1
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Singh K, Lau CK, Manigrasso G, Gama JB, Gassmann R, Carter AP. Molecular mechanism of dynein-dynactin complex assembly by LIS1. Science 2024; 383:eadk8544. [PMID: 38547289 PMCID: PMC7615804 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk8544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a microtubule motor vital for cellular organization and division. It functions as a ~4-megadalton complex containing its cofactor dynactin and a cargo-specific coiled-coil adaptor. However, how dynein and dynactin recognize diverse adaptors, how they interact with each other during complex formation, and the role of critical regulators such as lissencephaly-1 (LIS1) protein (LIS1) remain unclear. In this study, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of dynein-dynactin on microtubules with LIS1 and the lysosomal adaptor JIP3. This structure reveals the molecular basis of interactions occurring during dynein activation. We show how JIP3 activates dynein despite its atypical architecture. Unexpectedly, LIS1 binds dynactin's p150 subunit, tethering it along the length of dynein. Our data suggest that LIS1 and p150 constrain dynein-dynactin to ensure efficient complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashish Singh
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Clinton K. Lau
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Giulia Manigrasso
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - José B. Gama
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde – i3S / Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde – i3S / Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrew P. Carter
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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2
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Carvalho C, Barbosa DJ, Celestino R, Zanin E, Xavier Carvalho A, Gassmann R. Dynein directs prophase centrosome migration to control the stem cell division axis in the developing Caenorhabditis elegans epidermis. Genetics 2024; 226:iyae005. [PMID: 38213110 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The microtubule motor dynein is critical for the assembly and positioning of mitotic spindles. In Caenorhabditis elegans, these dynein functions have been extensively studied in the early embryo but remain poorly explored in other developmental contexts. Here, we use a hypomorphic dynein mutant to investigate the motor's contribution to asymmetric stem cell-like divisions in the larval epidermis. Live imaging of seam cell divisions that precede formation of the seam syncytium shows that mutant cells properly assemble but frequently misorient their spindle. Misoriented divisions misplace daughter cells from the seam cell row, generate anucleate compartments due to aberrant cytokinesis, and disrupt asymmetric cell fate inheritance. Consequently, the seam becomes disorganized and populated with extra cells that have lost seam identity, leading to fatal epidermal rupture. We show that dynein orients the spindle through the cortical GOA-1Gα-LIN-5NuMA pathway by directing the migration of prophase centrosomes along the anterior-posterior axis. Spindle misorientation in the dynein mutant can be partially rescued by elongating cells, implying that dynein-dependent force generation and cell shape jointly promote correct asymmetric division of epithelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Carvalho
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Daniel J Barbosa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- 1H-Toxrun-One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Celestino
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Esther Zanin
- Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
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3
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Gonçalves-Santos F, De-Castro ARG, Rodrigues DRM, De-Castro MJG, Gassmann R, Abreu CMC, Dantas TJ. Hot-wiring dynein-2 establishes roles for IFT-A in retrograde train assembly and motility. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113337. [PMID: 37883232 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) trains, built around IFT-A and IFT-B complexes, are carried by opposing motors to import and export ciliary cargo. While transported by kinesin-2 on anterograde IFT trains, the dynein-2 motor adopts an autoinhibitory conformation until it needs to be activated at the ciliary tip to power retrograde IFT. Growing evidence has linked the IFT-A complex to retrograde IFT; however, its roles in this process remain unknown. Here, we use CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing to disable the dynein-2 autoinhibition mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans and assess its impact on IFT with high-resolution live imaging and photobleaching analyses. Remarkably, this dynein-2 "hot-wiring" approach reignites retrograde motility inside IFT-A-deficient cilia without triggering tug-of-war events. In addition to providing functional evidence that multiple mechanisms maintain dynein-2 inhibited during anterograde IFT, our data establish key roles for IFT-A in mediating motor-train coupling during IFT turnaround, promoting retrograde IFT initiation, and modulating dynein-2 retrograde motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gonçalves-Santos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R G De-Castro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo R M Rodrigues
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J G De-Castro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla M C Abreu
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Tiago J Dantas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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4
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Santos IC, Silva AM, Gassmann R, Carvalho AX. Anillin and the microtubule bundler PRC1 maintain myosin in the contractile ring to ensure completion of cytokinesis. Development 2023; 150:dev201637. [PMID: 37314175 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the last step of cell division, when one cell physically divides into two cells. Cytokinesis is driven by an equatorial contractile ring and signals from antiparallel microtubule bundles (the central spindle) that form between the two masses of segregating chromosomes. Bundling of central spindle microtubules is essential for cytokinesis in cultured cells. Using a temperature-sensitive mutant of SPD-1, the homolog of the microtubule bundler PRC1, we demonstrate that SPD-1 is required for robust cytokinesis in the Caenorhabditis elegans early embryo. SPD-1 inhibition results in broadening of the contractile ring, creating an elongated intercellular bridge between sister cells at the last stages of ring constriction that fails to seal. Moreover, depleting anillin/ANI-1 in SPD-1-inhibited cells results in myosin loss from the contractile ring during the second half of furrow ingression, which in turn results in furrow regression and cytokinesis failure. Our results thus reveal a mechanism involving the joint action of anillin and PRC1, which operates during the later stages of furrow ingression to ensure continued functioning of the contractile ring until cytokinesis is complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C Santos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Silva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana X Carvalho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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5
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Abstract
The microtubule minus-end-directed motility of cytoplasmic dynein 1 (dynein), arguably the most complex and versatile cytoskeletal motor, is harnessed for diverse functions, such as long-range organelle transport in neuronal axons and spindle assembly in dividing cells. The versatility of dynein raises a number of intriguing questions, including how is dynein recruited to its diverse cargo, how is recruitment coupled to activation of the motor, how is motility regulated to meet different requirements for force production and how does dynein coordinate its activity with that of other microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) present on the same cargo. Here, these questions will be discussed in the context of dynein at the kinetochore, the supramolecular protein structure that connects segregating chromosomes to spindle microtubules in dividing cells. As the first kinetochore-localized MAP described, dynein has intrigued cell biologists for more than three decades. The first part of this Review summarizes current knowledge about how kinetochore dynein contributes to efficient and accurate spindle assembly, and the second part describes the underlying molecular mechanisms and highlights emerging commonalities with dynein regulation at other subcellular sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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6
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Rocha H, Simões PA, Budrewicz J, Lara-Gonzalez P, Carvalho AX, Dumont J, Desai A, Gassmann R. Nuclear-enriched protein phosphatase 4 ensures outer kinetochore assembly prior to nuclear dissolution. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213846. [PMID: 36719399 PMCID: PMC9930252 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A landmark event in the transition from interphase to mitosis in metazoans is nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD). Important mitotic events occur prior to NEBD, including condensation of replicated chromosomes and assembly of kinetochores to rapidly engage spindle microtubules. Here, we show that nuclear-enriched protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) ensures robust assembly of the microtubule-coupling outer kinetochore prior to NEBD. In the absence of PP4, chromosomes exhibit extended monopolar orientation after NEBD and subsequently mis-segregate. A secondary consequence of diminished outer kinetochore assembly is defective sister chromatid resolution. After NEBD, a cytoplasmic activity compensates for PP4 loss, leading to outer kinetochore assembly and recovery of chromosomes from monopolar orientation to significant bi-orientation. The Ndc80-Ska microtubule-binding module of the outer kinetochore is required for this recovery. PP4 associates with the inner kinetochore protein CENP-C; however, disrupting the PP4-CENP-C interaction does not perturb chromosome segregation. These results establish that PP4-dependent outer kinetochore assembly prior to NEBD is critical for timely and proper engagement of chromosomes with spindle microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Rocha
- https://ror.org/05qpmg879Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde – i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia A. Simões
- https://ror.org/05qpmg879Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde – i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jacqueline Budrewicz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Lara-Gonzalez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- https://ror.org/05qpmg879Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde – i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Julien Dumont
- https://ror.org/02c5gc203Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Reto Gassmann
- https://ror.org/05qpmg879Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde – i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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7
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Silva AM, Chan FY, Norman MJ, Sobral AF, Zanin E, Gassmann R, Belmonte JM, Carvalho AX. β-heavy-spectrin stabilizes the constricting contractile ring during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213538. [PMID: 36219157 PMCID: PMC9559602 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis requires the constriction of an actomyosin-based contractile ring and involves multiple F-actin crosslinkers. We show that partial depletion of the C. elegans cytokinetic formin generates contractile rings with low F-actin levels that constrict but are structurally fragile, and we use this background to investigate the roles of the crosslinkers plastin/PLST-1 and β-heavy-spectrin/SMA-1 during ring constriction. We show that the removal of PLST-1 or SMA-1 has opposite effects on the structural integrity of fragile rings. PLST-1 loss reduces cortical tension that resists ring constriction and makes fragile rings less prone to ruptures and regressions, whereas SMA-1 loss exacerbates structural defects, leading to frequent ruptures and cytokinesis failure. Fragile rings without SMA-1 or containing a shorter SMA-1, repeatedly rupture at the same site, and SMA-1::GFP accumulates at repair sites in fragile rings and in rings cut by laser microsurgery. These results establish that β-heavy-spectrin stabilizes the constricting ring and reveals the importance of β-heavy-spectrin size for network connectivity at low F-actin density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marta Silva
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael J. Norman
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC,Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Ana Filipa Sobral
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Esther Zanin
- Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reto Gassmann
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Julio Monti Belmonte
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC,Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Correspondence to Ana Xavier Carvalho:
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8
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Celestino R, Gama JB, Castro-Rodrigues AF, Barbosa DJ, Rocha H, d’Amico EA, Musacchio A, Carvalho AX, Morais-Cabral JH, Gassmann R. JIP3 interacts with dynein and kinesin-1 to regulate bidirectional organelle transport. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213353. [PMID: 35829703 PMCID: PMC9284427 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202110057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The MAP kinase and motor scaffold JIP3 prevents excess lysosome accumulation in axons of vertebrates and invertebrates. How JIP3's interaction with dynein and kinesin-1 contributes to organelle clearance is unclear. We show that human dynein light intermediate chain (DLIC) binds the N-terminal RH1 domain of JIP3, its paralog JIP4, and the lysosomal adaptor RILP. A point mutation in RH1 abrogates DLIC binding without perturbing the interaction between JIP3's RH1 domain and kinesin heavy chain. Characterization of this separation-of-function mutation in Caenorhabditis elegans shows that JIP3-bound dynein is required for organelle clearance in the anterior process of touch receptor neurons. Unlike JIP3 null mutants, JIP3 that cannot bind DLIC causes prominent accumulation of endo-lysosomal organelles at the neurite tip, which is rescued by a disease-associated point mutation in JIP3's leucine zipper that abrogates kinesin light chain binding. These results highlight that RH1 domains are interaction hubs for cytoskeletal motors and suggest that JIP3-bound dynein and kinesin-1 participate in bidirectional organelle transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Celestino
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José B. Gama
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Daniel J. Barbosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative (CESPU), Cooperative of Limited Liability (CRL), Gandra, Portugal
| | - Helder Rocha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ennio A. d’Amico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João H. Morais-Cabral
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde—i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Correspondence to Reto Gassmann:
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9
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De-Castro ARG, Rodrigues DRM, De-Castro MJG, Vieira N, Vieira C, Carvalho AX, Gassmann R, Abreu CMC, Dantas TJ. WDR60-mediated dynein-2 loading into cilia powers retrograde IFT and transition zone crossing. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212746. [PMID: 34739033 PMCID: PMC8576871 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynein-2 motor complex drives retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT), playing a pivotal role in the assembly and functions of cilia. However, the mechanisms that regulate dynein-2 motility remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the Caenorhabditis elegans WDR60 homologue, WDR-60, and dissect the roles of this intermediate chain using genome editing and live imaging of endogenous dynein-2/IFT components. We find that loss of WDR-60 impairs dynein-2 recruitment to cilia and its incorporation onto anterograde IFT trains, reducing retrograde motor availability at the ciliary tip. Consistent with this, we show that fewer dynein-2 motors power WDR-60–deficient retrograde IFT trains, which move at reduced velocities and fail to exit cilia, accumulating on the distal side of the transition zone. Remarkably, disrupting the transition zone’s NPHP module almost fully restores ciliary exit of underpowered retrograde trains in wdr-60 mutants. This work establishes WDR-60 as a major contributor to IFT, and the NPHP module as a roadblock to dynein-2 passage through the transition zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R G De-Castro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo R M Rodrigues
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J G De-Castro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Neide Vieira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cármen Vieira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana X Carvalho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla M C Abreu
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago J Dantas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Sobral AF, Chan FY, Norman MJ, Osório DS, Dias AB, Ferreira V, Barbosa DJ, Cheerambathur D, Gassmann R, Belmonte JM, Carvalho AX. Plastin and spectrin cooperate to stabilize the actomyosin cortex during cytokinesis. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5415-5428.e10. [PMID: 34666005 PMCID: PMC8699742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the process that partitions the mother cell into two daughter cells, requires the assembly and constriction of an equatorial actomyosin network. Different types of non-motor F-actin crosslinkers localize to the network, but their functional contribution remains poorly understood. Here, we describe a synergy between the small rigid crosslinker plastin and the large flexible crosslinker spectrin in the C. elegans one-cell embryo. In contrast to single inhibitions, co-inhibition of plastin and the βH-spectrin (SMA-1) results in cytokinesis failure due to progressive disorganization and eventual collapse of the equatorial actomyosin network. Cortical localization dynamics of non-muscle myosin II in co-inhibited embryos mimic those observed after drug-induced F-actin depolymerization, suggesting that the combined action of plastin and spectrin stabilizes F-actin in the contractile ring. An in silico model predicts that spectrin is more efficient than plastin at stabilizing the ring and that ring formation is relatively insensitive to βH-spectrin length, which is confirmed in vivo with a sma-1 mutant that lacks 11 of its 29 spectrin repeats. Our findings provide the first evidence that spectrin contributes to cytokinesis and highlight the importance of crosslinker interplay for actomyosin network integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Sobral
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael J Norman
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Daniel S Osório
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Beatriz Dias
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel J Barbosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dhanya Cheerambathur
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Julio Monti Belmonte
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Barbosa DJ, Teixeira V, Duro J, Carvalho AX, Gassmann R. Dynein-dynactin segregate meiotic chromosomes in C. elegans spermatocytes. Development 2021; 148:dev.197780. [PMID: 33462114 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein 1 (dynein) and its essential activator dynactin have conserved roles in spindle assembly and positioning during female meiosis and mitosis, but their contribution to male meiosis remains poorly understood. Here, we characterize the G33S mutation in the C. elegans dynactin subunit DNC-1, which corresponds to G59S in human p150Glued that causes motor neuron disease. In spermatocytes, dnc-1(G33S) delays spindle assembly and penetrantly inhibits anaphase spindle elongation in meiosis I, which prevents the segregation of homologous chromosomes. By contrast, chromosomes segregate without errors in the early dnc-1(G33S) embryo. Deletion of the DNC-1 N-terminus shows that defective meiosis in dnc-1(G33S) spermatocytes is not due to the inability of DNC-1 to interact with microtubules. Instead, our results suggest that the DNC-1(G33S) protein, which is aggregation prone in vitro, is less stable in spermatocytes than the early embryo, resulting in different phenotypic severity in the two dividing tissues. Thus, the dnc-1(G33S) mutant reveals that dynein-dynactin drive meiotic chromosome segregation in spermatocytes and illustrates that the extent to which protein misfolding leads to loss of function can vary significantly between cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Barbosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Teixeira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Duro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana X Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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12
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Gassmann R. Cell Division: Chromatin Dynamics Shape Insect Holocentromeres. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R34-R37. [PMID: 33434487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Centromeres, the chromosomal loci that ensure chromosome segregation by directing kinetochore assembly, are typically marked by the histone CENP-A. A study in CENP-A-deficient insects finds that virtually any chromosomal region with low nucleosome turnover can assemble kinetochores, highlighting the extraordinary plasticity of holocentromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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13
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Leite J, Chan FY, Osório DS, Saramago J, Sobral AF, Silva AM, Gassmann R, Carvalho AX. Equatorial Non-muscle Myosin II and Plastin Cooperate to Align and Compact F-actin Bundles in the Cytokinetic Ring. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:573393. [PMID: 33102479 PMCID: PMC7546906 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.573393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the last step of cell division that physically partitions the mother cell into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis requires the assembly and constriction of a contractile ring, a circumferential array of filamentous actin (F-actin), non-muscle myosin II motors (myosin), and actin-binding proteins that forms at the cell equator. Cytokinesis is accompanied by long-range cortical flows from regions of relaxation toward regions of compression. In the C. elegans one-cell embryo, it has been suggested that anterior-directed cortical flows are the main driver of contractile ring assembly. Here, we use embryos co-expressing motor-dead and wild-type myosin to show that cortical flows can be severely reduced without major effects on contractile ring assembly and timely completion of cytokinesis. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in the ingressing furrow reveals that myosin recruitment kinetics are also unaffected by the absence of cortical flows. We find that myosin cooperates with the F-actin crosslinker plastin to align and compact F-actin bundles at the cell equator, and that this cross-talk is essential for cytokinesis. Our results thus argue against the idea that cortical flows are a major determinant of contractile ring assembly. Instead, we propose that contractile ring assembly requires localized concerted action of motor-competent myosin and plastin at the cell equator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Leite
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel S Osório
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Saramago
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F Sobral
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Silva
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana X Carvalho
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Abstract
The spindle checkpoint protects against aneuploidy by ensuring that dividing cells only proceed with chromosome segregation once all kinetochores are stably attached to spindle microtubules. The checkpoint protein MAD1 localizes to the corona, a structural expansion of the kinetochore forming in the absence of microtubule attachment, but molecular mechanism or functional significance of this localization remains unknown. Recent results now show that cyclin B1 recruits MAD1 to the corona and that this MAD1 pool is required for robust checkpoint signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Conde
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Kops GJPL, Gassmann R. Crowning the Kinetochore: The Fibrous Corona in Chromosome Segregation. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:653-667. [PMID: 32386879 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is at the heart of chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. Rather than a static linker complex for chromatin and spindle microtubules, it is highly dynamic in composition, size, and shape. While known for decades that it can expand and grow a fibrous meshwork known as the corona, it was until recently unclear what constitutes this 'crown' and what its relevance is for kinetochore function. Here, we highlight recent discoveries in fibrous corona biology, and place them in the context of the processes that orchestrate high-fidelity chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert J P L Kops
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584, CT, The Netherlands.
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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16
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Osório DS, Chan FY, Saramago J, Leite J, Silva AM, Sobral AF, Gassmann R, Carvalho AX. Crosslinking activity of non-muscle myosin II is not sufficient for embryonic cytokinesis in C. elegans. Development 2019; 146:dev.179150. [PMID: 31582415 PMCID: PMC6857588 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis in animal cells requires the assembly and constriction of a contractile actomyosin ring. Non-muscle myosin II is essential for cytokinesis, but the role of its motor activity remains unclear. Here, we examine cytokinesis in C. elegans embryos expressing non-muscle myosin motor mutants generated by genome editing. Two non-muscle motor-dead myosins capable of binding F-actin do not support cytokinesis in the one-cell embryo, and two partially motor-impaired myosins delay cytokinesis and render rings more sensitive to reduced myosin levels. Further analysis of myosin mutants suggests that it is myosin motor activity, and not the ability of myosin to crosslink F-actin, that drives the alignment and compaction of F-actin bundles during contractile ring assembly, and that myosin motor activity sets the pace of contractile ring constriction. We conclude that myosin motor activity is required at all stages of cytokinesis. Finally, characterization of the corresponding motor mutations in C. elegans major muscle myosin shows that motor activity is required for muscle contraction but is dispensable for F-actin organization in adult muscles. This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview. Highlighted Article: The motor activity of non-muscle myosin II is essential for cytokinesis and contributes to all stages of the process in C. elegans embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Osório
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal .,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Saramago
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Leite
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F Sobral
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal .,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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17
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Celestino R, Henen MA, Gama JB, Carvalho C, McCabe M, Barbosa DJ, Born A, Nichols PJ, Carvalho AX, Gassmann R, Vögeli B. A transient helix in the disordered region of dynein light intermediate chain links the motor to structurally diverse adaptors for cargo transport. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000100. [PMID: 30615611 PMCID: PMC6336354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All animal cells use the motor cytoplasmic dynein 1 (dynein) to transport diverse cargo toward microtubule minus ends and to organize and position microtubule arrays such as the mitotic spindle. Cargo-specific adaptors engage with dynein to recruit and activate the motor, but the molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we use structural and dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis to demonstrate that the C-terminal region of human dynein light intermediate chain 1 (LIC1) is intrinsically disordered and contains two short conserved segments with helical propensity. NMR titration experiments reveal that the first helical segment (helix 1) constitutes the main interaction site for the adaptors Spindly (SPDL1), bicaudal D homolog 2 (BICD2), and Hook homolog 3 (HOOK3). In vitro binding assays show that helix 1, but not helix 2, is essential in both LIC1 and LIC2 for binding to SPDL1, BICD2, HOOK3, RAB-interacting lysosomal protein (RILP), RAB11 family-interacting protein 3 (RAB11FIP3), ninein (NIN), and trafficking kinesin-binding protein 1 (TRAK1). Helix 1 is sufficient to bind RILP, whereas other adaptors require additional segments preceding helix 1 for efficient binding. Point mutations in the C-terminal helix 1 of Caenorhabditis elegans LIC, introduced by genome editing, severely affect development, locomotion, and life span of the animal and disrupt the distribution and transport kinetics of membrane cargo in axons of mechanosensory neurons, identical to what is observed when the entire LIC C-terminal region is deleted. Deletion of the C-terminal helix 2 delays dynein-dependent spindle positioning in the one-cell embryo but overall does not significantly perturb dynein function. We conclude that helix 1 in the intrinsically disordered region of LIC provides a conserved link between dynein and structurally diverse cargo adaptor families that is critical for dynein function in vivo. A highly conserved mechanism links the microtubule minus end–directed motor dynein to structurally diverse cargo adaptors through its light intermediate chain; this interaction is crucial for dynein function in vivo. The large size and complex organization of animal cells make the correct and efficient distribution of intracellular content a challenge. The solution is to use motor proteins, which harness energy from ATP hydrolysis to walk along actin filaments or microtubules, for directional transport of cargo. The multi-subunit motor cytoplasmic dynein 1 (dynein) is responsible for transport directed toward the minus ends of microtubules. An important question is how dynein is recruited to its diverse cargo, which includes organelles such as endosomes and mitochondria, proteins, and mRNA. In this study, we use nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to show that the light intermediate chain (LIC) subunit of human dynein uses a short helix in its disordered C-terminal region to bind structurally distinct adaptor proteins that connect the motor to specific cargo. We then use genome editing in the animal model C. elegans to demonstrate the functional relevance of the C-terminal LIC helix for dynein-dependent cargo transport in neurons. Thus, dynein recruitment to cargo involves a highly conserved interaction between LIC and adaptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Celestino
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Morkos A. Henen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - José B. Gama
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maxwell McCabe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Barbosa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Born
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Parker J. Nichols
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ana X. Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (RG); (BV)
| | - Beat Vögeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RG); (BV)
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18
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Chan FY, Silva AM, Saramago J, Pereira-Sousa J, Brighton HE, Pereira M, Oegema K, Gassmann R, Carvalho AX. The ARP2/3 complex prevents excessive formin activity during cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 30:96-107. [PMID: 30403552 PMCID: PMC6337913 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-07-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis completes cell division by constriction of an actomyosin contractile ring that separates the two daughter cells. Here we use the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo to explore how the actin filament network in the ring and the surrounding cortex is regulated by the single cytokinesis formin CYK-1 and the ARP2/3 complex, which nucleate nonbranched and branched filaments, respectively. We show that CYK-1 and the ARP2/3 complex are the predominant F-actin nucleators responsible for generating distinct cortical F-actin architectures and that depletion of either nucleator affects the kinetics of cytokinesis. CYK-1 is critical for normal F-actin levels in the contractile ring, and acute inhibition of CYK-1 after furrow ingression slows ring constriction rate, suggesting that CYK-1 activity is required throughout ring constriction. Surprisingly, although the ARP2/3 complex does not localize in the contractile ring, depletion of the ARP2 subunit or treatment with ARP2/3 complex inhibitor delays contractile ring formation and constriction. We present evidence that the delays are due to an excess in formin-nucleated cortical F-actin, suggesting that the ARP2/3 complex negatively regulates CYK-1 activity. We conclude that the kinetics of cytokinesis are modulated by interplay between the two major actin filament nucleators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fung-Yi Chan
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Saramago
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Pereira-Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hailey E Brighton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Marisa Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Karen Oegema
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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19
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Pereira C, Reis RM, Gama JB, Celestino R, Cheerambathur DK, Carvalho AX, Gassmann R. Self-Assembly of the RZZ Complex into Filaments Drives Kinetochore Expansion in the Absence of Microtubule Attachment. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3408-3421.e8. [PMID: 30415699 PMCID: PMC6224608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is a dynamic multi-protein assembly that forms on each sister chromatid and interacts with microtubules of the mitotic spindle to drive chromosome segregation. In animals, kinetochores without attached microtubules expand their outermost layer into crescent and ring shapes to promote microtubule capture and spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) signaling. Kinetochore expansion is an example of protein co-polymerization, but the mechanism is not understood. Here, we present evidence that kinetochore expansion is driven by oligomerization of the Rod-Zw10-Zwilch (RZZ) complex, an outer kinetochore component that recruits the motor dynein and the SAC proteins Mad1-Mad2. Depletion of ROD in human cells suppresses kinetochore expansion, as does depletion of Spindly, the adaptor that connects RZZ to dynein, although dynein itself is dispensable. Expansion is also suppressed by mutating ZWILCH residues implicated in Spindly binding. Conversely, supplying cells with excess ROD facilitates kinetochore expansion under otherwise prohibitive conditions. Using the C. elegans early embryo, we demonstrate that ROD-1 has a concentration-dependent propensity for oligomerizing into micrometer-scale filaments, and we identify the ROD-1 β-propeller as a key regulator of self-assembly. Finally, we show that a minimal ROD-1-Zw10 complex efficiently oligomerizes into filaments in vitro. Our results suggest that RZZ's capacity for oligomerization is harnessed by kinetochores to assemble the expanded outermost domain, in which RZZ filaments serve as recruitment platforms for SAC components and microtubule-binding proteins. Thus, we propose that reversible RZZ self-assembly into filaments underlies the adaptive change in kinetochore size that contributes to chromosome segregation fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita M Reis
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - José B Gama
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Celestino
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ana X Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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20
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Simões PA, Celestino R, Carvalho AX, Gassmann R. NudE regulates dynein at kinetochores but is dispensable for other dynein functions in the C. elegans early embryo. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.212159. [PMID: 29192061 PMCID: PMC5818066 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.212159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In mitosis, the molecular motor dynein is recruited to kinetochores by the Rod-Zw10-Zwilch complex (RZZ) and Spindly to control spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) signaling and microtubule attachment. How the ubiquitous dynein co-factors Lis1 and NudE contribute to these functions remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the C. elegans NudE homolog NUD-2 is dispensable for dynein- and LIS-1-dependent mitotic spindle assembly in the zygote. This facilitates functional characterization of kinetochore-localized NUD-2, which is recruited by the CENP-F-like proteins HCP-1 and HCP-2 independently of RZZ-Spindly and dynein-LIS-1. Kinetochore dynein levels are reduced in Δnud-2 embryos, and, as occurs upon RZZ inhibition, loss of NUD-2 delays the formation of load-bearing kinetochore-microtubule attachments and causes chromatin bridges in anaphase. Survival of Δnud-2 embryos requires a functional SAC, and kinetochores without NUD-2 recruit an excess of SAC proteins. Consistent with this, SAC signaling in early Δnud-2 embryos extends mitotic duration and prevents high rates of chromosome mis-segregation. Our results reveal that both NUD-2 and RZZ-Spindly are essential for dynein function at kinetochores, and that the gain in SAC strength during early embryonic development is relevant under conditions that mildly perturb mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia A Simões
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Celestino
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana X Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal .,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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21
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Barbosa DJ, Duro J, Prevo B, Cheerambathur DK, Carvalho AX, Gassmann R. Dynactin binding to tyrosinated microtubules promotes centrosome centration in C. elegans by enhancing dynein-mediated organelle transport. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006941. [PMID: 28759579 PMCID: PMC5552355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-based motor dynein generates pulling forces for centrosome centration and mitotic spindle positioning in animal cells. How the essential dynein activator dynactin regulates these functions of the motor is incompletely understood. Here, we dissect the role of dynactin's microtubule binding activity, located in the p150 CAP-Gly domain and an adjacent basic patch, in the C. elegans zygote. Analysis of p150 mutants engineered by genome editing suggests that microtubule tip tracking of dynein-dynactin is dispensable for targeting the motor to the cell cortex and for generating robust cortical pulling forces. Instead, mutations in p150's CAP-Gly domain inhibit cytoplasmic pulling forces responsible for centration of centrosomes and attached pronuclei. The centration defects are mimicked by mutations of α-tubulin's C-terminal tyrosine, and both p150 CAP-Gly and tubulin tyrosine mutants decrease the frequency of early endosome transport from the cell periphery towards centrosomes during centration. Our results suggest that p150 GAP-Gly domain binding to tyrosinated microtubules promotes initiation of dynein-mediated organelle transport in the dividing one-cell embryo, and that this function of p150 is critical for generating cytoplasmic pulling forces for centrosome centration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Barbosa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Duro
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bram Prevo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Dept of Cellular & Molecular Medicine UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Dhanya K. Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Dept of Cellular & Molecular Medicine UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ana X. Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Gama JB, Pereira C, Simões PA, Celestino R, Reis RM, Barbosa DJ, Pires HR, Carvalho C, Amorim J, Carvalho AX, Cheerambathur DK, Gassmann R. Molecular mechanism of dynein recruitment to kinetochores by the Rod-Zw10-Zwilch complex and Spindly. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:943-960. [PMID: 28320824 PMCID: PMC5379953 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynein motor is recruited to the kinetochore to capture spindle microtubules and control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Gama et al. reveal the molecular mechanism of how the Rod–Zw10–Zwilch complex and Spindly mediate dynein recruitment in Caenorhabditis elegans and human cells. The molecular motor dynein concentrates at the kinetochore region of mitotic chromosomes in animals to accelerate spindle microtubule capture and to control spindle checkpoint signaling. In this study, we describe the molecular mechanism used by the Rod–Zw10–Zwilch complex and the adaptor Spindly to recruit dynein to kinetochores in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos and human cells. We show that Rod’s N-terminal β-propeller and the associated Zwilch subunit bind Spindly’s C-terminal domain, and we identify a specific Zwilch mutant that abrogates Spindly and dynein recruitment in vivo and Spindly binding to a Rod β-propeller–Zwilch complex in vitro. Spindly’s N-terminal coiled-coil uses distinct motifs to bind dynein light intermediate chain and the pointed-end complex of dynactin. Mutations in these motifs inhibit assembly of a dynein–dynactin–Spindly complex, and a null mutant of the dynactin pointed-end subunit p27 prevents kinetochore recruitment of dynein–dynactin without affecting other mitotic functions of the motor. Conservation of Spindly-like motifs in adaptors involved in intracellular transport suggests a common mechanism for linking dynein to cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- José B Gama
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia A Simões
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Celestino
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita M Reis
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel J Barbosa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena R Pires
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Amorim
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana X Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal .,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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23
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Silva AM, Osório DS, Pereira AJ, Maiato H, Pinto IM, Rubinstein B, Gassmann R, Telley IA, Carvalho AX. Robust gap repair in the contractile ring ensures timely completion of cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:789-799. [PMID: 27974482 PMCID: PMC5166501 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201605080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using laser microsurgery, Silva et al. show that gaps in the contractile ring can be repaired at any stage of constriction, allowing for successful and timely cytokinesis. Their results support a contractile unit model for constriction of the cytokinetic ring. Cytokinesis in animal cells requires the constriction of an actomyosin contractile ring, whose architecture and mechanism remain poorly understood. We use laser microsurgery to explore the biophysical properties of constricting rings in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Laser cutting causes rings to snap open. However, instead of disintegrating, ring topology recovers and constriction proceeds. In response to severing, a finite gap forms and is repaired by recruitment of new material in an actin polymerization–dependent manner. An open ring is able to constrict, and rings repair from successive cuts. After gap repair, an increase in constriction velocity allows cytokinesis to complete at the same time as controls. Our analysis demonstrates that tension in the ring increases while net cortical tension at the site of ingression decreases throughout constriction and suggests that cytokinesis is accomplished by contractile modules that assemble and contract autonomously, enabling local repair of the actomyosin network. Consequently, cytokinesis is a highly robust process impervious to discontinuities in contractile ring structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel S Osório
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio J Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Mendes Pinto
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivo Andreas Telley
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal .,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Holland AJ, Reis RM, Niessen S, Pereira C, Andres DA, Spielmann HP, Cleveland DW, Desai A, Gassmann R. Preventing farnesylation of the dynein adaptor Spindly contributes to the mitotic defects caused by farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1845-56. [PMID: 25808490 PMCID: PMC4436830 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore-specific dynein adaptor Spindly is identified as a novel substrate of farnesyltransferase in human cells. Farnesylation is required for Spindly accumulation at kinetochores, and nonfarnesylated Spindly delays chromosome congression, providing new mechanistic insight into the biological effect of farnesyltransferase inhibitors. The clinical interest in farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) makes it important to understand how these compounds affect cellular processes involving farnesylated proteins. Mitotic abnormalities observed after treatment with FTIs have so far been attributed to defects in the farnesylation of the outer kinetochore proteins CENP-E and CENP-F, which are involved in chromosome congression and spindle assembly checkpoint signaling. Here we identify the cytoplasmic dynein adaptor Spindly as an additional component of the outer kinetochore that is modified by farnesyltransferase (FTase). We show that farnesylation of Spindly is essential for its localization, and thus for the proper localization of dynein and its cofactor dynactin, to prometaphase kinetochores and that Spindly kinetochore recruitment is more severely affected by FTase inhibition than kinetochore recruitment of CENP-E and CENP-F. Molecular replacement experiments show that both Spindly and CENP-E farnesylation are required for efficient chromosome congression. The identification of Spindly as a new mitotic substrate of FTase provides insight into the causes of the mitotic phenotypes observed with FTase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Holland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rita M Reis
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Sherry Niessen
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Center for Physiological Proteomics, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Cláudia Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Douglas A Andres
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kentucky Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - H Peter Spielmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kentucky Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 Department of Chemistry, Markey Cancer Center, Kentucky Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
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25
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Cheerambathur DK, Gassmann R, Cook B, Oegema K, Desai A. Crosstalk between microtubule attachment complexes ensures accurate chromosome segregation. Science 2013; 342:1239-42. [PMID: 24231804 DOI: 10.1126/science.1246232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule-based mitotic spindle segregates chromosomes during cell division. During chromosome segregation, the centromeric regions of chromosomes build kinetochores that establish end-coupled attachments to spindle microtubules. Here, we used the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo as a model system to examine the crosstalk between two kinetochore protein complexes implicated in temporally distinct stages of attachment formation. The kinetochore dynein module, which mediates initial lateral microtubule capture, inhibited microtubule binding by the Ndc80 complex, which ultimately forms the end-coupled attachments that segregate chromosomes. The kinetochore dynein module directly regulated Ndc80, independently of phosphorylation by Aurora B kinase, and this regulation was required for accurate segregation. Thus, the conversion from initial dynein-mediated, lateral attachments to correctly oriented, Ndc80-mediated end-coupled attachments is actively controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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26
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Varma D, Wan X, Cheerambathur D, Gassmann R, Suzuki A, Lawrimore J, Desai A, Salmon ED. Spindle assembly checkpoint proteins are positioned close to core microtubule attachment sites at kinetochores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:735-46. [PMID: 23979716 PMCID: PMC3760617 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201304197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Depletion analyses and nanometer-scale mapping of spindle assembly checkpoint proteins reveal how these proteins are integrated within the substructure of the kinetochore. Spindle assembly checkpoint proteins have been thought to reside in the peripheral corona region of the kinetochore, distal to microtubule attachment sites at the outer plate. However, recent biochemical evidence indicates that checkpoint proteins are closely linked to the core kinetochore microtubule attachment site comprised of the Knl1–Mis12–Ndc80 (KMN) complexes/KMN network. In this paper, we show that the Knl1–Zwint1 complex is required to recruit the Rod–Zwilch–Zw10 (RZZ) and Mad1–Mad2 complexes to the outer kinetochore. Consistent with this, nanometer-scale mapping indicates that RZZ, Mad1–Mad2, and the C terminus of the dynein recruitment factor Spindly are closely juxtaposed with the KMN network in metaphase cells when their dissociation is blocked and the checkpoint is active. In contrast, the N terminus of Spindly is ∼75 nm outside the calponin homology domain of the Ndc80 complex. These results reveal how checkpoint proteins are integrated within the substructure of the kinetochore and will aid in understanding the coordination of microtubule attachment and checkpoint signaling during chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Varma
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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27
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Stevens D, Gassmann R, Oegema K, Desai A. Uncoordinated loss of chromatid cohesion is a common outcome of extended metaphase arrest. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22969. [PMID: 21829677 PMCID: PMC3149067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation requires coordinated separation of sister chromatids following biorientation of all chromosomes on the mitotic spindle. Chromatid separation at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition is accomplished by cleavage of the cohesin complex that holds chromatids together. Here we show using live-cell imaging that extending the metaphase bioriented state using five independent perturbations (expression of non-degradable Cyclin B, expression of a Spindly point mutant that prevents spindle checkpoint silencing, depletion of the anaphase inducer Cdc20, treatment with a proteasome inhibitor, or treatment with an inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin CENP-E) leads to eventual scattering of chromosomes on the spindle. This scattering phenotype is characterized by uncoordinated loss of cohesion between some, but not all sister chromatids and subsequent spindle defects that include centriole separation. Cells with scattered chromosomes persist long-term in a mitotic state and eventually die or exit. Partial cohesion loss-associated scattering is observed in both transformed cells and in karyotypically normal human cells, albeit at lower penetrance. Suppressing microtubule dynamics reduces scattering, suggesting that cohesion at centromeres is unable to resist dynamic microtubule-dependent pulling forces on the kinetochores. Consistent with this view, strengthening cohesion by inhibiting the two pathways responsible for its removal significantly inhibits scattering. These results establish that chromosome scattering due to uncoordinated partial loss of chromatid cohesion is a common outcome following extended arrest with bioriented chromosomes in human cells. These findings have important implications for analysis of mitotic phenotypes in human cells and for development of anti-mitotic chemotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Stevens
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gerstein MB, Lu ZJ, Van Nostrand EL, Cheng C, Arshinoff BI, Liu T, Yip KY, Robilotto R, Rechtsteiner A, Ikegami K, Alves P, Chateigner A, Perry M, Morris M, Auerbach RK, Feng X, Leng J, Vielle A, Niu W, Rhrissorrakrai K, Agarwal A, Alexander RP, Barber G, Brdlik CM, Brennan J, Brouillet JJ, Carr A, Cheung MS, Clawson H, Contrino S, Dannenberg LO, Dernburg AF, Desai A, Dick L, Dosé AC, Du J, Egelhofer T, Ercan S, Euskirchen G, Ewing B, Feingold EA, Gassmann R, Good PJ, Green P, Gullier F, Gutwein M, Guyer MS, Habegger L, Han T, Henikoff JG, Henz SR, Hinrichs A, Holster H, Hyman T, Iniguez AL, Janette J, Jensen M, Kato M, Kent WJ, Kephart E, Khivansara V, Khurana E, Kim JK, Kolasinska-Zwierz P, Lai EC, Latorre I, Leahey A, Lewis S, Lloyd P, Lochovsky L, Lowdon RF, Lubling Y, Lyne R, MacCoss M, Mackowiak SD, Mangone M, McKay S, Mecenas D, Merrihew G, Miller DM, Muroyama A, Murray JI, Ooi SL, Pham H, Phippen T, Preston EA, Rajewsky N, Rätsch G, Rosenbaum H, Rozowsky J, Rutherford K, Ruzanov P, Sarov M, Sasidharan R, Sboner A, Scheid P, Segal E, Shin H, Shou C, Slack FJ, Slightam C, Smith R, Spencer WC, Stinson EO, Taing S, Takasaki T, Vafeados D, Voronina K, Wang G, Washington NL, Whittle CM, Wu B, Yan KK, Zeller G, Zha Z, Zhong M, Zhou X, Ahringer J, Strome S, Gunsalus KC, Micklem G, Liu XS, Reinke V, Kim SK, Hillier LW, Henikoff S, Piano F, Snyder M, Stein L, Lieb JD, Waterston RH. Integrative analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome by the modENCODE project. Science 2010; 330:1775-87. [PMID: 21177976 PMCID: PMC3142569 DOI: 10.1126/science.1196914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 741] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We systematically generated large-scale data sets to improve genome annotation for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a key model organism. These data sets include transcriptome profiling across a developmental time course, genome-wide identification of transcription factor-binding sites, and maps of chromatin organization. From this, we created more complete and accurate gene models, including alternative splice forms and candidate noncoding RNAs. We constructed hierarchical networks of transcription factor-binding and microRNA interactions and discovered chromosomal locations bound by an unusually large number of transcription factors. Different patterns of chromatin composition and histone modification were revealed between chromosome arms and centers, with similarly prominent differences between autosomes and the X chromosome. Integrating data types, we built statistical models relating chromatin, transcription factor binding, and gene expression. Overall, our analyses ascribed putative functions to most of the conserved genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Gerstein
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, 51 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Zhi John Lu
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Eric L. Van Nostrand
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bradley I. Arshinoff
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Y. Yip
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rebecca Robilotto
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andreas Rechtsteiner
- Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kohta Ikegami
- Department of Biology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pedro Alves
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aurelien Chateigner
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK, and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Marc Perry
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Mitzi Morris
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 1009 Silver Center, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003–6688, USA
| | - Raymond K. Auerbach
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xin Feng
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stonybrook, Stonybrook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jing Leng
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Anne Vielle
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06824, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520–8005, USA
| | - Kahn Rhrissorrakrai
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 1009 Silver Center, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003–6688, USA
| | - Ashish Agarwal
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, 51 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Roger P. Alexander
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Galt Barber
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Cathleen M. Brdlik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer Brennan
- Department of Biology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Adrian Carr
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK, and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Ming-Sin Cheung
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Hiram Clawson
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Sergio Contrino
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK, and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | | | - Abby F. Dernburg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute Cancer Research/Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093–0653, USA
| | - Lindsay Dick
- David Rockefeller Graduate Program, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andréa C. Dosé
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, 51 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Thea Egelhofer
- Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Sevinc Ercan
- Department of Biology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ghia Euskirchen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06824, USA
| | - Brent Ewing
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, William H. Foege Building S350D, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Post Office Box 355065, Seattle, WA 98195–5065, USA
| | - Elise A. Feingold
- Division of Extramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Suite 4076, Bethesda, MD 20892–9305, USA
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Ludwig Institute Cancer Research/Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093–0653, USA
| | - Peter J. Good
- Division of Extramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Suite 4076, Bethesda, MD 20892–9305, USA
| | - Phil Green
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, William H. Foege Building S350D, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Post Office Box 355065, Seattle, WA 98195–5065, USA
| | - Francois Gullier
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK, and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Michelle Gutwein
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 1009 Silver Center, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003–6688, USA
| | - Mark S. Guyer
- Division of Extramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Suite 4076, Bethesda, MD 20892–9305, USA
| | - Lukas Habegger
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ting Han
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2216, USA
| | - Jorja G. Henikoff
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan R. Henz
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 37-39, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angie Hinrichs
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Heather Holster
- Roche NimbleGen, 500 South Rosa Road, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Tony Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - A. Leo Iniguez
- Roche NimbleGen, 500 South Rosa Road, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Judith Janette
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520–8005, USA
| | - Morten Jensen
- Department of Biology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Masaomi Kato
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Post Office Box 208103, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - W. James Kent
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Ellen Kephart
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Vishal Khivansara
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2216, USA
| | - Ekta Khurana
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - John K. Kim
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2216, USA
| | - Paulina Kolasinska-Zwierz
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Eric C. Lai
- Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, Post Office Box 252, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Isabel Latorre
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Amber Leahey
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, William H. Foege Building S350D, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Post Office Box 355065, Seattle, WA 98195–5065, USA
| | - Suzanna Lewis
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Mailstop 64-121, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Paul Lloyd
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Lucas Lochovsky
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rebecca F. Lowdon
- Division of Extramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Suite 4076, Bethesda, MD 20892–9305, USA
| | - Yaniv Lubling
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Rachel Lyne
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK, and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Michael MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, William H. Foege Building S350D, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Post Office Box 355065, Seattle, WA 98195–5065, USA
| | - Sebastian D. Mackowiak
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Division of Systems Biology, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Marco Mangone
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 1009 Silver Center, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003–6688, USA
| | - Sheldon McKay
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11542 USA
| | - Desirea Mecenas
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 1009 Silver Center, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003–6688, USA
| | - Gennifer Merrihew
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, William H. Foege Building S350D, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Post Office Box 355065, Seattle, WA 98195–5065, USA
| | - David M. Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232–8240, USA
| | - Andrew Muroyama
- Ludwig Institute Cancer Research/Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093–0653, USA
| | - John I. Murray
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, William H. Foege Building S350D, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Post Office Box 355065, Seattle, WA 98195–5065, USA
| | - Siew-Loon Ooi
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hoang Pham
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Taryn Phippen
- Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Elicia A. Preston
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, William H. Foege Building S350D, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Post Office Box 355065, Seattle, WA 98195–5065, USA
| | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Division of Systems Biology, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Gunnar Rätsch
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Spemannstrasse 39, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heidi Rosenbaum
- Roche NimbleGen, 500 South Rosa Road, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Joel Rozowsky
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kim Rutherford
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK, and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Peter Ruzanov
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Mihail Sarov
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Sasidharan
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andrea Sboner
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paul Scheid
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 1009 Silver Center, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003–6688, USA
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Hyunjin Shin
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chong Shou
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Frank J. Slack
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Post Office Box 208103, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Cindie Slightam
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University Medical Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5329, USA
| | - Richard Smith
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK, and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - William C. Spencer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232–8240, USA
| | - E. O. Stinson
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Mailstop 64-121, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Scott Taing
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Teruaki Takasaki
- Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Dionne Vafeados
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, William H. Foege Building S350D, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Post Office Box 355065, Seattle, WA 98195–5065, USA
| | - Ksenia Voronina
- Ludwig Institute Cancer Research/Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093–0653, USA
| | - Guilin Wang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520–8005, USA
| | - Nicole L. Washington
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Mailstop 64-121, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Christina M. Whittle
- Department of Biology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Beijing Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University Medical Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5329, USA
| | - Koon-Kiu Yan
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Georg Zeller
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Spemannstrasse 39, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zheng Zha
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Mei Zhong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06824, USA
| | - Xingliang Zhou
- Department of Biology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Julie Ahringer
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Susan Strome
- Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kristin C. Gunsalus
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 1009 Silver Center, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003–6688, USA
- New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gos Micklem
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK, and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - X. Shirley Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Valerie Reinke
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520–8005, USA
| | - Stuart K. Kim
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University Medical Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5329, USA
| | - LaDeana W. Hillier
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, William H. Foege Building S350D, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Post Office Box 355065, Seattle, WA 98195–5065, USA
| | - Steven Henikoff
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fabio Piano
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 1009 Silver Center, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003–6688, USA
- New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06824, USA
| | - Lincoln Stein
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11542 USA
| | - Jason D. Lieb
- Department of Biology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert H. Waterston
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, William H. Foege Building S350D, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Post Office Box 355065, Seattle, WA 98195–5065, USA
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Gassmann R, Holland AJ, Varma D, Wan X, Civril F, Cleveland DW, Oegema K, Salmon ED, Desai A. Removal of Spindly from microtubule-attached kinetochores controls spindle checkpoint silencing in human cells. Genes Dev 2010; 24:957-71. [PMID: 20439434 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1886810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The spindle checkpoint generates a "wait anaphase" signal at unattached kinetochores to prevent premature anaphase onset. Kinetochore-localized dynein is thought to silence the checkpoint by transporting checkpoint proteins from microtubule-attached kinetochores to spindle poles. Throughout metazoans, dynein recruitment to kinetochores requires the protein Spindly. Here, we identify a conserved motif in Spindly that is essential for kinetochore targeting of dynein. Spindly motif mutants, expressed following depletion of endogenous Spindly, target normally to kinetochores but prevent dynein recruitment. Spindly depletion and Spindly motif mutants, despite their similar effects on kinetochore dynein, have opposite consequences on chromosome alignment and checkpoint silencing. Spindly depletion delays chromosome alignment, but Spindly motif mutants ameliorate this defect, indicating that Spindly has a dynein recruitment-independent role in alignment. In Spindly depletions, the checkpoint is silenced following delayed alignment by a kinetochore dynein-independent mechanism. In contrast, Spindly motif mutants are retained on microtubule-attached kinetochores along with checkpoint proteins, resulting in persistent checkpoint signaling. Thus, dynein-mediated removal of Spindly from microtubule-attached kinetochores, rather than poleward transport per se, is the critical reaction in checkpoint silencing. In the absence of Spindly, a second mechanism silences the checkpoint; this mechanism is likely evolutionarily ancient, as fungi and higher plants lack kinetochore dynein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Gassmann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Gassmann R, Engler OB, Steffen R, Alex M, Czerny CP, Mutsch M. Clinical and immune response to undiluted and diluted smallpox vaccine. Swiss Med Wkly 2008; 138:392-7. [PMID: 18654870 DOI: 2008/27/smw-11966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
QUESTION UNDER STUDY To assess clinical reactions, immune responses and adverse events to undiluted, three- and sixfold diluted Lister strain vaccine stockpiled in Switzerland. METHODS A prospective, triple-blinded, randomised, parallel group clinical trial was performed. RESULTS From 2001 to 2007 104 persons with an indication for vaccinia vaccination were recruited. They had a median age of 33 years (range 18-65), 56 (53.8%) were re-vaccinees and 48 (46.2%) primary vaccinees. There was no statistically significant variation in the proportion of revaccinees between diluted and undiluted vaccine groups (75% vs 51%, p = 0.118). With an overall clinical take rate (major reaction) of 97.1% the majority of the vaccinia-naïve participants exhibited an at least fourfold increase of neutralising antibody titres (32/38, 84.2%) post-vaccination. Interestingly this proportion was lower among re-vaccinees (29/46, 63.0%, p = 0.048). No significant difference was observed in the take rate or at least fourfold seroconversion rate between the threefold and sixfold diluted vaccine doses. Adverse events were reported by 98 (94.2%) participants, not accounting for itching at the vaccination site. CONCLUSION Subjects requiring immunisation were successfully (re-) vaccinated with undiluted as well as with three- or sixfold diluted vaccinia vaccine. Our findings complement previous studies with respect to the clinical take rate and immune response. The rate of adverse events was substantial but not unexpected and no severe adverse events occurred. In conclusion, the existing smallpox vaccine stockpile might be expanded by administering three- or sixfold diluted vaccine doses combined with a careful pre-vaccination screening and extensive instructions to vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gassmann
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Communicable Dieseases/ISPM, WHO Collaborating Centre for Traveller's Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Gassmann R, Essex A, Hu JS, Maddox PS, Motegi F, Sugimoto A, O'Rourke SM, Bowerman B, McLeod I, Yates JR, Oegema K, Cheeseman IM, Desai A. A new mechanism controlling kinetochore-microtubule interactions revealed by comparison of two dynein-targeting components: SPDL-1 and the Rod/Zwilch/Zw10 complex. Genes Dev 2008; 22:2385-99. [PMID: 18765790 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1687508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome segregation requires stable bipolar attachments of spindle microtubules to kinetochores. The dynein/dynactin motor complex localizes transiently to kinetochores and is implicated in chromosome segregation, but its role remains poorly understood. Here, we use the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo to investigate the function of kinetochore dynein by analyzing the Rod/Zwilch/Zw10 (RZZ) complex and the associated coiled-coil protein SPDL-1. Both components are essential for Mad2 targeting to kinetochores and spindle checkpoint activation. RZZ complex inhibition, which abolishes both SPDL-1 and dynein/dynactin targeting to kinetochores, slows but does not prevent the formation of load-bearing kinetochore-microtubule attachments and reduces the fidelity of chromosome segregation. Surprisingly, inhibition of SPDL-1, which abolishes dynein/dynactin targeting to kinetochores without perturbing RZZ complex localization, prevents the formation of load-bearing attachments during most of prometaphase and results in extensive chromosome missegregation. Coinhibition of SPDL-1 along with the RZZ complex reduces the phenotypic severity to that observed following RZZ complex inhibition alone. We propose that the RZZ complex can inhibit the formation of load-bearing attachments and that this activity of the RZZ complex is normally controlled by dynein/dynactin localized via SPDL-1. This mechanism could coordinate the hand-off from initial weak dynein-mediated lateral attachments, which help orient kinetochores and enhance their ability to capture microtubules, to strong end-coupled attachments that drive chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Gassmann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Dept of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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32
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Yue Z, Carvalho A, Xu Z, Yuan X, Cardinale S, Ribeiro S, Lai F, Ogawa H, Gudmundsdottir E, Gassmann R, Morrison CG, Ruchaud S, Earnshaw WC. Deconstructing Survivin: comprehensive genetic analysis of Survivin function by conditional knockout in a vertebrate cell line. J Cell Biol 2008; 183:279-96. [PMID: 18936249 PMCID: PMC2568024 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200806118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Survivin is a key cellular protein thought to function in apoptotic regulation, mitotic progression, or possibly both. In this study, we describe the isolation of two conditional knockouts of the survivin gene in chicken DT40 cells. DT40 cells lacking Survivin die in interphase after failing to complete cytokinesis. However, these cells show normal sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agent etoposide. Expression of Survivin mutants against a null background to reassess the role of several key residues reveals that DT40 cells can grow normally if their sole Survivin is missing a widely studied cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylation site or sites reportedly essential for binding to Smac or aurora B. Mutations in the nuclear export sequence or dimerization interface render cells temperature sensitive for growth. As an important caveat for other studies in which protein function is studied by transient transfection, three of the Survivin mutants fail to localize in the presence of the wild-type protein but do localize and indeed support life in its absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuojun Yue
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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33
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Gassmann R, Engler OB, Steffen R, Alex M, Czerny CP, Mutsch M. Clinical and immune response to undiluted and diluted smallpox vaccine. Swiss Med Wkly 2008; 138:392-7. [PMID: 18654870 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2008.11966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
QUESTION UNDER STUDY To assess clinical reactions, immune responses and adverse events to undiluted, three- and sixfold diluted Lister strain vaccine stockpiled in Switzerland. METHODS A prospective, triple-blinded, randomised, parallel group clinical trial was performed. RESULTS From 2001 to 2007 104 persons with an indication for vaccinia vaccination were recruited. They had a median age of 33 years (range 18-65), 56 (53.8%) were re-vaccinees and 48 (46.2%) primary vaccinees. There was no statistically significant variation in the proportion of revaccinees between diluted and undiluted vaccine groups (75% vs 51%, p = 0.118). With an overall clinical take rate (major reaction) of 97.1% the majority of the vaccinia-naïve participants exhibited an at least fourfold increase of neutralising antibody titres (32/38, 84.2%) post-vaccination. Interestingly this proportion was lower among re-vaccinees (29/46, 63.0%, p = 0.048). No significant difference was observed in the take rate or at least fourfold seroconversion rate between the threefold and sixfold diluted vaccine doses. Adverse events were reported by 98 (94.2%) participants, not accounting for itching at the vaccination site. CONCLUSION Subjects requiring immunisation were successfully (re-) vaccinated with undiluted as well as with three- or sixfold diluted vaccinia vaccine. Our findings complement previous studies with respect to the clinical take rate and immune response. The rate of adverse events was substantial but not unexpected and no severe adverse events occurred. In conclusion, the existing smallpox vaccine stockpile might be expanded by administering three- or sixfold diluted vaccine doses combined with a careful pre-vaccination screening and extensive instructions to vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gassmann
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Communicable Dieseases/ISPM, WHO Collaborating Centre for Traveller's Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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34
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Nakano M, Cardinale S, Noskov VN, Gassmann R, Vagnarelli P, Kandels-Lewis S, Larionov V, Earnshaw WC, Masumoto H. Inactivation of a human kinetochore by specific targeting of chromatin modifiers. Dev Cell 2008; 14:507-22. [PMID: 18410728 PMCID: PMC2311382 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have used a human artificial chromosome (HAC) to manipulate the epigenetic state of chromatin within an active kinetochore. The HAC has a dimeric α-satellite repeat containing one natural monomer with a CENP-B binding site, and one completely artificial synthetic monomer with the CENP-B box replaced by a tetracycline operator (tetO). This HAC exhibits normal kinetochore protein composition and mitotic stability. Targeting of several tet-repressor (tetR) fusions into the centromere had no effect on kinetochore function. However, altering the chromatin state to a more open configuration with the tTA transcriptional activator or to a more closed state with the tTS transcription silencer caused missegregation and loss of the HAC. tTS binding caused the loss of CENP-A, CENP-B, CENP-C, and H3K4me2 from the centromere accompanied by an accumulation of histone H3K9me3. Our results reveal that a dynamic balance between centromeric chromatin and heterochromatin is essential for vertebrate kinetochore activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Nakano
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 5040, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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35
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Gassmann R, Kline SL, Carvalho A, Desai A. Analysis of kinetochore assembly and function in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos and human cells. Methods 2006; 41:177-89. [PMID: 17189860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All eukaryotes rely on multi-protein assemblies, called kinetochores, to direct the segregation of their chromosomes in mitosis. The list of known kinetochore components has been growing rapidly in the post-genomic era: in animal cells, there are presently more than 80 proteins that show either exclusive or partial localization at kinetochores during mitosis. The future challenge is to elucidate how these proteins contribute to kinetochore structure, spindle microtubule attachment, regulation of microtubule dynamics, and the detection, signaling, and correction of microtubule attachment errors. Cultured human tumor cells, especially HeLa cells, are widely used for the study of kinetochores. Recently, the experimental advantages offered by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have been exploited for functional analysis of kinetochore components in the first embryonic division. Here, we discuss basic methods, largely based on fluorescence imaging, to study kinetochore structure and function in these two metazoan model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Gassmann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, CMM-East, Rm 3080, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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36
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Gassmann R, Henzing AJ, Earnshaw WC. Novel components of human mitotic chromosomes identified by proteomic analysis of the chromosome scaffold fraction. Chromosoma 2004; 113:385-97. [PMID: 15609038 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-004-0326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal nonhistone proteins have important roles in mitotic chromosome formation and dynamics. In order to identify novel abundant proteins with a potential involvement in these processes, we initiated a proteomic screen of the chromosome scaffold fraction. This screen identified 79 proteins, 30 of which had not previously been described as components of mitotic chromosomes. Furthermore, half of these proteins had no documented function. We analyzed the cell-cycle dependent distribution of three uncharacterized proteins by expressing them as green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions and showed that they associate with mitotic chromosomes in vivo. One of the proteins, nuclear protein p30, is a novel component of the inner centromere. Over-expression experiments indicated that p30 may have an active role in the formation of centromeric heterochromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Gassmann
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
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37
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Gassmann R, Carvalho A, Henzing AJ, Ruchaud S, Hudson DF, Honda R, Nigg EA, Gerloff DL, Earnshaw WC. Borealin: a novel chromosomal passenger required for stability of the bipolar mitotic spindle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 166:179-91. [PMID: 15249581 PMCID: PMC2172304 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200404001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger complex of Aurora B kinase, INCENP, and Survivin has essential regulatory roles at centromeres and the central spindle in mitosis. Here, we describe Borealin, a novel member of the complex. Approximately half of Aurora B in mitotic cells is complexed with INCENP, Borealin, and Survivin; and Borealin binds Survivin and INCENP in vitro. A second complex contains Aurora B and INCENP, but no Borealin or Survivin. Depletion of Borealin by RNA interference delays mitotic progression and results in kinetochore–spindle misattachments and an increase in bipolar spindles associated with ectopic asters. The extra poles, which apparently form after chromosomes achieve a bipolar orientation, severely disrupt the partitioning of chromosomes in anaphase. Borealin depletion has little effect on histone H3 serine10 phosphorylation. These results implicate the chromosomal passenger holocomplex in the maintenance of spindle integrity and suggest that histone H3 serine10 phosphorylation is performed by an Aurora B–INCENP subcomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Gassmann
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Rd., Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
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38
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Abstract
During cell division, the chromatin is compacted and resolved into discrete mitotic chromosomes whose proper formation is essential for the faithful distribution of the replicated genome to the daughter cells. Chromatin within mitotic chromosomes is packaged in an orderly and reproducible fashion, but the nature of this higher-order structure has remained elusive, as have the mechanisms of its establishment. Here we provide an overview of how the functional dissection of a non-histone protein complex, condensin, has contributed to our understanding of mitotic chromosomes. Recent studies have revealed that mitotic chromosome formation involves two events: chromatin compaction and establishment of a stable intrinsic higher-order structure. Surprisingly, condensin is only required for the second of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Gassmann
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
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39
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Hudson DF, Vagnarelli P, Gassmann R, Earnshaw WC. Condensin is required for nonhistone protein assembly and structural integrity of vertebrate mitotic chromosomes. Dev Cell 2003; 5:323-36. [PMID: 12919682 DOI: 10.1016/s1534-5807(03)00199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic condensation of chromosomes that occurs during mitosis is widely thought to be largely controlled by a protein complex termed condensin. Here, we describe a conditional knockout of the condensin subunit ScII/SMC2 in chicken DT40 cells. In cells lacking this condensin subunit, chromosome condensation is delayed, but ultimately reaches near-normal levels. However, these chromosomes are structurally compromised. Kinetochores appear normal, but the localization of nonhistone proteins such as topoisomerase II and INCENP is aberrant. Both proteins also fail to partition into the chromosome scaffold fraction, which appears to be largely missing in the absence of condensin. Furthermore, the chromosomes lack structural integrity, as defined by an assay that tests the stability of the chromosomal higher-order structure. Thus, a major function of condensin is to promote the correct association of nonhistone proteins with mitotic chromosomes, and this is essential for establishment of a robust chromosome structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien F Hudson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell, University of Edinburgh, Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JR, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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40
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Graf R, Valeri F, Gassmann R, Hailemariam S, Frick TW, Bimmler D. Adaptive response of the rat pancreas to dietary substrates: parallel regulation of trypsinogen and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor. Pancreas 2000; 21:181-90. [PMID: 10975713 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200008000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis has been associated with malnutrition in alcoholic patients and malnourished juveniles. The composition of the diet, especially the protein content, regulates the synthesis of secretory proteins in the rat pancreas. Adaptive responses of the pancreas have shown that anionic proteases (e.g., trypsinogen) are upregulated during protein deprivation. We hypothesize that the (cationic) pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) is down-regulated after a protein-deficient diet. Low PSTI levels might cause a lack of protection from prematurely activated trypsin and therefore enhance the risk for pancreatic inflammation. Over a period of 1 month, rats were fed one of four isocaloric diets with a casein content varying from 0 to 82%. PSTI and trypsinogen mRNA remained fairly constant, irrespective of the diet composition. Trypsinogen and elastase secreted into pancreatic juice were upregulated after a protein-deficient diet relative to a control diet. Contrary to our hypothesis, PSTI was also upregulated. Parallel secretion of trypsinogen and PSTI appears to ensure protection against premature activation even under extreme dietary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Graf
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsspital Zürich, Switzerland.
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41
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Gassmann R, Schnabel E. [Status of terminal care in family practice]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 1997; 30:375-80. [PMID: 9453852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The changing paradigm in the health care system to focus stronger on community care also effects the care of the dying. In consequence, general practitioners are confronted with changing tasks and challenges. In an exploratory oriented study 80 general practitioners, who were recruited in one rural and one urban area were interviewed with regard to different variables of the care of the dying such as self concept, different aspects of burden, pain management, education and vocational training as well as cooperation with third parties. Main results show that age of the general practitioners and amount of burden experienced are interrelated. Further, the subject "death and dying" is hardly considered in education and training and the cooperation between the general practitioner and other health care professionals has to be extended and improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gassmann
- Institut für Gerontologie an der Universität Dortmund
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42
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Kühnert S, Gassmann R. [Graduate and continuing education as a contribution to quality assurance in geriatric nursing--results of an empirical study on the current status and the need for change]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 1997; 30:109-15. [PMID: 9229530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to improve the quality of care mainly depend on sufficient capacities of staff qualifications. Professional training is of primary importance to prepare for new tasks and to reduce educational deficits. The results of an empirical study carried out by the Federal Department of Family Affairs and the Kuratorium Deutsche Altershilfe showed that legal prerequisites are insufficient and not consensual among the different states. The offers of educational programs differ extensively, the market is changing topically and the teachers' qualifications can be judged as deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kühnert
- Institut für Gerontologie, Universität Dortmund
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43
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Gassmann R. [Containing education in geriatric work--trends and perspective]. Pflege Aktuell 1997; 51:176-9. [PMID: 9096023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Gassmann
- Institut für Gerontologie an der Universität Dortmund
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44
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Braun A, Gassmann R, Kraus K, Lorenzi G, Weigel U. Special considerations concerning regulatory requirements and drug development for peptides and biotech products in the EU. Pharm Acta Helv 1996; 71:447-58. [PMID: 8997177 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6865(96)00053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The marketing authorization for a new medicinal product is based on the scientific assessment of its quality, safety and efficacy. The marketing authorization application (MAA) which covers all the relevant documentation can be filed in the EU via different application procedures. For peptides and biological products special issues have to be taken into consideration during drug development. Due to special production procedures and the complexity of the active substance itself, peptides and biotech products are subject to specific regulatory requirements. This leads to the necessity to discuss the development program of a new peptide or biotech product with the health authorities on a case by case basis. This article will focus on the special regulatory requirements for peptides and biotech products including the registration procedures as well as technical, preclinical and clinical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Braun
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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45
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Mutter M, Gassmann R, Buttkus U, Altmann KH. Switch Peptides: pH-Inducedα-Helix toβ-Sheet Transitions of Bis-amphiphilic Oligopeptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.199115141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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Mutter M, Gassmann R, Buttkus U, Altmann KH. Switch-Peptide: pH-induzierte Übergänge von der α-Helix-zur β-Faltblattstruktur in bisamphiphilen Oligopeptiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19911031118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Villiger A, Fehr H, Gassmann R, Güller R, Aeberhard P. [Surgery of unsatisfactory results following antireflux operations]. Helv Chir Acta 1988; 54:799-802. [PMID: 3403296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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48
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Gassmann R. [Operative colonoscopy (polypectomies) in ambulatory practice (author's transl)]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1981; 70:2393-2396. [PMID: 7343975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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49
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Gassmann R, Baumgartner R, Hefti ML, Leuthold E, Seiler P, Stocker H. [Case contributions to rare ulcerative esophageal diseases of the middle esophagus]. Z Gastroenterol 1979; 17:764-5. [PMID: 524952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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50
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Seiler P, Baumgartner R, Gassmann R, Hefti ML, Leuthold E, Stocker H. [Endoscopic findings in vagotomized patients (proceedings)]. Z Gastroenterol 1977; 15:631-2. [PMID: 930212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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