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Lakshmi RB, Nayak P, Raz L, Sarkar A, Saroha A, Kumari P, Nair VM, Kombarakkaran DP, Sajana S, M G S, Agasti SS, Paul R, Ben-David U, Manna TK. CKAP5 stabilizes CENP-E at kinetochores by regulating microtubule-chromosome attachments. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1909-1935. [PMID: 38424231 PMCID: PMC11014917 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Stabilization of microtubule plus end-directed kinesin CENP-E at the metaphase kinetochores is important for chromosome alignment, but its mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that CKAP5, a conserved microtubule plus tip protein, regulates CENP-E at kinetochores in human cells. Depletion of CKAP5 impairs CENP-E localization at kinetochores at the metaphase plate and results in increased kinetochore-microtubule stability and attachment errors. Erroneous attachments are also supported by computational modeling. Analysis of CKAP5 knockout cancer cells of multiple tissue origins shows that CKAP5 is preferentially essential in aneuploid, chromosomally unstable cells, and the sensitivity to CKAP5 depletion is correlated to that of CENP-E depletion. CKAP5 depletion leads to reduction in CENP-E-BubR1 interaction and the interaction is rescued by TOG4-TOG5 domain of CKAP5. The same domain can rescue CKAP5 depletion-induced CENP-E removal from the kinetochores. Interestingly, CKAP5 depletion facilitates recruitment of PP1 to the kinetochores and furthermore, a PP1 target site-specific CENP-E phospho-mimicking mutant gets stabilized at kinetochores in the CKAP5-depleted cells. Together, the results support a model in which CKAP5 controls mitotic chromosome attachment errors by stabilizing CENP-E at kinetochores and by regulating stability of the kinetochore-attached microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bhagya Lakshmi
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Pinaki Nayak
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Linoy Raz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Apurba Sarkar
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Akshay Saroha
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Vishnu M Nair
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Delvin P Kombarakkaran
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - S Sajana
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Sanusha M G
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Sarit S Agasti
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Raja Paul
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Uri Ben-David
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tapas K Manna
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
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2
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Lee JY, Bhandare RR, Boddu SHS, Shaik AB, Saktivel LP, Gupta G, Negi P, Barakat M, Singh SK, Dua K, Chellappan DK. Molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of tumour suppressor genes in lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116275. [PMID: 38394846 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumour suppressor genes play a cardinal role in the development of a large array of human cancers, including lung cancer, which is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Therefore, extensive studies have been committed to deciphering the underlying mechanisms of alterations of tumour suppressor genes in governing tumourigenesis, as well as resistance to cancer therapies. In spite of the encouraging clinical outcomes demonstrated by lung cancer patients on initial treatment, the subsequent unresponsiveness to first-line treatments manifested by virtually all the patients is inherently a contentious issue. In light of the aforementioned concerns, this review compiles the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of some of the tumour suppressor genes implicated in lung cancer that are either frequently mutated and/or are located on the chromosomal arms having high LOH rates (1p, 3p, 9p, 10q, 13q, and 17p). Our study identifies specific genomic loci prone to LOH, revealing a recurrent pattern in lung cancer cases. These loci, including 3p14.2 (FHIT), 9p21.3 (p16INK4a), 10q23 (PTEN), 17p13 (TP53), exhibit a higher susceptibility to LOH due to environmental factors such as exposure to DNA-damaging agents (carcinogens in cigarette smoke) and genetic factors such as chromosomal instability, genetic mutations, DNA replication errors, and genetic predisposition. Furthermore, this review summarizes the current treatment landscape and advancements for lung cancers, including the challenges and endeavours to overcome it. This review envisages inspired researchers to embark on a journey of discovery to add to the list of what was known in hopes of prompting the development of effective therapeutic strategies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yee Lee
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Richie R Bhandare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Afzal B Shaik
- St. Mary's College of Pharmacy, St. Mary's Group of Institutions Guntur, Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Chebrolu, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522212, India; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, India
| | - Lakshmana Prabu Saktivel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering (BIT Campus), Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Poonam Negi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, PO Box 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Muna Barakat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman-11937, Jordan
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T Road, Phagwara 144411, India; Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
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3
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Burigotto M, Vigorito V, Gliech C, Mattivi A, Ghetti S, Bisio A, Lolli G, Holland AJ, Fava LL. PLK1 promotes the mitotic surveillance pathway by controlling cytosolic 53BP1 availability. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57234. [PMID: 37888778 PMCID: PMC10702821 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
53BP1 acts at the crossroads between DNA repair and p53-mediated stress response. With its interactors p53 and USP28, it is part of the mitotic surveillance (or mitotic stopwatch) pathway (MSP), a sensor that monitors the duration of cell division, promoting p53-dependent cell cycle arrest when a critical time threshold is surpassed. Here, we show that Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) activity is essential for the time-dependent release of 53BP1 from kinetochores. PLK1 inhibition, which leads to 53BP1 persistence at kinetochores, prevents cytosolic 53BP1 association with p53 and results in a blunted MSP. Strikingly, the identification of CENP-F as the kinetochore docking partner of 53BP1 enabled us to show that measurement of mitotic timing by the MSP does not take place at kinetochores, as perturbing CENP-F-53BP1 binding had no measurable impact on the MSP. Taken together, we propose that PLK1 supports the MSP by generating a cytosolic pool of 53BP1 and that an unknown cytosolic mechanism enables the measurement of mitotic duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Burigotto
- Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cell Division, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIOUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
- Present address:
Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesKing's CollegeLondonUK
- Present address:
Organelle Dynamics LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Vincenza Vigorito
- Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cell Division, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIOUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Colin Gliech
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Alessia Mattivi
- Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cell Division, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIOUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Sabrina Ghetti
- Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cell Division, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIOUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
- Present address:
Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Alessandra Bisio
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIOUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Graziano Lolli
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography and Structure‐Based Drug Design, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIOUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | | | - Luca L Fava
- Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cell Division, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIOUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
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4
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Eibes S, Rajendraprasad G, Guasch-Boldu C, Kubat M, Steblyanko Y, Barisic M. CENP-E activation by Aurora A and B controls kinetochore fibrous corona disassembly. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5317. [PMID: 37658044 PMCID: PMC10474297 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis depends on multiprotein structures called kinetochores that are built on the centromeric region of sister chromatids and serve to capture mitotic spindle microtubules. In early mitosis, unattached kinetochores expand a crescent-shaped structure called fibrous corona whose function is to facilitate initial kinetochore-microtubule attachments and chromosome transport by microtubules. Subsequently, the fibrous corona must be timely disassembled to prevent segregation errors. Although recent studies provided new insights on the molecular content and mechanism of fibrous corona assembly, it remains unknown what triggers the disassembly of the outermost and dynamic layer of the kinetochore. Here, we show that Aurora A and B kinases phosphorylate CENP-E to release it from an autoinhibited state. At kinetochores, Aurora B phosphorylates CENP-E to prevent its premature removal together with other corona proteins by dynein. At the spindle poles, Aurora A phosphorylates CENP-E to promote chromosome congression and prevent accumulation of corona proteins at the centrosomes, allowing for their intracellular redistribution. Thus, we propose the Aurora A/B-CENP-E axis as a critical element of the long-sought-for mechanism of fibrous corona disassembly that is essential for accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Eibes
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mirela Kubat
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yulia Steblyanko
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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5
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Garrott SR, Gillies JP, Siva A, Little SR, El Jbeily R, DeSantis ME. Ndel1 disfavors dynein-dynactin-adaptor complex formation in two distinct ways. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104735. [PMID: 37086789 PMCID: PMC10248797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynein is the primary minus-end-directed microtubule motor protein. To achieve activation, dynein binds to the dynactin complex and an adaptor to form the "activated dynein complex." The protein Lis1 aids activation by binding to dynein and promoting its association with dynactin and the adaptor. Ndel1 and its paralog Nde1 are dynein- and Lis1-binding proteins that help control dynein localization within the cell. Cell-based assays suggest that Ndel1-Nde1 also work with Lis1 to promote dynein activation, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. Using purified proteins and quantitative binding assays, here we found that the C-terminal region of Ndel1 contributes to dynein binding and negatively regulates binding to Lis1. Using single-molecule imaging and protein biochemistry, we observed that Ndel1 inhibits dynein activation in two distinct ways. First, Ndel1 disfavors the formation of the activated dynein complex. We found that phosphomimetic mutations in the C-terminal domain of Ndel1 increase its ability to inhibit dynein-dynactin-adaptor complex formation. Second, we observed that Ndel1 interacts with dynein and Lis1 simultaneously and sequesters Lis1 away from its dynein-binding site. In doing this, Ndel1 prevents Lis1-mediated dynein activation. Together, our work suggests that in vitro, Ndel1 is a negative regulator of dynein activation, which contrasts with cellular studies where Ndel1 promotes dynein activity. To reconcile our findings with previous work, we posit that Ndel1 functions to scaffold dynein and Lis1 together while keeping dynein in an inhibited state. We speculate that Ndel1 release can be triggered in cellular settings to allow for timed dynein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Garrott
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John P Gillies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aravintha Siva
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Saffron R Little
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rita El Jbeily
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Morgan E DeSantis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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6
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Wu J, Larreategui-Aparicio A, Lambers MLA, Bodor DL, Klaasen SJ, Tollenaar E, de Ruijter-Villani M, Kops GJPL. Microtubule nucleation from the fibrous corona by LIC1-pericentrin promotes chromosome congression. Curr Biol 2023; 33:912-925.e6. [PMID: 36720222 PMCID: PMC10017265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Error-free chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis relies on the assembly of a microtubule-based spindle that interacts with kinetochores to guide chromosomes to the cell equator before segregation in anaphase. Microtubules sprout from nucleation sites such as centrosomes, but kinetochores can also promote microtubule formation. It is unclear, however, how kinetochore-derived microtubules are generated and what their role is in chromosome segregation. Here, we show that the transient outer-kinetochore meshwork known as the fibrous corona serves as an autonomous microtubule nucleation platform. The fibrous corona is essential for the nucleation of kinetochore-derived microtubules, and when dissociated from the core kinetochore, it retains microtubule nucleation capacity. Nucleation relies on a fibrous-corona-bound pool of the LIC1 subunit of the dynein motor complex, which interacts with the γ-tubulin-tethering protein pericentrin (PCNT). PCNT is essential for microtubule nucleation from fibrous coronas, and in centrosome-depleted cells, where nearly all mitotic nucleation occurs at fibrous coronas, chromosome congression is fully dependent on PCNT. We further show that chromosomes in bovine oocytes, which naturally lack centrosomes, have highly expanded fibrous coronas that drive chromosome-derived microtubule nucleation. Preventing fibrous corona expansion in these cells impairs chromosome congression and causes spindle assembly defects. Our results show that fibrous coronas are autonomous microtubule-organizing centers that are important for spindle assembly, which may be especially relevant in acentrosomal cells such as oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Wu
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Larreategui-Aparicio
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike L A Lambers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dani L Bodor
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd J Klaasen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline Tollenaar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marta de Ruijter-Villani
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Woman and Baby, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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7
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Abstract
The microtubule minus-end-directed motility of cytoplasmic dynein 1 (dynein), arguably the most complex and versatile cytoskeletal motor, is harnessed for diverse functions, such as long-range organelle transport in neuronal axons and spindle assembly in dividing cells. The versatility of dynein raises a number of intriguing questions, including how is dynein recruited to its diverse cargo, how is recruitment coupled to activation of the motor, how is motility regulated to meet different requirements for force production and how does dynein coordinate its activity with that of other microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) present on the same cargo. Here, these questions will be discussed in the context of dynein at the kinetochore, the supramolecular protein structure that connects segregating chromosomes to spindle microtubules in dividing cells. As the first kinetochore-localized MAP described, dynein has intrigued cell biologists for more than three decades. The first part of this Review summarizes current knowledge about how kinetochore dynein contributes to efficient and accurate spindle assembly, and the second part describes the underlying molecular mechanisms and highlights emerging commonalities with dynein regulation at other subcellular sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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8
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Macaisne N, Bellutti L, Laband K, Edwards F, Pitayu-Nugroho L, Gervais A, Ganeswaran T, Geoffroy H, Maton G, Canman JC, Lacroix B, Dumont J. Synergistic stabilization of microtubules by BUB-1, HCP-1, and CLS-2 controls microtubule pausing and meiotic spindle assembly. eLife 2023; 12:e82579. [PMID: 36799894 PMCID: PMC10005782 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During cell division, chromosome segregation is orchestrated by a microtubule-based spindle. Interaction between spindle microtubules and kinetochores is central to the bi-orientation of chromosomes. Initially dynamic to allow spindle assembly and kinetochore attachments, which is essential for chromosome alignment, microtubules are eventually stabilized for efficient segregation of sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis I, respectively. Therefore, the precise control of microtubule dynamics is of utmost importance during mitosis and meiosis. Here, we study the assembly and role of a kinetochore module, comprised of the kinase BUB-1, the two redundant CENP-F orthologs HCP-1/2, and the CLASP family member CLS-2 (hereafter termed the BHC module), in the control of microtubule dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes. Using a combination of in vivo structure-function analyses of BHC components and in vitro microtubule-based assays, we show that BHC components stabilize microtubules, which is essential for meiotic spindle formation and accurate chromosome segregation. Overall, our results show that BUB-1 and HCP-1/2 do not only act as targeting components for CLS-2 at kinetochores, but also synergistically control kinetochore-microtubule dynamics by promoting microtubule pause. Together, our results suggest that BUB-1 and HCP-1/2 actively participate in the control of kinetochore-microtubule dynamics in the context of an intact BHC module to promote spindle assembly and accurate chromosome segregation in meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Macaisne
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | - Laura Bellutti
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | - Kimberley Laband
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | - Frances Edwards
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | | | - Alison Gervais
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | | | - Hélène Geoffroy
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | - Gilliane Maton
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | - Julie C Canman
- Columbia University; Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyNew YorkUnited States
| | - Benjamin Lacroix
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Julien Dumont
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
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9
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Garrott SR, Gillies JP, Siva A, Little SR, Jbeily REI, DeSantis ME. Ndel1 modulates dynein activation in two distinct ways. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.25.525437. [PMID: 36747695 PMCID: PMC9900795 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.25.525437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dynein is the primary minus-end-directed microtubule motor [1]. To achieve activation, dynein binds to the dynactin complex and an adaptor to form the "activated dynein complex" [2, 3]. The protein Lis1 aids activation by binding to dynein and promoting its association with dynactin and adaptor [4, 5]. Ndel1 and its orthologue Nde1 are dynein and Lis1 binding proteins that help control where dynein localizes within the cell [6]. Cell-based assays suggest that Ndel1/Nde1 also work with Lis1 to promote dynein activation, although the underlying mechanism is unclear [6]. Using purified proteins and quantitative binding assays, we found that Ndel1's C-terminal region contributes to binding to dynein and negatively regulates binding to Lis1. Using single-molecule imaging and protein biochemistry, we observed that Ndel1 inhibits dynein activation in two distinct ways. First, Ndel1 disfavors the formation of the activated dynein complex. We found that phosphomimetic mutations in Ndel1's C-terminal domain increase its ability to inhibit dynein-dynactin-adaptor complex formation. Second, we observed that Ndel1 interacts with dynein and Lis1 simultaneously and sequesters Lis1 away from its dynein binding site. In doing this, Ndel1 prevents Lis1-mediated dynein activation. Our work suggests that in vitro, Ndel1 is a negative regulator of dynein activation, which contrasts with cellular studies where Ndel1 promotes dynein activity. To reconcile our findings with previous work, we posit that Ndel1 functions to scaffold dynein and Lis1 together while keeping dynein in an inhibited state. We speculate that Ndel1 release can be triggered in cellular settings to allow for timed dynein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Garrott
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John P Gillies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aravintha Siva
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Saffron R Little
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rita EI Jbeily
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Morgan E DeSantis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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10
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Janczyk PŁ, Żyłkiewicz E, De Hoyos H, West T, Matson DR, Choi WC, Young HMR, Derewenda ZS, Stukenberg PT. Aurora A phosphorylates Ndel1 to reduce the levels of Mad1 and NuMA at spindle poles. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:br1. [PMID: 36350697 PMCID: PMC9816647 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynein inactivates the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) by transporting checkpoint proteins away from kinetochores toward spindle poles in a process known as "stripping." We find that inhibition of Aurora A kinase, which is localized to spindle poles, enables the accumulation of the spindle checkpoint activator Mad1 at poles where it is normally absent. Aurora kinases phosphorylate the dynein activator NudE neurodevelopment protein 1 like 1 (Ndel1) on Ser285 and Mad1 accumulates at poles when Ndel1 is replaced by a nonphosphorylatable mutant in human cells. The pole focusing protein NuMA, transported to poles by dynein, also accumulates at poles in cells harboring a mutant Ndel1. Phosphorylation of Ndel1 on Ser285 is required for robust spindle checkpoint activity and regulates the poles of asters in Xenopus extracts. Our data suggest that dynein/SAC complexes that are generated at kinetochores and then transported directionally toward poles on microtubules are inhibited by Aurora A before they reach spindle poles. These data suggest that Aurora A generates a spatial signal at spindle poles that controls dynein transport and spindle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Ł. Janczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Eliza Żyłkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Henry De Hoyos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Thomas West
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Daniel R. Matson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Won-Chan Choi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Heather M. Raimer Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Zygmunt S. Derewenda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - P. Todd Stukenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
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11
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CENP-F-dependent DRP1 function regulates APC/C activity during oocyte meiosis I. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7732. [PMID: 36513638 PMCID: PMC9747930 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation is initiated by cohesin degradation, which is driven by anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Chromosome cohesin is removed by activated separase, with the degradation of securin and cyclinB1. Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a component of the mitochondrial fission machinery, is related to cyclin dynamics in mitosis progression. Here, we show that DRP1 is recruited to the kinetochore by centromeric Centromere protein F (CENP-F) after nuclear envelope breakdown in mouse oocytes. Loss of DRP1 during prometaphase leads to premature cohesin degradation and chromosome segregation. Importantly, acute DRP1 depletion activates separase by initiating cyclinB1 and securin degradation during the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Finally, we demonstrate that DRP1 is bound to APC2 to restrain the E3 ligase activity of APC/C. In conclusion, DRP1 is a CENP-F-dependent atypical spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) protein that modulates metaphase-to-anaphase transition by controlling APC/C activity during meiosis I in oocytes.
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12
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d'Amico EA, Ud Din Ahmad M, Cmentowski V, Girbig M, Müller F, Wohlgemuth S, Brockmeyer A, Maffini S, Janning P, Vetter IR, Carter AP, Perrakis A, Musacchio A. Conformational transitions of the Spindly adaptor underlie its interaction with Dynein and Dynactin. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213466. [PMID: 36107127 PMCID: PMC9481740 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic Dynein 1, or Dynein, is a microtubule minus end-directed motor. Dynein motility requires Dynactin and a family of activating adaptors that stabilize the Dynein-Dynactin complex and promote regulated interactions with cargo in space and time. How activating adaptors limit Dynein activation to specialized subcellular locales is unclear. Here, we reveal that Spindly, a mitotic Dynein adaptor at the kinetochore corona, exists natively in a closed conformation that occludes binding of Dynein-Dynactin to its CC1 box and Spindly motif. A structure-based analysis identified various mutations promoting an open conformation of Spindly that binds Dynein-Dynactin. A region of Spindly downstream from the Spindly motif and not required for cargo binding faces the CC1 box and stabilizes the intramolecular closed conformation. This region is also required for robust kinetochore localization of Spindly, suggesting that kinetochores promote Spindly activation to recruit Dynein. Thus, our work illustrates how specific Dynein activation at a defined cellular locale may require multiple factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennio A d'Amico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Misbha Ud Din Ahmad
- Oncode Institute and Department of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Cmentowski
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Franziska Müller
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Brockmeyer
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Oncode Institute and Department of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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13
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Zhang Y, Song C, Wang L, Jiang H, Zhai Y, Wang Y, Fang J, Zhang G. Zombies Never Die: The Double Life Bub1 Lives in Mitosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:870745. [PMID: 35646932 PMCID: PMC9136299 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.870745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When eukaryotic cells enter mitosis, dispersed chromosomes move to the cell center along microtubules to form a metaphase plate which facilitates the accurate chromosome segregation. Meanwhile, kinetochores not stably attached by microtubules activate the spindle assembly checkpoint and generate a wait signal to delay the initiation of anaphase. These events are highly coordinated. Disruption of the coordination will cause severe problems like chromosome gain or loss. Bub1, a conserved serine/threonine kinase, plays important roles in mitosis. After extensive studies in the last three decades, the role of Bub1 on checkpoint has achieved a comprehensive understanding; its role on chromosome alignment also starts to emerge. In this review, we summarize the latest development of Bub1 on supporting the two mitotic events. The essentiality of Bub1 in higher eukaryotic cells is also discussed. At the end, some undissolved questions are raised for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunlin Song
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongfei Jiang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yujing Zhai
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Fang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Fang, ; Gang Zhang,
| | - Gang Zhang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Fang, ; Gang Zhang,
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14
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Raisch T, Ciossani G, d’Amico E, Cmentowski V, Carmignani S, Maffini S, Merino F, Wohlgemuth S, Vetter IR, Raunser S, Musacchio A. Structure of the RZZ complex and molecular basis of Spindly‐driven corona assembly at human kinetochores. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110411. [PMID: 35373361 PMCID: PMC9058546 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In metazoans, a ≈1 megadalton (MDa) multiprotein complex comprising the dynein–dynactin adaptor Spindly and the ROD–Zwilch–ZW10 (RZZ) complex is the building block of a fibrous biopolymer, the kinetochore fibrous corona. The corona assembles on mitotic kinetochores to promote microtubule capture and spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) signaling. We report here a high‐resolution cryo‐EM structure that captures the essential features of the RZZ complex, including a farnesyl‐binding site required for Spindly binding. Using a highly predictive in vitro assay, we demonstrate that the SAC kinase MPS1 is necessary and sufficient for corona assembly at supercritical concentrations of the RZZ–Spindly (RZZS) complex, and describe the molecular mechanism of phosphorylation‐dependent filament nucleation. We identify several structural requirements for RZZS polymerization in rings and sheets. Finally, we identify determinants of kinetochore localization and corona assembly of Spindly. Our results describe a framework for the long‐sought‐for molecular basis of corona assembly on metazoan kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Raisch
- Department of Structural Biochemistry Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Dortmund Germany
| | - Giuseppe Ciossani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Dortmund Germany
| | - Ennio d’Amico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Dortmund Germany
| | - Verena Cmentowski
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Dortmund Germany
| | - Sara Carmignani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Dortmund Germany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Dortmund Germany
| | - Felipe Merino
- Department of Structural Biochemistry Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Dortmund Germany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Dortmund Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Dortmund Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Dortmund Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Dortmund Germany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology Faculty of Biology University Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
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15
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Barbosa J, Sunkel CE, Conde C. The Role of Mitotic Kinases and the RZZ Complex in Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments: Doing the Right Link. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:787294. [PMID: 35155423 PMCID: PMC8832123 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.787294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the interaction of kinetochores (KTs) with microtubules (MTs) drives chromosome congression to the spindle equator and supports the segregation of sister chromatids. Faithful genome partition critically relies on the ability of chromosomes to establish and maintain proper amphitelic end-on attachments, a configuration in which sister KTs are connected to robust MT fibers emanating from opposite spindle poles. Because the capture of spindle MTs by KTs is error prone, cells use mechanisms that sense and correct inaccurate KT-MT interactions before committing to segregate sister chromatids in anaphase. If left unresolved, these errors can result in the unequal distribution of chromosomes and lead to aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular strategies that monitor the formation and fine-tuning of KT-MT attachments. We describe the complex network of proteins that operates at the KT-MT interface and discuss how AURORA B and PLK1 coordinate several concurrent events so that the stability of KT-MT attachments is precisely modulated throughout mitotic progression. We also outline updated knowledge on how the RZZ complex is regulated to ensure the formation of end-on attachments and the fidelity of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
| | - Claudio E. Sunkel
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
| | - Carlos Conde
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
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16
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Renda F, Khodjakov A. Role of spatial patterns and kinetochore architecture in spindle morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:75-85. [PMID: 33836948 PMCID: PMC8762378 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic spindle is a self-assembling macromolecular machine responsible for the faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Assembly of the spindle is believed to be governed by the 'Search & Capture' (S&C) principle in which dynamic microtubules explore space in search of kinetochores while the latter capture microtubules and thus connect chromosomes to the spindle. Due to the stochastic nature of the encounters between kinetochores and microtubules, the time required for incorporating all chromosomes into the spindle is profoundly affected by geometric constraints, such as the size and shape of kinetochores as well as their distribution in space at the onset of spindle assembly. In recent years, several molecular mechanisms that control these parameters have been discovered. It is now clear that stochastic S&C takes place in structured space, where components are optimally distributed and oriented to minimize steric hindrances. Nucleation of numerous non-centrosomal microtubules near kinetochores accelerates capture, while changes in the kinetochore architecture at various stages of spindle assembly promote proper connection of sister kinetochores to the opposite spindle poles. Here we discuss how the concerted action of multiple facilitating mechanisms ensure that the spindle assembles rapidly yet with a minimal number of errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fioranna Renda
- Biggs Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States.
| | - Alexey Khodjakov
- Biggs Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States.
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17
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McIntosh JR. Anaphase A. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:118-126. [PMID: 33781672 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anaphase A is the motion of recently separated chromosomes to the spindle pole they face. It is accompanied by the shortening of kinetochore-attached microtubules. The requisite tubulin depolymerization may occur at kinetochores, at poles, or both, depending on the species and/or the time in mitosis. These depolymerization events are local and suggest that cells regulate microtubule dynamics in specific places, presumably by the localization of relevant enzymes and microtubule-associated proteins to specific loci, such as pericentriolar material and outer kinetochores. Motor enzymes can contribute to anaphase A, both by altering microtubule stability and by pushing or pulling microtubules through the cell. The generation of force on chromosomes requires couplings that can both withstand the considerable force that spindles can generate and simultaneously permit tubulin addition and loss. This chapter reviews literature on the molecules that regulate anaphase microtubule dynamics, couple dynamic microtubules to kinetochores and poles, and generate forces for microtubule and chromosome motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard McIntosh
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA.
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18
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Ong JY, Bradley MC, Torres JZ. Phospho-regulation of mitotic spindle assembly. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:558-578. [PMID: 33280275 PMCID: PMC7898546 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of the bipolar mitotic spindle requires the careful orchestration of a myriad of enzyme activities like protein posttranslational modifications. Among these, phosphorylation has arisen as the principle mode for spatially and temporally activating the proteins involved in early mitotic spindle assembly processes. Here, we review key kinases, phosphatases, and phosphorylation events that regulate critical aspects of these processes. We highlight key phosphorylation substrates that are important for ensuring the fidelity of centriole duplication, centrosome maturation, and the establishment of the bipolar spindle. We also highlight techniques used to understand kinase-substrate relationships and to study phosphorylation events. We conclude with perspectives on the field of posttranslational modifications in early mitotic spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michelle C Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge Z Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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19
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Kajio N, Takeshita M, Suzuki K, Kaneda Y, Yamane H, Ikeura K, Sato H, Kato S, Shimizu H, Tsunoda K, Takeuchi T. Anti-centromere antibodies target centromere-kinetochore macrocomplex: a comprehensive autoantigen profiling. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 80:651-659. [PMID: 33208344 PMCID: PMC8053351 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Anti-centromere antibodies (ACAs) are detected in patients with various autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). However, the targeted antigens of ACAs are not fully elucidated despite the accumulating understanding of the molecular structure of the centromere. The aim of this study was to comprehensively reveal the autoantigenicity of centromere proteins. Methods A centromere antigen library including 16 principal subcomplexes composed of 41 centromere proteins was constructed. Centromere protein/complex binding beads were used to detect serum ACAs in patients with SS, SSc and PBC. ACA-secreting cells in salivary glands obtained from patients with SS were detected with green fluorescent protein-fusion centromere antigens and semiquantified with confocal microscopy. Results A total of 241 individuals with SS, SSc or PBC and healthy controls were recruited for serum ACA profiling. A broad spectrum of serum autoantibodies was observed, and some of them had comparative frequency as anti-CENP-B antibody, which is the known major ACA. The prevalence of each antibody was shared across the three diseases. Immunostaining of SS salivary glands showed the accumulation of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) specific for kinetochore, which is a part of the centromere, whereas little reactivity against CENP-B was seen. Conclusions We demonstrated that serum autoantibodies target the centromere–kinetochore macrocomplex in patients with SS, SSc and PBC. The specificity of ASCs in SS salivary glands suggests kinetochore complex-driven autoantibody selection, providing insight into the underlying mechanism of ACA acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kajio
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Takeshita
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Suzuki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Kaneda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Humitsugu Yamane
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikeura
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Sato
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Kato
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tsunoda
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Microtubules pull the strings: disordered sequences as efficient couplers of microtubule-generated force. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:371-382. [PMID: 32502246 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic polymers that grow and shrink through addition or loss of tubulin subunits at their ends. Microtubule ends generate mechanical force that moves chromosomes and cellular organelles, and provides mechanical tension. Recent literature describes a number of proteins and protein complexes that couple dynamics of microtubule ends to movements of their cellular cargoes. These 'couplers' are quite diverse in their microtubule-binding domains (MTBDs), while sharing similarity in function, but a systematic understanding of the principles underlying their activity is missing. Here, I review various types of microtubule couplers, focusing on their essential activities: ability to follow microtubule ends and capture microtubule-generated force. Most of the couplers require presence of unstructured positively charged sequences and multivalency in their microtubule-binding sites to efficiently convert the microtubule-generated force into useful connection to a cargo. An overview of the microtubule features supporting end-tracking and force-coupling, and the experimental methods to assess force-coupling properties is also provided.
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