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Arora N, Mu H, Liang H, Zhao W, Zhou Y. RAS G-domains allosterically contribute to the recognition of lipid headgroups and acyl chains. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307121. [PMID: 38334958 PMCID: PMC10857904 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutant RAS are major contributors to cancer and signal primarily from nanoclusters on the plasma membrane (PM). Their C-terminal membrane anchors are main features of membrane association. However, the same RAS isoform bound to different guanine nucleotides spatially segregate. Different RAS nanoclusters all enrich a phospholipid, phosphatidylserine (PS). These findings suggest more complex membrane interactions. Our electron microscopy-spatial analysis shows that wild-types, G12V mutants, and membrane anchors of isoforms HRAS, KRAS4A, and KRAS4B prefer distinct PS species. Mechanistically, reorientation of KRAS4B G-domain exposes distinct residues, such as Arg 135 in orientation state 1 (OS1) and Arg 73/Arg 102 in OS2, to the PM and differentially facilitates the recognition of PS acyl chains. Allele-specific oncogenic mutations of KRAS4B also shift G-domain reorientation equilibrium. Indeed, KRAS4BG12V, KRAS4BG12D, KRAS4BG12C, KRAS4BG13D, and KRAS4BQ61H associate with PM lipids with headgroup and acyl chain specificities. Distribution of these KRAS4B oncogenic mutants favors different nanoscale membrane topography. Thus, RAS G-domains allosterically facilitate membrane lateral distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Arora
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huanwen Mu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenting Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Program of Molecular and Translational Biology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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2
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Ji R, Chang L, An C, Zhang J. Proton-sensing ion channels, GPCRs and calcium signaling regulated by them: implications for cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1326231. [PMID: 38505262 PMCID: PMC10949864 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1326231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular acidification of tumors is common. Through proton-sensing ion channels or proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), tumor cells sense extracellular acidification to stimulate a variety of intracellular signaling pathways including the calcium signaling, which consequently exerts global impacts on tumor cells. Proton-sensing ion channels, and proton-sensing GPCRs have natural advantages as drug targets of anticancer therapy. However, they and the calcium signaling regulated by them attracted limited attention as potential targets of anticancer drugs. In the present review, we discuss the progress in studies on proton-sensing ion channels, and proton-sensing GPCRs, especially emphasizing the effects of calcium signaling activated by them on the characteristics of tumors, including proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance, angiogenesis. In addition, we review the drugs targeting proton-sensing channels or GPCRs that are currently in clinical trials, as well as the relevant potential drugs for cancer treatments, and discuss their future prospects. The present review aims to elucidate the important role of proton-sensing ion channels, GPCRs and calcium signaling regulated by them in cancer initiation and development. This review will promote the development of drugs targeting proton-sensing channels or GPCRs for cancer treatments, effectively taking their unique advantage as anti-cancer drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhui Ji
- Foundational and Translational Medical Research Center, Department of Allergy and General Surgery, Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medicine College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Li Chang
- Foundational and Translational Medical Research Center, Department of Allergy and General Surgery, Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medicine College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Caiyan An
- Foundational and Translational Medical Research Center, Department of Allergy and General Surgery, Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Junjing Zhang
- Foundational and Translational Medical Research Center, Department of Allergy and General Surgery, Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot, China
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3
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Kapur B, Baldessari F, Lazaratos M, Nar H, Schnapp G, Giorgetti A, Bondar AN. Protons taken hostage: Dynamic H-bond networks of the pH-sensing GPR68. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4370-4384. [PMID: 37711190 PMCID: PMC10498176 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton-sensing G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) sense changes in the extracellular pH to effect cell signaling for cellular homeostasis. They tend to be overexpressed in solid tumors associated with acidic extracellular pH, and are of direct interest as drug targets. How proton-sensing GPCRs sense extracellular acidification and activate upon protonation change is important to understand, because it may guide the design of therapeutics. Lack of publicly available experimental structures make it challenging to discriminate between conflicting mechanisms proposed for proton-binding, as main roles have been assigned to either an extracellular histidine cluster or to an internal carboxylic triad. Here we present a protocol to derive and evaluate structural models of the proton-sensing GPR68. This approach integrates state-of-the-art homology modeling with microsecond-timescale atomistic simulations, and with a detailed assessment of the compatibility of the structural models with known structural features of class A GPCRs. To decipher structural elements of potential interest for protonation-coupled conformational changes of GPR68, we used the best-compatible model as a starting point for independent atomistic simulations of GPR68 with different protonation states, and graph computations to characterize the response of GPR68 to changes in protonation. We found that GPR68 hosts an extended hydrogen-bond network that inter-connects the extracellular histidine cluster to the internal carboxylic triad, and which can even reach groups at the cytoplasmic G-protein binding site. Taken together, results suggest that GPR68 relies on dynamic, hydrogen-bond networks to inter-connect extracellular and internal proton-binding sites, and to elicit conformational changes at the cytoplasmic G-protein binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhav Kapur
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Michalis Lazaratos
- Department of Physics, Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Group, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Herbert Nar
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Gisela Schnapp
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Alejandro Giorgetti
- University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine and Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS-5/INM-9), Computational Biomedicine, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52525 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ana-Nicoleta Bondar
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine and Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS-5/INM-9), Computational Biomedicine, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52525 Jülich, Germany
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, Str. Atomiştilor 405, 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
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4
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Hung CH, Chin Y, Fong YO, Lee CH, Han DS, Lin JH, Sun WH, Chen CC. Acidosis-related pain and its receptors as targets for chronic pain. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 247:108444. [PMID: 37210007 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sensing acidosis is an important somatosensory function in responses to ischemia, inflammation, and metabolic alteration. Accumulating evidence has shown that acidosis is an effective factor for pain induction and that many intractable chronic pain diseases are associated with acidosis signaling. Various receptors have been known to detect extracellular acidosis and all express in the somatosensory neurons, such as acid sensing ion channels (ASIC), transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and proton-sensing G-protein coupled receptors. In addition to sense noxious acidic stimulation, these proton-sensing receptors also play a vital role in pain processing. For example, ASICs and TRPs are involved in not only nociceptive activation but also anti-nociceptive effects as well as some other non-nociceptive pathways. Herein, we review recent progress in probing the roles of proton-sensing receptors in preclinical pain research and their clinical relevance. We also propose a new concept of sngception to address the specific somatosensory function of acid sensation. This review aims to connect these acid-sensing receptors with basic pain research and clinical pain diseases, thus helping with better understanding the acid-related pain pathogenesis and their potential therapeutic roles via the mechanism of acid-mediated antinociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Hung
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yin Chin
- Department of Life Science & Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-On Fong
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Der-Shen Han
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Her Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Sun
- Department of Life Science & Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chen S, Zou H. Key Role of 12-Lipoxygenase and Its Metabolite 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid (12-HETE) in Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:329-335. [PMID: 35129022 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1995003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Abnormal lipid metabolism has been proved to be implicated in the complex pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) is a member of lipoxygenase family responsible for the oxygenation of cellular polyunsaturated fatty acids to produce lipid mediators which modulate cell inflammation. This review explores the role of 12-lipoxygenase and its products in the pathogenesis of DR. METHODS A comprehensive medical literature search was conducted on PubMed till September 2021. RESULTS Emerging evidence has demonstrated that 12-LOX and its main product 12- hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) activate retinal cells, especially retinal vascular endothelial cells, through the activation of NADPH oxidase and the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mediating multiple pathological changes during DR. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition models of 12-LOX in mice show protection from DR. CONCLUSION 12-LOX and its product 12-HETE take important part in DR pathogenesis and show their potential as future therapeutic targets for DR. Further studies are needed on the specific mechanism including 12-LOX pathway related molecules, 12-HETE receptors and downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Pavic K, Chippalkatti R, Abankwa D. Drug targeting opportunities en route to Ras nanoclusters. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 153:63-99. [PMID: 35101236 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the native membrane organization of Ras by the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in the late 1990s constituted the first indirect approach to drug target Ras. Since then, our understanding of how dynamically Ras shuttles between subcellular locations has changed significantly. Ras proteins have to arrive at the plasma membrane for efficient MAPK-signal propagation. On the plasma membrane Ras proteins are organized into isoform specific proteo-lipid assemblies called nanocluster. Recent evidence suggests that Ras nanocluster have a specific lipid composition, which supports the recruitment of effectors such as Raf. Conversely, effectors possess lipid-recognition motifs, which appear to serve as co-incidence detectors for the lipid domain of a given Ras isoform. Evidence suggests that dimeric Raf proteins then co-assemble dimeric Ras in an immobile complex, thus forming the minimal unit of an active nanocluster. Here we review established and novel trafficking chaperones and trafficking factors of Ras, along with the set of lipid and protein modulators of Ras nanoclustering. We highlight drug targeting approaches and opportunities against these determinants of functional Ras membrane organization. Finally, we reflect on implications for Ras signaling in polarized cells, such as epithelia, which are a common origin of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pavic
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rohan Chippalkatti
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Förch A, Wallner S, Zeman F, Ettl T, Brochhausen C, Schreml S. Expression of Proton-Sensitive GPR31, GPR151, TASK1 and TASK3 in Common Skin Tumors. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010027. [PMID: 35011589 PMCID: PMC8744809 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TWIK-related acid-sensitive potassium channels TASK1 and TASK3, as well as the G-protein-coupled receptors GPR31 and GPR151, are proton-sensitive membrane proteins. They can be activated or inhibited by low extracellular pH (pHe), which is a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment in solid tumors. However, the role of these channels in the development of skin tumors is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression profiles of TASK1, TASK3, GPR31 and GPR151 in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), nevus cell nevi (NCN), and malignant melanomas (MMs). We performed immunohistochemistry using paraffin-embedded tissue samples from patients and found that most skin tumors express TASK1/3 and GPR31/151. The results show that BCCs are often negative for GPR31/151 as well as for TASK1/3, while nearly all SCCs express these markers. MMs and NCN show similar expression patterns. However, some tumors show a decreasing TASK1/3 expression in deeper dermal tumor tissue, while GPCRs were expressed more evenly. The lower frequency of GPR31/151 and TSAK1/3 expression in BCCs when compared to SCCs is a novel histological feature distinguishing these two entities. Moreover, BCCs also show lower expression of GPR31/151 and TASK1/3 as compared to NCN and MMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Förch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Susanne Wallner
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Florian Zeman
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Tobias Ettl
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Christoph Brochhausen
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Stephan Schreml
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.F.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Dillon M, Lopez A, Lin E, Sales D, Perets R, Jain P. Progress on Ras/MAPK Signaling Research and Targeting in Blood and Solid Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205059. [PMID: 34680208 PMCID: PMC8534156 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway is responsible for regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Overexpression and overactivation of members within the signaling cascade have been observed in many solid and blood cancers. Research often focuses on targeting the pathway to disrupt cancer initiation and progression. We aimed to provide an overview of the pathway’s physiologic role and regulation, interactions with other pathways involved in cancer development, and mutations that lead to malignancy. Several blood and solid cancers are analyzed to illustrate the impact of the pathway’s dysregulation, stemming from mutation or viral induction. Finally, we summarized different approaches to targeting the pathway and the associated novel treatments being researched or having recently achieved approval. Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, consisting of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling cascade, regulates genes that control cellular development, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Within the cascade, multiple isoforms of Ras and Raf each display differences in functionality, efficiency, and, critically, oncogenic potential. According to the NCI, over 30% of all human cancers are driven by Ras genes. This dysfunctional signaling is implicated in a wide variety of leukemias and solid tumors, both with and without viral etiology. Due to the strong evidence of Ras-Raf involvement in tumorigenesis, many have attempted to target the cascade to treat these malignancies. Decades of unsuccessful experimentation had deemed Ras undruggable, but recently, the approval of Sotorasib as the first ever KRas inhibitor represents a monumental breakthrough. This advancement is not without novel challenges. As a G12C mutant-specific drug, it also represents the issue of drug target specificity within Ras pathway; not only do many drugs only affect single mutational profiles, with few pan-inhibitor exceptions, tumor genetic heterogeneity may give rise to drug-resistant profiles. Furthermore, significant challenges in targeting downstream Raf, especially the BRaf isoform, lie in the paradoxical activation of wild-type BRaf by BRaf mutant inhibitors. This literature review will delineate the mechanisms of Ras signaling in the MAPK pathway and its possible oncogenic mutations, illustrate how specific mutations affect the pathogenesis of specific cancers, and compare available and in-development treatments targeting the Ras pathway.
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Sisignano M, Fischer MJM, Geisslinger G. Proton-Sensing GPCRs in Health and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082050. [PMID: 34440817 PMCID: PMC8392051 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The group of proton-sensing G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) consists of the four receptors GPR4, TDAG8 (GPR65), OGR1 (GPR68), and G2A (GPR132). These receptors are cellular sensors of acidification, a property that has been attributed to the presence of crucial histidine residues. However, the pH detection varies considerably among the group of proton-sensing GPCRs and ranges from pH of 5.5 to 7.8. While the proton-sensing GPCRs were initially considered to detect acidic cellular environments in the context of inflammation, recent observations have expanded our knowledge about their physiological and pathophysiological functions and many additional individual and unique features have been discovered that suggest a more differentiated role of these receptors in health and disease. It is known that all four receptors contribute to different aspects of tumor biology, cardiovascular physiology, and asthma. However, apart from their overlapping functions, they seem to have individual properties, and recent publications identify potential roles of individual GPCRs in mechanosensation, intestinal inflammation, oncoimmunological interactions, hematopoiesis, as well as inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Here, we put together the knowledge about the biological functions and structural features of the four proton-sensing GPCRs and discuss the biological role of each of the four receptors individually. We explore all currently known pharmacological modulators of the four receptors and highlight potential use. Finally, we point out knowledge gaps in the biological and pharmacological context of proton-sensing GPCRs that should be addressed by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sisignano
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael J. M. Fischer
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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10
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Zhou Y, Gorfe AA, Hancock JF. RAS Nanoclusters Selectively Sort Distinct Lipid Headgroups and Acyl Chains. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:686338. [PMID: 34222339 PMCID: PMC8245699 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.686338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS proteins are lipid-anchored small GTPases that switch between the GTP-bound active and GDP-bound inactive states. RAS isoforms, including HRAS, NRAS and splice variants KRAS4A and KRAS4B, are some of the most frequently mutated proteins in cancer. In particular, constitutively active mutants of KRAS comprise ∼80% of all RAS oncogenic mutations and are found in 98% of pancreatic, 45% of colorectal and 31% of lung tumors. Plasma membrane (PM) is the primary location of RAS signaling in biology and pathology. Thus, a better understanding of how RAS proteins localize to and distribute on the PM is critical to better comprehend RAS biology and to develop new strategies to treat RAS pathology. In this review, we discuss recent findings on how RAS proteins sort lipids as they undergo macromolecular assembly on the PM. We also discuss how RAS/lipid nanoclusters serve as signaling platforms for the efficient recruitment of effectors and signal transduction, and how perturbing the PM biophysical properties affect the spatial distribution of RAS isoforms and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alemayehu A. Gorfe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John F. Hancock
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
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11
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Huang Z, Liu M, Li D, Tan Y, Zhang R, Xia Z, Wang P, Jiao B, Liu P, Ren R. PTPN2 regulates the activation of KRAS and plays a critical role in proliferation and survival of KRAS-driven cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18343-18354. [PMID: 33122197 PMCID: PMC7939389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS genes are the most commonly mutated in human cancers and play critical roles in tumor initiation, progression, and drug resistance. Identification of targets that block RAS signaling is pivotal to develop therapies for RAS-related cancer. As RAS translocation to the plasma membrane (PM) is essential for its effective signal transduction, we devised a high-content screening assay to search for genes regulating KRAS membrane association. We found that the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN2 regulates the plasma membrane localization of KRAS. Knockdown of PTPN2 reduced the proliferation and promoted apoptosis in KRAS-dependent cancer cells, but not in KRAS-independent cells. Mechanistically, PTPN2 negatively regulates tyrosine phosphorylation of KRAS, which, in turn, affects the activation KRAS and its downstream signaling. Consistently, analysis of the TCGA database demonstrates that high expression of PTPN2 is significantly associated with poor prognosis of patients with KRAS-mutant pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These results indicate that PTPN2 is a key regulator of KRAS and may serve as a new target for therapy of KRAS-driven cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsen Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghe Li
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruihong Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhizhou Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peihong Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Jiao
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ruibao Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Scaffold association factor B (SAFB) is required for expression of prenyltransferases and RAS membrane association. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31914-31922. [PMID: 33257571 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005712117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting membrane association of RAS has long been considered a rational approach to anticancer therapy, which led to the development of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs). However, FTIs proved ineffective against KRAS-driven tumors. To reveal alternative therapeutic strategies, we carried out a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen designed to identify genes required for KRAS4B membrane association. We identified five enzymes in the prenylation pathway and SAFB, a nuclear protein with both DNA and RNA binding domains. Silencing SAFB led to marked mislocalization of all RAS isoforms as well as RAP1A but not RAB7A, a pattern that phenocopied silencing FNTA, the prenyltransferase α subunit shared by farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase type I. We found that SAFB promoted RAS membrane association by controlling FNTA expression. SAFB knockdown decreased GTP loading of RAS, abrogated alternative prenylation, and sensitized RAS-mutant cells to growth inhibition by FTI. Our work establishes the prenylation pathway as paramount in KRAS membrane association, reveals a regulator of prenyltransferase expression, and suggests that reduction in FNTA expression may enhance the efficacy of FTIs.
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13
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Hernandez-Perez M, Kulkarni A, Samala N, Sorrell C, El K, Haider I, Aleem AM, Holman TR, Rai G, Tersey SA, Mirmira RG, Anderson RM. A 12-lipoxygenase-Gpr31 signaling axis is required for pancreatic organogenesis in the zebrafish. FASEB J 2020; 34:14850-14862. [PMID: 32918516 PMCID: PMC7606739 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902308rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
12-Lipoxygenase (12-LOX) is a key enzyme in arachidonic acid metabolism, and alongside its major product, 12-HETE, plays a key role in promoting inflammatory signaling during diabetes pathogenesis. Although 12-LOX is a proposed therapeutic target to protect pancreatic islets in the setting of diabetes, little is known about the consequences of blocking its enzymatic activity during embryonic development. Here, we have leveraged the strengths of the zebrafish-genetic manipulation and pharmacologic inhibition-to interrogate the role of 12-LOX in pancreatic development. Lipidomics analysis during zebrafish development demonstrated that 12-LOX-generated metabolites of arachidonic acid increase sharply during organogenesis stages, and that this increase is blocked by morpholino-directed depletion of 12-LOX. Furthermore, we found that either depletion or inhibition of 12-LOX impairs both exocrine pancreas growth and unexpectedly, the generation of insulin-producing β cells. We demonstrate that morpholino-mediated knockdown of GPR31, a purported G-protein-coupled receptor for 12-HETE, largely phenocopies both the depletion and the inhibition of 12-LOX. Moreover, we show that loss of GPR31 impairs pancreatic bud fusion and pancreatic duct morphogenesis. Together, these data provide new insight into the requirement of 12-LOX in pancreatic organogenesis and islet formation, and additionally provide evidence that its effects are mediated via a signaling axis that includes the 12-HETE receptor GPR31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimar Hernandez-Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Abhishek Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Niharika Samala
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cody Sorrell
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kimberly El
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Isra Haider
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ansari Mukhtar Aleem
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Theodore R Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ganesha Rai
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Medicine, Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan M Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Medicine, Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Wu HZ, Xiao JQ, Xiao SS, Cheng Y. KRAS: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Cancer Treatment. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2081-2097. [PMID: 31486755 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190905164144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human cancer. The developments of many cancers depend on sustained expression and signaling of KRAS, which makes KRAS a high-priority therapeutic target. Scientists have not successfully developed drugs that target KRAS, although efforts have been made last three decades. In this review, we highlight the emerging experimental strategies of impairing KRAS membrane localization and the direct targeting of KRAS. We also conclude the combinatorial therapies and RNA interference technology for the treatment of KRAS mutant cancers. Moreover, the virtual screening approach to discover novel KRAS inhibitors and synthetic lethality interactors of KRAS are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhou Wu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jia-Qi Xiao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Song-Shu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
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15
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Gan L, Seki A, Shen K, Iyer H, Han K, Hayer A, Wollman R, Ge X, Lin JR, Dey G, Talbot WS, Meyer T. The lysosomal GPCR-like protein GPR137B regulates Rag and mTORC1 localization and activity. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:614-626. [PMID: 31036939 PMCID: PMC6649673 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell growth is controlled by a lysosomal signaling complex containing Rag small GTPases and mTORC1 kinase. Here we carried out a microscopy-based genome-wide human siRNA screen and discovered a lysosome-localized G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-like protein, GPR137B, that interacts with Rag GTPases, increases Rag localization and activity, and thereby regulates mTORC1 translocation and activity. High GPR137B expression can recruit and activate mTORC1 in the absence of amino acids. Furthermore, GPR137B also regulates the dissociation of activated Rag from lysosomes, suggesting that GPR137B controls a cycle of Rag activation and dissociation from lysosomes. GPR137B knockout cells exhibited defective autophagy and an expanded lysosome compartment, similar to Rag knockout cells. Like zebrafish RagA mutants, GPR137B mutant zebrafish had upregulated TFEB target gene expression and an expanded lysosome compartment in microglia. Thus, GPR137B is a GPCR-like lysosomal regulatory protein that controls dynamic Rag and mTORC1 localization and activity as well as lysosome morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gan
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Akiko Seki
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kimberle Shen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Harini Iyer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kyuho Han
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arnold Hayer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roy Wollman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuecai Ge
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jerry R Lin
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gautam Dey
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William S Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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16
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The role of the 12( S)-HETE/GPR31/12-HETER axis in cancer and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:743-754. [PMID: 30902921 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large superfamily of seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that are activated by several classes of ligands, including bioactive lipids. GPCRs are attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of human diseases, as they finely regulate a wide array of cellular functions. In this minireview, we summarized what is currently known about the G protein-coupled receptor GPR31/12-HETER. We highlighted, in particular, its structural similarity with human homologs, the biological functions of its recognized ligand 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), an arachidonic acid metabolite, and the role that GPR31/12-HETER-mediated signals play in cancer cell growth, invasion and metastasis, and in liver ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Recent studies shed light and interest on the 12(S)-HETE/GPR31/12-HETER-activated signaling pathways and functions. The full spectrum of GPR31/12-HETER-mediated biological functions has yet to be characterized. Further studies are needed to identify other potential ligands, i.e. other than 12(S)-HETE. Another important remaining question is whether the multiple 12(S)-HETE-induced biological activities, including its role in diabetes, neurodegeneration, neuroprotection, and platelet function, occur via GPR31/12-HETER and/or involve the activation of other receptor molecules and pathways.
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17
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Rong YM, Huang XM, Fan DJ, Lin XT, Zhang F, Hu JC, Tan YX, Chen X, Zou YF, Lan P. Overexpression of G protein-coupled receptor 31 as a poor prognosticator in human colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4679-4690. [PMID: 30416315 PMCID: PMC6224474 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i41.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 31 (GPR31) and its clinical significance in human colorectal cancer (CRC).
METHODS To determine the association between the GPR31 expression and the prognosis of patients, we obtained paraffin-embedded pathological specimens from 466 CRC patients who underwent initial resection. A total of 321 patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 1996 to December 2008 were included as a training cohort, whereas 145 patients from the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2007 to November 2008 were included as a validation cohort. We examined GPR31 expression levels in CRC tissues from two independent cohorts via immunohistochemical staining. All patients were categorized into either a GPR31 low expression group or a GPR31 high expression group. The clinicopathological factors and the prognosis of patients in the GPR31 low expression group and GPR31 high expression group were compared.
RESULTS We compared the clinicopathological factors and the prognosis of patients in the GPR31 low expression group and GPR31 high expression group. Significant differences were observed in the number of patients in pM classification between patients in the GPR31 low expression group and GPR31 high expression group (P = 0.007). The five-year survival and tumor-free survival rates of patients were 84.3% and 82.2% in the GPR31 low expression group, respectively, and both rates were 59.7% in the GPR31 high expression group (P < 0.05). Results of the Cox proportional hazard regression model revealed that GPR31 upregulation was associated with shorter overall survival and tumor-free survival of patients with CRC (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified GPR31 expression in colorectal cancer as an independent predictive factor of CRC patient survival (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION High GPR31 expression levels were found to be correlated with pM classification of CRC and to serve as an independent predictive factor of poor survival of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Rong
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - De-Jun Fan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xu-Tao Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Cong Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying-Xin Tan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi-Feng Zou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
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18
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Optical functionalization of human Class A orphan G-protein-coupled receptors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1950. [PMID: 29769519 PMCID: PMC5956105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form the largest receptor family, relay environmental stimuli to changes in cell behavior and represent prime drug targets. Many GPCRs are classified as orphan receptors because of the limited knowledge on their ligands and coupling to cellular signaling machineries. Here, we engineer a library of 63 chimeric receptors that contain the signaling domains of human orphan and understudied GPCRs functionally linked to the light-sensing domain of rhodopsin. Upon stimulation with visible light, we identify activation of canonical cell signaling pathways, including cAMP-, Ca2+-, MAPK/ERK-, and Rho-dependent pathways, downstream of the engineered receptors. For the human pseudogene GPR33, we resurrect a signaling function that supports its hypothesized role as a pathogen entry site. These results demonstrate that substituting unknown chemical activators with a light switch can reveal information about protein function and provide an optically controlled protein library for exploring the physiology and therapeutic potential of understudied GPCRs. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest receptor family and are prime drug targets, but many orphan GPCRs are poorly characterized. Here authors engineer human orphan GPCRs to be activated by light which allows studying the receptors ligand identity and downstream signaling.
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19
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Zhang XJ, Cheng X, Yan ZZ, Fang J, Wang X, Wang W, Liu ZY, Shen LJ, Zhang P, Wang PX, Liao R, Ji YX, Wang JY, Tian S, Zhu XY, Zhang Y, Tian RF, Wang L, Ma XL, Huang Z, She ZG, Li H. An ALOX12–12-HETE–GPR31 signaling axis is a key mediator of hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury. Nat Med 2017; 24:73-83. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Fehrenbacher N, Philips MR. Targeting RAS - will GPR31 deliver us a new path forward? Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 4:e1359228. [PMID: 29209647 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2017.1359228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Effective anti-rat sarcoma viral oncogene (RAS) therapies have remained the holy grail of cancer treatment. Mutant Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) sustains tumorigenesis when linked to the plasma membrane (PM). The G protein-coupled receptor 31 (GPR31) is now identified to mediate KRAS membrane association and is crucial for proliferation, survival and macropinocytosis of KRAS-dependent cancer cells, suggesting that GPR31 is a druggable target for anti-RAS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Fehrenbacher
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mark R Philips
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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21
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Concepts and advances in cancer therapeutic vulnerabilities in RAS membrane targeting. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 54:121-130. [PMID: 29203271 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For decades oncogenic RAS proteins were considered undruggable due to a lack of accessible binding pockets on the protein surfaces. Seminal early research in RAS biology uncovered the basic paradigm of post-translational isoprenylation of RAS polypeptides, typically with covalent attachment of a farnesyl group, leading to isoprenyl-mediated RAS anchorage at the plasma membrane and signal initiation at those sites. However, the failure of farnesyltransferase inhibitors to translate to the clinic stymied anti-RAS therapy development. Over the past ten years, a more complete picture has emerged of RAS protein maturation, intracellular trafficking, and location, positioning and retention in subdomains at the plasma membrane, with a corresponding expansion in our understanding of how these properties of RAS contribute to signal outputs. Each of these aspects of RAS regulation presents a potential vulnerability in RAS function that may be exploited for therapeutic targeting, and inhibitors have been identified or developed that interfere with RAS for nearly all of them. This review will summarize current understanding of RAS membrane targeting with a focus on highlighting development and outcomes of inhibitors at each step.
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