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Muscle structure, sarcomere length and influences on meat quality: A review. Meat Sci 2017; 132:139-152. [PMID: 28552497 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.04.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The basic contractile unit of muscle, the sarcomere, will contract as the muscle goes into rigor post-mortem. Depending on the conditions, such as the rate of pH decline, the cooling rate and the mechanical restraints on the muscles, this longitudinal shortening will result in various post-mortem sarcomere lengths as well as lateral differences in the distances between the myosin and actin filaments. This shortening is underlying the phenomena described as rigor contraction, thaw rigor, cold shortening and heat shortening. The shortening in combination with the molecular architecture of the sarcomere as defined by the myosin filaments and their S-1 and S-2 units, the interaction with the actin filaments, and the boundaries formed by the Z-disks will subsequently influence basic meat quality traits including tenderness and water-holding capacity. Biochemical reactions from proteolysis and glycogen metabolism interrelate with the sarcomere length in a complex manner. The sarcomere length is also influencing the eating quality of cooked meat and the water-holding in meat products.
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A diffusion-weighted imaging informed continuum model of the rabbit triceps surae complex. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 16:1729-1741. [PMID: 28516387 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The NZ white rabbit is the animal of choice for much experimental work due to its muscular frame and similar response to human diseases, and is one of the few mammals that have had their genome sequenced. However, continuum-level computational models of rabbit muscle detailing fibre architecture are limited in the literature, especially the triceps surae complex (gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus), which has similar biomechanics and translatable findings to the human. This study presents a geometrical model of the rabbit triceps surae informed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)-based fibres. Passive rabbit-specific material properties are estimated using known muscle deformation inferred from magnetic resonance imaging data and dorsiflexion force measured with a custom-built rabbit rig and transducer. Muscle shape prediction is evaluated against a second rabbit. This study revealed that the triceps surae steady-state force post-rigor is close to post-mortem for small deformations but increases by a fixed ratio as the deformation increases and can be used to evaluate the passive behaviour of muscle. DWI fibre orientation significantly influences shape and mechanics during simulated computational muscle contraction. The presented triceps surae force and material properties may be used to inform the constitutive behaviour of continuum rabbit muscle models used to investigate pathology and musculotendon treatments that may be translated to the human condition.
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Gibbons MC, Sato EJ, Bachasson D, Cheng T, Azimi H, Schenk S, Engler AJ, Singh A, Ward SR. Muscle architectural changes after massive human rotator cuff tear. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:2089-2095. [PMID: 27061583 PMCID: PMC5423410 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rotator cuff (RC) tendon tears lead to negative structural and functional changes in the associated musculature. The structural features of muscle that predict function are termed "muscle architecture." Although the architectural features of "normal" rotator cuff muscles are known, they are poorly understood in the context of cuff pathology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tear and repair on RC muscle architecture. To this end thirty cadaveric shoulders were grouped into one of four categories based on tear magnitude: Intact, Full-thickness tear (FTT), Massive tear (MT), or Intervention if sutures or hardware were present, and key parameters of muscle architecture were measured. We found that muscle mass and fiber length decreased proportionally with tear size, with significant differences between all groups. Conversely, sarcomere number was reduced in both FTT and MT with no significant difference between these two groups, in large part because sarcomere length was significantly reduced in MT but not FTT. The loss of muscle mass in FTT is due, in part, to subtraction of serial sarcomeres, which may help preserve sarcomere length. This indicates that function in FTT may be impaired, but there is some remaining mechanical loading to maintain "normal" sarcomere length-tension relationships. However, the changes resulting from MT suggest more severe limitations in force-generating capacity because sarcomere length-tension relationships are no longer normal. The architectural deficits observed in MT muscles may indicate deeper deficiencies in muscle adaptability to length change, which could negatively impact RC function despite successful anatomical repair. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2089-2095, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene J Sato
- University of California San Diego Department of Bioengineering
| | | | - Timothy Cheng
- University of California Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | - Hassan Azimi
- University of California Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | - Simon Schenk
- University of California Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | - Adam J Engler
- University of California San Diego Department of Bioengineering
| | | | - Samuel R Ward
- University of California Department of Orthopedic Surgery,University of California Department of Radiology
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Tomioka T, Minagawa H, Kijima H, Yamamoto N, Abe H, Maesani M, Kikuchi K, Abe H, Shimada Y, Itoi E. Sarcomere length of torn rotator cuff muscle. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2009; 18:955-9. [PMID: 19515583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcomere length is one of the factors related to the contractile ability of muscle. There is no report about sarcomere length of torn rotator cuff muscles. The purpose of this study was to clarify sarcomere length of torn rotator cuff muscles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-eight embalmed cadaver shoulders (14 shoulders with intact rotator cuff and 14 shoulders with full-thickness rotator cuff tears: an isolated tear of the supraspinatus in 3, a combined tear of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus in 4, and a combined tear of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis in 7) were used in this study. Muscle fiber length was measured using a digital caliper. Sarcomere length was measured by laser diffraction method. RESULTS Muscle fiber lengths of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus (33.0 +/- 6.5 mm and 61.5 +/- 14.0 mm, respectively) in the cuff tear group were significantly shorter than those in the intact cuff group (56.9 +/- 10.1 mm and 74.2 +/- 10.0 mm: P < .001 and P = .010). The sarcomere lengths of these muscles were 3.00 +/- 0.44 microm and 3.12 +/- 0.45 microm in the intact cuff group and 2.90 +/- 0.34 microm and 3.01 +/- 0.34 microm in the cuff tear group. The sarcomere lengths showed no significant difference (P = 0.46 and P = .37). CONCLUSION The sarcomere lengths of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus with torn tendons were not significantly different from those with intact tendons, although the muscle fiber lengths were significantly shorter with torn tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuru Tomioka
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Neuro and Locomotor Science, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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HERRING HK, CASSENS RG, SUESS GG, BRUNGARDT VH, BRISKEY EJ. Tenderness and Associated Characteristics of Stretched and Contracted Bovine Muscles. J Food Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1967.tb01321_32_3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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MARTIN DC, MEDRI MK, CHOW RS, OXORN V, LEEKAM RN, AGUR AM, McKEE NH. Comparing human skeletal muscle architectural parameters of cadavers with in vivo ultrasonographic measurements. J Anat 2001; 199:429-34. [PMID: 11693303 PMCID: PMC1468353 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19940429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to document and compare the architectural parameters (fibre bundle length, angle of pennation) of human skeletal muscle in cadaveric specimens and live subjects. The medial (MG) and lateral (LG) gastrocnemius, and posterior (PS) and anterior (AS) soleus were examined bilaterally in 5 cadavers (mean age 72.6, range 65-83 y) and 9 live subjects (mean age 76.3, range 70-92 y). Data were obtained from direct measurement of cadaveric specimens and from ultrasonographic scans of the live subjects. In cadaveric muscle, fibre bundles were isolated; their length was measured in millimetres and pennation angles were recorded in degrees. In live muscle, similar measurements were taken from ultrasonographic scans of relaxed and contracted muscle. For the scans of relaxed muscle, subjects were positioned prone with the foot at a 90 degrees angle to the leg, and for scans of contracted muscle, subjects were asked to sustain full plantarflexion during the scanning process. Fibre bundle length and angle of pennation were compared at matched locations in both groups. It was found that the relationship between cadaveric and in vivo values for fibre length and angle of pennation varied between muscle parts. The cadaveric architectural parameters did not tend to lie consistently towards either extreme of relaxation or contraction. Rather, within MG, PS and AS, cadaveric fibre bundle lengths lay between those for relaxed and contracted in vivo muscle. Similarly both the anterior and posterior cadaveric fibre angles of pennation lay between the in vivo values within LG and PS. In summary, architectural characteristics of cadaveric muscle differ from both relaxed and contracted in vivo muscle. Therefore, when developing models of skeletal muscle based on cadaveric studies, the architectural differences between live and cadaveric tissue should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. C.
MARTIN
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence to Dr N. H. McKee, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6270, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. Fax: (416) 978 8765; e-mail:
| | - M. K.
MEDRI
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. S.
CHOW
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - V.
OXORN
- Department of Medical Illustration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. N.
LEEKAM
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. M.
AGUR
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N. H.
McKEE
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Structural studies of rigor bovine myofibrils using fluorescence microscopy. II. Influence of sarcomere length on the binding of myosin subfragment-1, alpha-actinin and G-actin to rigor myofibrils. Meat Sci 1993; 33:157-90. [DOI: 10.1016/0309-1740(93)90058-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/1991] [Revised: 06/10/1992] [Accepted: 06/20/1992] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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JANKY D, DUKES M, SAMS A. Research Note: The Effects of Post-Mortem Wing Restraint (Muscle Tensioning) on Tenderness of Early-Harvested Broiler Breast Meat. Poult Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0710574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Effect of breed and nutrition on the productive traits of beef cattle in south-east Brazil: Part 3—Meat quality. Meat Sci 1982; 6:79-96. [DOI: 10.1016/0309-1740(82)90019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/1980] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Layman DK, Hegarty PV, Swan PB. Comparison of morphological and biochemical parameters of growth in rat skeletal muscles. J Anat 1980; 130:159-71. [PMID: 7364658 PMCID: PMC1233120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological and biochemical parameters of cellular growth of four skeletal muscles were examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats from 25 to 165 days of age. The number of muscle fibres decreased in the soleus (41%), plantaris (20%), extensor digitorum longus (25%), and biceps brachii (19%) from 25 to 165 days of age, while nuclear number increased in each muscle until approximately 81 days, with no additional change up to 165 days of age. Fusion of muscle fibres may possibly explain the apparent loss of fibres. During this period of growth, nuclear number correlated equally well with both fibre length and cross sectional area. However, transverse growth accounts for approximately 60% to the post-weanling increase in nuclear number.
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Kennick W, Elgasim E, Holmes Z, Meyer P. The effect of pressurisation of pre-rigor muscle on post-rigor meat characteristics. Meat Sci 1980; 4:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/0309-1740(80)90021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/1979] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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GLOVER EE, ABERLE ED, SWEAT VE, BABEL FJ, JUDGE MD. EFFECT OF CHILLING TEMPERATURE ON POSTMORTEM CHANGES, MICROBIAL LOAD AND TENDERNESS IN BEEF. J Food Sci 1977. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1977.tb08410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Locker RH, Daines GJ, Leet NG. Histology of highly-stretched beef muscle. III. Abnormal contraction patterns in ox muscle, produced by overstretching during prerigor blanding. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1976; 55:173-81. [PMID: 775120 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(76)80064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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HEGARTY PVJ, ALLEN CE. THERMAL EFFECTS ON THE LENGTH OF SARCOMERES IN MUSCLES HELD AT DIFFERENT TENSIONS. J Food Sci 1975. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1975.tb03727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Locker RH, Cavey CL, Nottingham PM, Haughey DP, Law NH. New concepts in meat processing. ADVANCES IN FOOD RESEARCH 1975; 21:157-222. [PMID: 239547 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2628(08)60091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hegarty PV, Dahlin KJ, Benson ES, Allen CE. Ultrastructural and light microscope studies on rigor-extended sarcomeres in avian and porcine skeletal muscles. J Anat 1973; 115:203-19. [PMID: 4756247 PMCID: PMC1271508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Hooper AC, Hegarty PV. The percentage of passively contracted fibres in rigor skeletal muscles from different species. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1973; 45:411-6. [PMID: 4145436 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(73)90447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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HEGARTY PVJ, ALLEN CE. RIGOR-STRETCHED TURKEY MUSCLES: EFFECT OF HEAT ON FIBER DIMENSIONS AND SHEAR VALUES. J Food Sci 1972. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1972.tb02718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hegarty P. Molecular and macroscopic extensibility of rigor skeletal muscle due to stretch tension. Life Sci 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(72)90092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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DUBÉ G, BRAMBLETT VD, JUDGE MD, HARRINGTON RB. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND SULFHYDRYL CONTENT OF BOVINE MUSCLES. J Food Sci 1972. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1972.tb03375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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SMITH GC, ARANGO TC, CARPENTER ZL. EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL TREATMENTS ON THE TENDERNESS OF THE BEEF LONGISSIMUS. J Food Sci 1971. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1971.tb06384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Henderson DW, Goll DE, Stromer MH. A comparison of shortening and Z line degradation in post-mortem bovine, porcine, and rabbit muscle. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1970; 128:117-35. [PMID: 4914349 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001280109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Stromer MH, Goll DE, Roth LE. Morphology of rigor--shortened bovine muscle and the effect of trypsin on pre- and postrigor myofibrils. J Cell Biol 1967; 34:431-45. [PMID: 5340759 PMCID: PMC2107327 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.34.2.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine semitendinosus muscles were sampled immediately after death, after 24 hr postmortem with storage at 2 degrees , 16 degrees , or 37 degrees C, and after 312 hr postmortem with storage at 2 degrees and 16 degrees C. A biopsy technique was used to prevent shortening during glutaraldehyde fixation. Postfixation in osmium tetroxide was followed by embedding in an Epon-Araldite mixture. Bovine muscle was supercontracted after 24 hr storage at 27deg; but was only slightly contracted after storage at 16 degrees for 24 hr. Muscle held at 37 degrees for 24 hr was slightly less supercontracted than the 2 degrees muscle. Striking similarities existed between muscles stored at 16 degrees and at 2 degrees C for 312 hr. Both were slightly shortened with narrowed I bands and an area of increased density, probably due to overlap of thin filaments in the middle of the A band. Postmortem shortening was accompanied by banding-pattern changes similar to those predicted for contracting muscle by Huxley and Hanson's sliding filament model. Treatment of myofibrils with 0.05% trypsin resulted in a rapid loss of Z lines and, in supercontracted myofibrils, caused a return of the banding pattern of resting muscle.
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Sink JD, Cassens RG, Hoekstra WG, Briskey EJ. Rigor mortis pattern of skeletal muscle and sarcomere length of the myofibril. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1965; 102:309-11. [PMID: 5833409 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6585(65)90225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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