for the formation of ciliary/flagellar waveforms, but the molecular mechanism of IDA regulation is poorly understood. Here we show using cryoelectron tomography and biochemical analyses of Chlamydomonas flagella that a conserved protein FAP44 forms a complex that tethers IDA f (I1 dynein) head domains to the A-tubule of the axonemal outer doublet microtubule. In wild-type flagella, IDA f showed little nucleotide-dependent movement except for a tilt in the f β head perpendicular to the microtubule-sliding direction. In the absence of the tether complex, however, addition of ATP and vanadate caused a large conformational change in the IDA f head domains, suggesting that the movement of IDA f is mechanically restricted by the tether complex. Motility defects in flagella missing the tether demonstrates the importance of the IDA f-tether interaction in the regulation of ciliary/flagellar beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yuqing Hou
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Deborah A Cochran
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - George B Witman
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Toshiyuki Oda
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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8
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Fu G, Wang Q, Phan N, Urbanska P, Joachimiak E, Lin J, Wloga D, Nicastro D. The I1 dynein-associated tether and tether head complex is a conserved regulator of ciliary motility. Mol Biol Cell 2018. [PMID: 29514928 PMCID: PMC5921572 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia are essential for propelling cells and moving fluids across tissues. The activity of axonemal dynein motors must be precisely coordinated to generate ciliary motility, but their regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. The tether and tether head (T/TH) complex was hypothesized to provide mechanical feedback during ciliary beating because it links the motor domains of the regulatory I1 dynein to the ciliary doublet microtubule. Combining genetic and biochemical approaches with cryoelectron tomography, we identified FAP44 and FAP43 (plus the algae-specific, FAP43-redundant FAP244) as T/TH components. WT-mutant comparisons revealed that the heterodimeric T/TH complex is required for the positional stability of the I1 dynein motor domains, stable anchoring of CK1 kinase, and proper phosphorylation of the regulatory IC138-subunit. T/TH also interacts with inner dynein arm d and radial spoke 3, another important motility regulator. The T/TH complex is a conserved regulator of I1 dynein and plays an important role in the signaling pathway that is critical for normal ciliary motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Fu
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Qian Wang
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Nhan Phan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Paulina Urbanska
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jianfeng Lin
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
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9
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Viswanadha R, Sale WS, Porter ME. Ciliary Motility: Regulation of Axonemal Dynein Motors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/8/a018325. [PMID: 28765157 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ciliary motility is crucial for the development and health of many organisms. Motility depends on the coordinated activity of multiple dynein motors arranged in a precise pattern on the outer doublet microtubules. Although significant progress has been made in elucidating the composition and organization of the dyneins, a comprehensive understanding of dynein regulation is lacking. Here, we focus on two conserved signaling complexes located at the base of the radial spokes. These include the I1/f inner dynein arm associated with radial spoke 1 and the calmodulin- and spoke-associated complex and the nexin-dynein regulatory complex associated with radial spoke 2. Current research is focused on understanding how these two axonemal hubs coordinate and regulate the dynein motors and ciliary motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasagnya Viswanadha
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Winfield S Sale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Mary E Porter
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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10
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Rao VG, Sarafdar RB, Chowdhury TS, Sivadas P, Yang P, Dongre PM, D'Souza JS. Myc-binding protein orthologue interacts with AKAP240 in the central pair apparatus of the Chlamydomonas flagella. BMC Cell Biol 2016; 17:24. [PMID: 27287193 PMCID: PMC4901443 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flagella and cilia are fine thread-like organelles protruding from cells that harbour them. The typical ‘9 + 2’ cilia confer motility on these cells. Although the mechanistic details of motility remain elusive, the dynein-driven motility is regulated by various kinases and phosphatases. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are scaffolds that bind to a variety of such proteins. Usually, they are known to possess a dedicated domain that in vitro interacts with the regulatory subunits (RI and RII) present in the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) holoenzyme. These subunits conventionally harbour contiguous stretches of a.a. residues that reveal the presence of the Dimerization Docking (D/D) domain, Catalytic interface domain and cAMP-Binding domain. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagella harbour two AKAPs; viz., the radial spoke AKAP97 or RSP3 and the central pair AKAP240. Both these were identified on the basis of their RII-binding property. Interestingly, AKAP97 binds in vivo to two RII-like proteins (RSP7 and RSP11) that contain only the D/D domain. Results We found a Chlamydomonas Flagellar Associated Protein (FAP174) orthologous to MYCBP-1, a protein that binds to organellar AKAPs and Myc onco-protein. An in silico analysis shows that the N-terminus of FAP174 is similar to those RII domain-containing proteins that have binding affinities to AKAPs. Binding of FAP174 was tested with the AKAP97/RSP3 using in vitro pull down assays; however, this binding was rather poor with AKAP97/RSP3. Antibodies were generated against FAP174 and the cellular localization was studied using Western blotting and immunoflourescence in wild type and various flagella mutants. We show that FAP174 localises to the central pair of the axoneme. Using overlay assays we show that FAP174 binds AKAP240 previously identified in the C2 portion of the central pair apparatus. Conclusion It appears that the flagella of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contain proteins that bind to AKAPs and except for the D/D domain, lack the conventional a.a. stretches of PKA regulatory subunits (RSP7 and RSP11). We add FAP174 to this growing list. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12860-016-0103-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramanan G Rao
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Kalina campus, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400098, India
| | - Ruhi B Sarafdar
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Kalina campus, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400098, India
| | - Twinkle S Chowdhury
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Kalina campus, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400098, India
| | - Priyanka Sivadas
- Wehr Life Sciences, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI, 53201-1881, USA
| | - Pinfen Yang
- Wehr Life Sciences, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI, 53201-1881, USA
| | - Prabhakar M Dongre
- Department of Biophysics, University of Mumbai, Kalina campus, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400098, India
| | - Jacinta S D'Souza
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Kalina campus, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400098, India.
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11
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Linck RW, Chemes H, Albertini DF. The axoneme: the propulsive engine of spermatozoa and cilia and associated ciliopathies leading to infertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016; 33:141-56. [PMID: 26825807 PMCID: PMC4759005 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Linck
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Hector Chemes
- Center for Research in Endocrinology, National Research Council, CEDIE-CONICET, Endocrinology Division, Buenos Aires Children's Hospital, Gallo 1330, C1425SEFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - David F Albertini
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Yang F, Pavlik J, Fox L, Scarbrough C, Sale WS, Sisson JH, Wirschell M. Alcohol-induced ciliary dysfunction targets the outer dynein arm. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L569-76. [PMID: 25595647 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00257.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse results in an increased incidence of pulmonary infection, in part attributable to impaired mucociliary clearance. Analysis of motility in mammalian airway cilia has revealed that alcohol impacts the ciliary dynein motors by a mechanism involving altered axonemal protein phosphorylation. Given the highly conserved nature of cilia, it is likely that the mechanisms for alcohol-induced ciliary dysfunction (AICD) are conserved. Thus we utilized the experimental advantages offered by the model organism, Chlamydomonas, to determine the precise effects of alcohol on ciliary dynein activity and identify axonemal phosphoproteins that are altered by alcohol exposure. Analysis of live cells or reactivated cell models showed that alcohol significantly inhibits ciliary motility in Chlamydomonas via a mechanism that is part of the axonemal structure. Taking advantage of informative mutant cells, we found that alcohol impacts the activity of the outer dynein arm. Consistent with this finding, alcohol exposure results in a significant reduction in ciliary beat frequency, a parameter of ciliary movement that requires normal outer dynein arm function. Using mutants that lack specific heavy-chain motor domains, we have determined that alcohol impacts the β- and γ-heavy chains of the outer dynein arm. Furthermore, using a phospho-threonine-specific antibody, we determined that the phosphorylation state of DCC1 of the outer dynein arm-docking complex is altered in the presence of alcohol, and its phosphorylation correlates with AICD. These results demonstrate that alcohol targets specific outer dynein arm components and suggest that DCC1 is part of an alcohol-sensitive mechanism that controls outer dynein arm activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jacqueline Pavlik
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Laura Fox
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chasity Scarbrough
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Winfield S Sale
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joseph H Sisson
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Maureen Wirschell
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Jackson, Mississippi;
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13
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Viswanadha R, Hunter EL, Yamamoto R, Wirschell M, Alford LM, Dutcher SK, Sale WS. The ciliary inner dynein arm, I1 dynein, is assembled in the cytoplasm and transported by IFT before axonemal docking. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2014; 71:573-86. [PMID: 25252184 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To determine mechanisms of assembly of ciliary dyneins, we focused on the Chlamydomonas inner dynein arm, I1 dynein, also known as dynein f. I1 dynein assembles in the cytoplasm as a 20S complex similar to the 20S I1 dynein complex isolated from the axoneme. The intermediate chain subunit, IC140 (IDA7), and heavy chains (IDA1, IDA2) are required for 20S I1 dynein preassembly in the cytoplasm. Unlike I1 dynein derived from the axoneme, the cytoplasmic 20S I1 complex will not rebind I1-deficient axonemes in vitro. To test the hypothesis that I1 dynein is transported to the distal tip of the cilia for assembly in the axoneme, we performed cytoplasmic complementation in dikaryons formed between wild-type and I1 dynein mutant cells. Rescue of I1 dynein assembly in mutant cilia occurred first at the distal tip and then proceeded toward the proximal axoneme. Notably, in contrast to other combinations, I1 dynein assembly was significantly delayed in dikaryons formed between ida7 and ida3. Furthermore, rescue of I1 dynein assembly required new protein synthesis in the ida7 × ida3 dikaryons. On the basis of the additional observations, we postulate that IDA3 is required for 20S I1 dynein transport. Cytoplasmic complementation in dikaryons using the conditional kinesin-2 mutant, fla10-1 revealed that transport of I1 dynein is dependent on kinesin-2 activity. Thus, I1 dynein complex assembly depends upon IFT for transport to the ciliary distal tip prior to docking in the axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasagnya Viswanadha
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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14
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Oda T, Yanagisawa H, Yagi T, Kikkawa M. Mechanosignaling between central apparatus and radial spokes controls axonemal dynein activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 204:807-19. [PMID: 24590175 PMCID: PMC3941055 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201312014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonspecific intermolecular collision between the central pair apparatus and radial spokes underlies a mechanosensing mechanism that regulates dynein activity in Chlamydomonas flagella. Cilia/flagella are conserved organelles that generate fluid flow in eukaryotes. The bending motion of flagella requires concerted activity of dynein motors. Although it has been reported that the central pair apparatus (CP) and radial spokes (RSs) are important for flagellar motility, the molecular mechanism underlying CP- and RS-mediated dynein regulation has not been identified. In this paper, we identified nonspecific intermolecular collision between CP and RS as one of the regulatory mechanisms for flagellar motility. By combining cryoelectron tomography and motility analyses of Chlamydomonasreinhardtii flagella, we show that binding of streptavidin to RS heads paralyzed flagella. Moreover, the motility defect in a CP projection mutant could be rescued by the addition of exogenous protein tags on RS heads. Genetic experiments demonstrated that outer dynein arms are the major downstream effectors of CP- and RS-mediated regulation of flagellar motility. These results suggest that mechanosignaling between CP and RS regulates dynein activity in eukaryotic flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Oda
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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15
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Perrineau MM, Gross J, Zelzion E, Price DC, Levitan O, Boyd J, Bhattacharya D. Using natural selection to explore the adaptive potential of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92533. [PMID: 24658261 PMCID: PMC3962425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving feedstock is critical to facilitate the commercial utilization of algae, in particular in open pond systems where, due to the presence of competitors and pests, high algal growth rates and stress tolerance are beneficial. Here we raised laboratory cultures of the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under serial dilution to explore the potential of crop improvement using natural selection. The alga was evolved for 1,880 generations in liquid medium under continuous light (EL population). At the end of the experiment, EL cells had a growth rate that was 35% greater than the progenitor population (PL). The removal of acetate from the medium demonstrated that EL growth enhancement largely relied on efficient usage of this organic carbon source. Genome re-sequencing uncovered 1,937 polymorphic DNA regions in the EL population with 149 single nucleotide polymorphisms resulting in amino acid substitutions. Transcriptome analysis showed, in the EL population, significant up regulation of genes involved in protein synthesis, the cell cycle and cellular respiration, whereas the DNA repair pathway and photosynthesis were down regulated. Like other algae, EL cells accumulated neutral lipids under nitrogen depletion. Our work demonstrates transcriptome and genome-wide impacts of natural selection on algal cells and points to a useful strategy for strain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Mathilde Perrineau
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jeferson Gross
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ehud Zelzion
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Dana C. Price
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Orly Levitan
- Institute of Marine and Coastal Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Institute of Marine and Coastal Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Boesger J, Wagner V, Weisheit W, Mittag M. Comparative phosphoproteomics to identify targets of the clock-relevant casein kinase 1 in C. reinhardtii Flagella. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1158:187-202. [PMID: 24792052 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0700-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the green biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii different clock-relevant components have been identified that are involved in maintaining phase, period, and amplitude of circadian rhythms. It became evident that several of them are interconnected to flagellar function such as CASEIN KINASE1 (CK1). CK1 is involved in keeping the period. But it is also relevant for the formation of flagella, where it is physically located, and it controls the swimming velocity. In this chapter, we describe (1) how the flagellar sub-proteome is purified, (2) how phosphopeptides from this organelle are enriched, (3) how in vivo phosphorylation sites are determined, and (4) how direct and indirect flagellar targets of CK1 can be found using a specific inhibitor. Such a procedure can also be employed with other clock-relevant kinases if specific inhibitors or mutants are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Boesger
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Planetarium 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
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17
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Hendrickson TW, Goss JL, Seaton CA, Rohrs HW. The IC138 and IC140 intermediate chains of the I1 axonemal dynein complex bind directly to tubulin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3265-3271. [PMID: 24080090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dyneins are minus end directed microtubule motors that play a critical role in ciliary and flagellar movement. Ciliary dyneins, also known as axonemal dyneins, are characterized based on their location on the axoneme, either as outer dynein arms or inner dynein arms. The I1 dynein is the best-characterized subspecies of the inner dynein arms; however the interactions between many of the components of the I1 complex and the axoneme are not well defined. In an effort to elucidate the interactions in which the I1 components are involved, we performed zero-length crosslinking on axonemes and studied the crosslinked products formed by the I1 intermediate chains, IC138 and IC140. Our data indicate that IC138 and IC140 bind directly to microtubules. Mass-spectrometry analysis of the crosslinked product identified both α- and β-tubulin as the IC138 and IC140 binding partners. This was further confirmed by crosslinking experiments carried out on purified I1 fractions bound to Taxol-stabilized microtubules. Furthermore, the interaction between IC140 and tubulin is lost when IC138 is absent. Our studies support previous findings that intermediate chains play critical roles in the assembly, axonemal targeting and regulation of the I1 dynein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan L Goss
- Department of Biology, Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Charles A Seaton
- Department of Biology, Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Henry W Rohrs
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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18
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Abstract
Ciliary and flagellar beating requires the coordinated action of multiple dyneins
with different enzymatic and motor properties. In this issue, Yamamoto et al.
(2013. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201211048)
identify the MIA (modifier of inner arms) complex within the
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii axoneme that physically links to
a known regulatory structure and provides a signaling conduit from the radial
spokes to an inner arm dynein essential for waveform determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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19
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Yamamoto R, Song K, Yanagisawa HA, Fox L, Yagi T, Wirschell M, Hirono M, Kamiya R, Nicastro D, Sale WS. The MIA complex is a conserved and novel dynein regulator essential for normal ciliary motility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:263-78. [PMID: 23569216 PMCID: PMC3628515 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201211048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The MIA complex, composed of FAP100 and FAP73, interacts with I1 dynein components and is required for normal ciliary beat frequency. Axonemal dyneins must be precisely regulated and coordinated to produce ordered ciliary/flagellar motility, but how this is achieved is not understood. We analyzed two Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants, mia1 and mia2, which display slow swimming and low flagellar beat frequency. We found that the MIA1 and MIA2 genes encode conserved coiled-coil proteins, FAP100 and FAP73, respectively, which form the modifier of inner arms (MIA) complex in flagella. Cryo–electron tomography of mia mutant axonemes revealed that the MIA complex was located immediately distal to the intermediate/light chain complex of I1 dynein and structurally appeared to connect with the nexin–dynein regulatory complex. In axonemes from mutants that lack both the outer dynein arms and the MIA complex, I1 dynein failed to assemble, suggesting physical interactions between these three axonemal complexes and a role for the MIA complex in the stable assembly of I1 dynein. The MIA complex appears to regulate I1 dynein and possibly outer arm dyneins, which are both essential for normal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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20
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Cryoelectron tomography reveals doublet-specific structures and unique interactions in the I1 dynein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2067-76. [PMID: 22733763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120690109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are highly conserved motile and sensory organelles in eukaryotes, and defects in ciliary assembly and motility cause many ciliopathies. The two-headed I1 inner arm dynein is a critical regulator of ciliary and flagellar beating. To understand I1 architecture and function better, we analyzed the 3D structure and composition of the I1 dynein in Chlamydomonas axonemes by cryoelectron tomography and subtomogram averaging. Our data revealed several connections from the I1 dynein to neighboring structures that are likely to be important for assembly and/or regulation, including a tether linking one I1 motor domain to the doublet microtubule and doublet-specific differences potentially contributing to the asymmetrical distribution of dynein activity required for ciliary beating. We also imaged three I1 mutants and analyzed their polypeptide composition using 2D gel-based proteomics. Structural and biochemical comparisons revealed the likely location of the regulatory IC138 phosphoprotein and its associated subcomplex. Overall, our studies demonstrate that I1 dynein is connected to multiple structures within the axoneme, and therefore ideally positioned to integrate signals that regulate ciliary motility.
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21
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King SM. Integrated control of axonemal dynein AAA(+) motors. J Struct Biol 2012; 179:222-8. [PMID: 22406539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Axonemal dyneins are AAA(+) enzymes that convert ATP hydrolysis to mechanical work. This leads to the sliding of doublet microtubules with respect to each other and ultimately the generation of ciliary/flagellar beating. However, in order for useful work to be generated, the action of individual dynein motors must be precisely controlled. In addition, cells modulate the motility of these organelles through a variety of second messenger systems and these signals too must be integrated by the dynein motors to yield an appropriate output. This review describes the current status of efforts to understand dynein control mechanisms and their connectivity focusing mainly on studies of the outer dynein arm from axonemes of the unicellular biflagellate green alga Chlamydomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular, Microbial and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3305, USA.
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22
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Boesger J, Wagner V, Weisheit W, Mittag M. Application of phosphoproteomics to find targets of casein kinase 1 in the flagellum of chlamydomonas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT GENOMICS 2012; 2012:581460. [PMID: 23316220 PMCID: PMC3536430 DOI: 10.1155/2012/581460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The green biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii serves as model for studying structural and functional features of flagella. The axoneme of C. reinhardtii anchors a network of kinases and phosphatases that control motility. One of them, Casein Kinase 1 (CK1), is known to phosphorylate the Inner Dynein Arm I1 Intermediate Chain 138 (IC138), thereby regulating motility. CK1 is also involved in regulating the circadian rhythm of phototaxis and is relevant for the formation of flagella. By a comparative phosphoproteome approach, we determined phosphoproteins in the flagellum that are targets of CK1. Thereby, we applied the specific CK1 inhibitor CKI-7 that causes significant changes in the flagellum phosphoproteome and reduces the swimming velocity of the cells. In the CKI-7-treated cells, 14 phosphoproteins were missing compared to the phosphoproteome of untreated cells, including IC138, and four additional phosphoproteins had a reduced number of phosphorylation sites. Notably, inhibition of CK1 causes also novel phosphorylation events, indicating that it is part of a kinase network. Among them, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 is of special interest, because it is involved in the phosphorylation of key clock components in flies and mammals and in parallel plays an important role in the regulation of assembly in the flagellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Boesger
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Planetarium 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Wagner
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Planetarium 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfram Weisheit
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Planetarium 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Planetarium 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- *Maria Mittag:
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23
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Satir P. The new biology of cilia: review and annotation of a symposium. Dev Dyn 2011; 241:426-30. [PMID: 22190337 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Satir
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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24
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Elam CA, Wirschell M, Yamamoto R, Fox LA, York K, Kamiya R, Dutcher SK, Sale WS. An axonemal PP2A B-subunit is required for PP2A localization and flagellar motility. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2011; 68:363-72. [PMID: 21692192 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of Chlamydomonas axonemes revealed that the protein phosphatase, PP2A, is localized to the outer doublet microtubules and is implicated in regulation of dynein-driven motility. We tested the hypothesis that PP2A is localized to the axoneme by a specialized, highly conserved 55-kDa B-type subunit identified in the Chlamydomonas flagellar proteome. The B-subunit gene is defective in the motility mutant pf4. Consistent with our hypothesis, both the B- and C- subunits of PP2A fail to assemble in pf4 axonemes, while the dyneins and other axonemal structures are fully assembled in pf4 axonemes. Two pf4 intragenic revertants were recovered that restore PP2A to the axonemes and re-establish nearly wild-type motility. The revertants confirmed that the slow-swimming Pf4 phenotype is a result of the defective PP2A B-subunit. These results demonstrate that the axonemal B-subunit is, in part, an anchor protein required for PP2A localization and that PP2A is required for normal ciliary motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice A Elam
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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25
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Wirschell M, Yamamoto R, Alford L, Gokhale A, Gaillard A, Sale WS. Regulation of ciliary motility: conserved protein kinases and phosphatases are targeted and anchored in the ciliary axoneme. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 510:93-100. [PMID: 21513695 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has revealed that the dynein motors and highly conserved signaling proteins are localized within the ciliary 9+2 axoneme. One key mechanism for regulation of motility is phosphorylation. Here, we review diverse evidence, from multiple experimental organisms, that ciliary motility is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the dynein arms through kinases and phosphatases that are anchored immediately adjacent to their axonemal substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Wirschell
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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26
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Structure-function analysis of dynein light chain 1 identifies viable motility mutants in bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:884-94. [PMID: 21378260 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00298-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The flagellum of Trypanosoma brucei is an essential and multifunctional organelle that is receiving increasing attention as a potential drug target and as a system for studying flagellum biology. RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown is widely used to test the requirement for a protein in flagellar motility and has suggested that normal flagellar motility is essential for viability in bloodstream-form trypanosomes. However, RNAi knockdown alone provides limited functional information because the consequence is often loss of a multiprotein complex. We therefore developed an inducible system that allows functional analysis of point mutations in flagellar proteins in T. brucei. Using this system, we identified point mutations in the outer dynein light chain 1 (LC1) that allow stable assembly of outer dynein motors but do not support propulsive motility. In procyclic-form trypanosomes, the phenotype of LC1 mutants with point mutations differs from the motility and structural defects of LC1 knockdowns, which lack the outer-arm dynein motor. Thus, our results distinguish LC1-specific functions from broader functions of outer-arm dynein. In bloodstream-form trypanosomes, LC1 knockdown blocks cell division and is lethal. In contrast, LC1 point mutations cause severe motility defects without affecting viability, indicating that the lethal phenotype of LC1 RNAi knockdown is not due to defective motility. Our results demonstrate for the first time that normal motility is not essential in bloodstream-form T. brucei and that the presumed connection between motility and viability is more complex than might be interpreted from knockdown studies alone. These findings open new avenues for dissecting mechanisms of flagellar protein function and provide an important step in efforts to exploit the potential of the flagellum as a therapeutic target in African sleeping sickness.
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27
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Ikeda K, Zhapparova O, Brodsky I, Semenova I, Tirnauer JS, Zaliapin I, Rodionov V. CK1 activates minus-end-directed transport of membrane organelles along microtubules. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:1321-9. [PMID: 21307338 PMCID: PMC3078062 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-09-0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that the signal transduction pathway responsible for the initiation of minus-end–directed movement of membrane-bounded pigment granules in melanophores involves sequential activation of protein phosphatase 2A and casein kinase 1 and that this activation correlates with increased phosphorylation of the dynein intermediate chain. Microtubule (MT)-based organelle transport is driven by MT motor proteins that move cargoes toward MT minus-ends clustered in the cell center (dyneins) or plus-ends extended to the periphery (kinesins). Cells are able to rapidly switch the direction of transport in response to external cues, but the signaling events that control switching remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the signaling mechanism responsible for the rapid activation of dynein-dependent MT minus-end–directed pigment granule movement in Xenopus melanophores (pigment aggregation). We found that, along with the previously identified protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), pigment aggregation signaling also involved casein kinase 1ε (CK1ε), that both enzymes were bound to pigment granules, and that their activities were increased during pigment aggregation. Furthermore we found that CK1ε functioned downstream of PP2A in the pigment aggregation signaling pathway. Finally, we discovered that stimulation of pigment aggregation increased phosphorylation of dynein intermediate chain (DIC) and that this increase was partially suppressed by CK1ε inhibition. We propose that signal transduction during pigment aggregation involves successive activation of PP2A and CK1ε and CK1ε-dependent phosphorylation of DIC, which stimulates dynein motor activity and increases minus-end–directed runs of pigment granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuho Ikeda
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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28
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Toba S, Fox LA, Sakakibara H, Porter ME, Oiwa K, Sale WS. Distinct roles of 1alpha and 1beta heavy chains of the inner arm dynein I1 of Chlamydomonas flagella. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 22:342-53. [PMID: 21148301 PMCID: PMC3031465 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-10-0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We took advantage of Chlmaydomonas flagellar mutant strains lacking either the 1α or 1β motor domain in I1 dynein to distinguish the functional role of each. The 1β motor domain is an effective motor required for control of microtubule sliding, whereas the 1α motor domain may restrain microtubule sliding driven by other dyneins. The Chlamydomonas I1 dynein is a two-headed inner dynein arm important for the regulation of flagellar bending. Here we took advantage of mutant strains lacking either the 1α or 1β motor domain to distinguish the functional role of each motor domain. Single- particle electronic microscopic analysis confirmed that both the I1α and I1β complexes are single headed with similar ringlike, motor domain structures. Despite similarity in structure, however, the I1β complex has severalfold higher ATPase activity and microtubule gliding motility compared to the I1α complex. Moreover, in vivo measurement of microtubule sliding in axonemes revealed that the loss of the 1β motor results in a more severe impairment in motility and failure in regulation of microtubule sliding by the I1 dynein phosphoregulatory mechanism. The data indicate that each I1 motor domain is distinct in function: The I1β motor domain is an effective motor required for wild-type microtubule sliding, whereas the I1α motor domain may be responsible for local restraint of microtubule sliding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Toba
- Kobe Advanced ICT Research Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
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29
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Lee L. Mechanisms of mammalian ciliary motility: Insights from primary ciliary dyskinesia genetics. Gene 2010; 473:57-66. [PMID: 21111794 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia and flagella are organelles that, historically, have been poorly understood and inadequately investigated. However, cilia play critical roles in fluid clearance in the respiratory system and the brain, and flagella are required for sperm motility. Genetic studies involving human patients and mouse models of primary ciliary dyskinesia over the last decade have uncovered a number of important ciliary proteins and have begun to elucidate the mechanisms underlying ciliary motility. When combined with genetic, biochemical, and cell biological studies in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, these mammalian genetic analyses begin to reveal the mechanisms by which ciliary motility is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, 2301 East 60th Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
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Elam CA, Sale WS, Wirschell M. The regulation of dynein-driven microtubule sliding in Chlamydomonas flagella by axonemal kinases and phosphatases. Methods Cell Biol 2009; 92:133-51. [PMID: 20409803 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)92009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to review the methodology and advances that have revealed conserved signaling proteins that are localized in the 9+2 ciliary axoneme for regulating motility. Diverse experimental systems have revealed that ciliary and eukaryotic flagellar motility is regulated by second messengers including calcium, pH, and cyclic nucleotides. In addition, recent advances in in vitro functional studies, taking advantage of isolated axonemes, pharmacological approaches, and biochemical analysis of axonemes have demonstrated that otherwise ubiquitous, conserved protein kinases and phosphatases are transported to and anchored in the axoneme. Here, we focus on the functional/pharmacological, genetic, and biochemical approaches in the model genetic system Chlamydomonas that have revealed highly conserved kinases, anchoring proteins (e.g., A-kinase anchoring proteins), and phosphatases that are physically located in the axoneme where they play a direct role in control of motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice A Elam
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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