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Song J, Yang D, Ruan J, Zhang J, Chen YE, Xu J. Production of immunodeficient rabbits by multiplex embryo transfer and multiplex gene targeting. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12202. [PMID: 28939872 PMCID: PMC5610260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice have been used predominantly in biomedical research. Realizing that large animal species may have an enhanced ability to predict clinical outcome relative to mice, we worked to develop immunodeficient rabbits by CRISPR/Cas9. We first demonstrated that multiplex embryo transfer efficiently produced multiple lines of single-gene mutant (SGM) founders. Embryos microinjected with single sgRNA targeting FOXN1, RAG2, IL2RG or PRKDC were pooled for embryo transfer. As few as three recipients were used to produce twenty SGM founders for four genes. We then demonstrated the powerful multiplex targeting capacity of CRISPR/Cas9. First, two genes on the same chromosome were targeted simultaneously, resulting in three RAG1/RAG2 double-gene mutant (DGM) founders. Next we microinjected forty-five embryos each with five sgRNAs targeting FOXN1, RAG1, RAG2, IL2RG and PRKDC, and transferred them to two recipients. Five founders were produced: one SGM, two DGM, one triple-gene mutant and one quadruple-gene mutant. The present work demonstrates that multiplex embryo transfer and multiplex gene targeting can be used to quickly and efficiently generate mutant rabbit founders. Four lines of SGM (e.g. FOXN1, RAG2, IL2RG, and PRKDC) immunodeficient rabbits, as well as multigenic mutant immunodeficient rabbits have been produced. These animals may prove useful for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Song
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Jinxue Ruan
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Yuqing Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
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2
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CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Deletion of Foxn1 in NOD/SCID/IL2rg -/- Mice Results in Severe Immunodeficiency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7720. [PMID: 28798321 PMCID: PMC5552779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice engrafted with either normal or cancerous human cells are widely used in basic and translational research. In particular, NOD/SCID/IL2rg−/− mice can support the growth of various types of human cancer cells. However, the hairs of these mice interfere with the observation and imaging of engrafted tissues. Therefore, novel hairless strains exhibiting comparable immunodeficiency would be beneficial. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been used for efficient multiplexed genome editing. In the present study, we generated a novel strain of nude NOD/SCID/IL2rg−/− (NSIN) mice by knocking out Foxn1 from NOD/SCID/IL2rg−/− (NSI) mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The NSIN mice were deficient in B, T, and NK cells and not only showed impaired T cell reconstitution and thymus regeneration after allogeneic bone marrow nucleated cell transplantation but also exhibited improved capacity to graft both leukemic and solid tumor cells compared with NSI, NOG, and NDG mice. Moreover, the NSIN mice facilitated the monitoring and in vivo imaging of both leukemia and solid tumors. Therefore, our NSIN mice provide a new platform for xenograft mouse models in basic and translational research.
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Hoshino Y, Mizuno S, Kato K, Mizuno-Iijima S, Tanimoto Y, Ishida M, Kajiwara N, Sakasai T, Miwa Y, Takahashi S, Yagami KI, Sugiyama F. Simple generation of hairless mice for in vivo imaging. Exp Anim 2017; 66:437-445. [PMID: 28717054 PMCID: PMC5682356 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo imaging of mice makes it possible to analyze disease
progress non-invasively through reporter gene expression. As the removal of hair improves
the accuracy of in vivo imaging, gene-modified mice with a reporter gene
are often crossed with Hos:HR-1 mutant mice homozygous for the spontaneous
Hrhr mutation that exhibit a hair loss phenotype. However,
it is time consuming to produce mice carrying both the reporter gene and mutant
Hrhr gene by mating. In addition, there is a risk that
genetic background of the gene-modified mice would be altered by mating. To resolve these
issues, we established a simple method to generate hairless mice maintaining the original
genetic background by CRISPR technology. First, we constructed the pX330
vector, which targets exon 3 of Hr. This DNA vector (5
ng/µl) was microinjected into the pronuclei of C57BL/6J mice. Induced
Hr gene mutations were found in many founders (76.1%) and these
mutations were heritable. Next, we performed in vivo imaging using these
gene-modified hairless mice. As expected, luminescent objects in their body were detected
by in vivo imaging. This study clearly showed that hairless mice could be
simply generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and this method may be useful for in
vivo imaging studies with various gene-modified mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Hoshino
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Hoshino Laboratory Animals, Inc., 1405 Kouda, Bando, Ibaraki 306-0606, Japan.,Doctoral program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kanako Kato
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Saori Mizuno-Iijima
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanimoto
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Miyuki Ishida
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Noriko Kajiwara
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoki Sakasai
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Doctoral program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miwa
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yagami
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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4
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Campbell EJ, Dachs GU. Current limitations of murine models in oncology for ascorbate research. Front Oncol 2014; 4:282. [PMID: 25353008 PMCID: PMC4196513 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of vitamin C (ascorbate) in cancer prevention, tumor growth, and treatment is of intense public interest. Clinical trial data have been sparse, contradictory, and highly controversial, and robust pre-clinical data are required for progress. This paper reviews pre-clinical models and their limitations with respect to ascorbate research. Most studies have utilized animals able to synthesize ascorbate and thus are not ideal models of the human condition. More recently, genetically modified mouse models have become available; yet, all studies compared healthy and scorbutic mice. The majority of investigations to date concluded that increased ascorbate led to decreased tumor growth, but data on mechanisms and doses are inconclusive. Clinically relevant animal studies are still required to convince a generally sceptical medical audience of the potential worth of ascorbate as an adjunct to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Campbell
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Gabi U Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
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5
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Sutou S. The Hairless Mutation Hypothesis: a Driving Force of Humanization by Enforcing Bipedalism to Hold a Baby, by Allowing Immature Baby Delivery to Enlarge the Brain after Birth, and by Making Use of Fire to Get Meat and to Cook Foods. Genes Environ 2014. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.2014.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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6
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Abstract
Micro X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) is widely used in preclinical studies of small animals. However, due to the low soft tissue contrast, segmentation of soft tissues in the micro-CT image is a challenging problem. To gain a better understanding of the macroscopic anatomy of the mouse embryo, 3 fixation methods and 3 metal stainings were examined for micro-CT using C57BL/6J mouse embryos in the present study. The examination demonstrated that 1% acetic acid/95% ethanol fixative together with zinc staining provided a high contrast micro-CT image, enabling the segmentation of soft tissues. Then, using this condition, the macroscopic embryo structure of the nude mouse was examined, revealing lack of a thymus. It appears that micro-CT with the fixation and staining condition devised in the present study could be a powerful tool in detecting the effects of various mutations at embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hiraiwa
- RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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7
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Zhang Z, Burnley P, Coder B, Su DM. Insights on FoxN1 biological significance and usages of the "nude" mouse in studies of T-lymphopoiesis. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:1156-67. [PMID: 23091413 PMCID: PMC3477685 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation in the “nude” gene, i.e. the FoxN1 gene, induces a hairless phenotype and a rudimentary thymus gland in mice (nude mouse) and humans (T-cell related primary immunodeficiency). Conventional FoxN1 gene knockout and transgenic mouse models have been generated for studies of FoxN1 gene function related to skin and immune diseases, and for cancer models. It appeared that FoxN1's role was fully understood and the nude mouse model was fully utilized. However, in recent years, with the development of inducible gene knockout/knockin mouse models with the loxP-Cre(ERT) and diphtheria toxin receptor-induced cell abolished systems, it appears that the complete repertoire of FoxN1's roles and deep-going usage of nude mouse model in immune function studies have just begun. Here we summarize the research progress made by several recent works studying the role of FoxN1 in the thymus and utilizing nude and “second (conditional) nude” mouse models for studies of T-cell development and function. We also raise questions and propose further consideration of FoxN1 functions and utilizing this mouse model for immune function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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8
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Sutou S. Hairless mutation: a driving force of humanization from a human-ape common ancestor by enforcing upright walking while holding a baby with both hands. Genes Cells 2012; 17:264-72. [PMID: 22404045 PMCID: PMC3510307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Three major characteristics distinguish humans from other primates: bipedality, practical nakedness, and the family as a social unit. A hairless mutation introduced into the chimpanzee/human last common ancestor (CLCA) 6 million years ago (Mya) diverged hairless human and hairy chimpanzee lineages. All primates except humans can carry their babies without using their hands. A hairless mother would be forced to stand and walk upright. Her activities would be markedly limited. The male partner would have to collect food and carry it to her by hand to keep her and their baby from starving; irresponsible and selfish males could not have left their offspring. The mother would have sexually accepted her partner at any time as a reward for food. Sexual relations irrespective of estrus cycles might have strengthened the pair bond. Molecular and paleontological dating indicates that CLCA existed 6 Mya, and early hominin fossils show that they were bipeds, indicating that humanization from CLCA occurred rapidly. A single mutation in animals with scalp hair is known to induce hairless phenotype (ectodermal dysplasia). Bipedalism and hairlessness are disadvantageous traits; only those who could survive trials and tribulations in cooperation with family members must have been able to evolve as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuyo Sutou
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.
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9
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Human ClinicalPhenotype Associated with FOXN1 Mutations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1599-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Abstract
In mice, rats, and humans, loss of function of Foxn1, a member of the winged helix/forkhead family of transcription factors, leads to macroscopic nudity and an inborn dysgenesis of the thymus. Nude (Foxn1(nu)/Foxn1(nu)) mice develop largely normal hair follicles and produce hair shafts. However, presumably because of a lack of certain hair keratins, the hair shafts that are generated twist and coil in the hair follicle infundibulum, which becomes dilated. Since hair shafts fail to penetrate the epidermis, macroscopic nudity results and generates the - grossly misleading - impression that nude mice are hairless. Here, we provide an overview of what is known on the role of Foxn1 in mammalian skin biology, its expression patterns in the hair follicle, its influence on hair follicle function, and onychocyte differentiation. We focus on the mechanisms and signaling pathways by which Foxn1 modulates keratinocyte differentiation in the hair follicle and nail apparatus and summarize the current knowledge on the molecular and functional consequences of a loss of function of the Foxn1 protein in skin. Foxn1 target genes, gene regulation of Foxn, and pharmacological manipulation of the nude phenotype (e.g. by cyclosporine A, KGF, and vitamin D3) are discussed, and important open questions as well as promising research strategies in Foxn1 biology are defined. Taken together, this review aims at delineating why enhanced research efforts in this comparatively neglected field of investigative dermatology promise important new insights into the controls of epithelial differentiation in mammalian skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Mecklenburg
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
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11
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Ueno T, Kameyama K, Hirata M, Ogawa M, Hatsuse H, Takagaki Y, Ohmura M, Osawa N, Kudo Y. A mouse with a point mutation in plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase isoform 2 gene showed the reduced Ca2+ influx in cerebellar neurons. Neurosci Res 2002; 42:287-97. [PMID: 11985881 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed mutant mice showing behavioral defects such as severe tremor, up-and-down and side-to-side wriggling of neck without coordination, and found that the gene causing the defects was located between 46 and 60.55 centimorgans (cM) on the mouse chromosome 6. In this region, nucleotide transition of the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase isoform 2 (PMCA2) gene was found, which caused a glutamic acid to change into lysine. Since PMCA2 is expressed in the cerebellum and plays an important role to maintain the homeostasis of the intracellular Ca2+ as a Ca2+ pump, the behavioral defect can be ascribed to the impairment of Ca2+ regulation in neurons of the cerebellum. To confirm the defect of Ca2+ homeostasis in the mutant mice, we measured high K+-induced changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in the cerebellar neurons. Contrary to our expectation, the extent of the [Ca2+]i increase in all the regions tested in the cerebellar slice was far smaller than that of the wild type mice, while the resting [Ca2+]i remained almost unaltered. The rate of rise in [Ca2+]i during high K+-induced depolarization was significantly reduced, and the extrusion rate of increased [Ca2+]i was also reduced. These results suggested that voltage-gated Ca2+ channels were down-regulated in the mutant mice in order to regulate [Ca2+]i toward the normal homeostasis. The behavioral defects may be ascribed to the down-regulated Ca2+ homeostasis since dynamic changes in [Ca2+]i are important for various neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ueno
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Sagamihara, 228-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
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12
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Abstract
The nude mutation has been known for a long time. Nevertheless, the gene responsible for the defect has been identified only recently. It encodes a transcriptional activator of the family of forkhead proteins mainly expressed in thymic epithelium and distinct keratinocyte populations in the epidermis and hair follicles. The present review focuses on the molecular and functional characterization of the nude gene and its product and gives an overview as to its role in skin biology and the first identified target genes in the skin. In addition, evolutionary aspects are highlighted stressing the importance of such investigations for a comprehensive understanding of the nude gene product and the regulation of its expression. Furthermore, these studies give a hint as to when the nude gene has occurred first and how it has developed in molecular and functional terms since then.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schlake
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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13
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Mecklenburg L, Nakamura M, Sundberg JP, Paus R. The nude mouse skin phenotype: the role of Foxn1 in hair follicle development and cycling. Exp Mol Pathol 2001; 71:171-8. [PMID: 11599924 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.2001.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The original nude mouse mutation has proven to be an incredibly valuable biomedical tool since its discovery in 1966. Initially its value was as a tool to study the immune system. The immunodeficiency in this mutant mouse made nude mice valuable as hosts for xenografts, primarily for cancer research. More recently, the most obvious clinical feature of this mutant mouse, lack of hair, has been capitalized on to define the role of Foxn1 in normal and pathological skin and hair follicle physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mecklenburg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Hirasawa T, Yamashita H, Makino S. Genetic typing of the mouse and rat nude mutations by PCR and restriction enzyme analysis. Exp Anim 1998; 47:63-7. [PMID: 9498115 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.47.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetic typing method for the mouse and rat nude mutations by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was developed. Since restriction sites useful for RFLP analysis do not exist in the mouse nu and rat rnu mutations, artificial restriction sites were introduced by PCR with modified primers. Three genotypes in the mouse (nu/nu, nu/+ and +/+) or rat (rnu/rnu, rnu/+ and +/+) are rapidly differentiated with the PCR-RFLP assay. In addition, congenic nude strains can be efficiently established by using this assay. Finally, genetic mapping of the rnu locus was performed with microsatellite markers. The locus order on rat chromosome 10 was D10Mgh14-(2.0cM)-D10Mit2-(1.4cM)-rnu-(0.7cM++ +)-D10Mgh6-(2.7cM)-D10Mit8.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirasawa
- Center for Experimental Animals Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan
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15
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Kimura SH, Kataoka TR, Endo Y, Nojima H. Genomic structure and chromosomal localization of mouse cyclin G1 gene. Genomics 1997; 46:483-6. [PMID: 9441755 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mouse genomic DNA harboring the full coding sequence of cyclin G1 was cloned and analyzed. The locations of five coding exons and the intron-exon boundary sequences were found to be conserved between the mouse and the human genes. Two putative binding sites for the p53 tumor suppressor gene product were found around the first exon: one was located in the 5' regulatory region, and the other was in the first intron. The mouse cyclin G1 gene was mapped to bands A5 to B1 of chromosomes 11 (11A5-B1) by FISH using genomic DNA clone as a biotinylated probe. The location of mouse cyclin G1 is syntenic to that of its human homologue, which we previously mapped to 5q32-q34 of chromosome 5. An additional faint signal was detected on chromosome 4 (4B1-C2), probably indicating the presence of a cyclin G1-related gene or pseudogene in the mouse genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Kimura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Osaka University, Japan
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16
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Abraham EH, Vos P, Kahn J, Grubman SA, Jefferson DM, Ding I, Okunieff P. Cystic fibrosis hetero- and homozygosity is associated with inhibition of breast cancer growth. Nat Med 1996; 2:593-6. [PMID: 8616723 DOI: 10.1038/nm0596-593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal recessive genetic disease of the Caucasian population. Although reports of cancer frequency in CF have emphasized an elevated observed-to-expected ratio of 6.5 for digestive tract cancers, these studies also show a significantly decreased observed-to-expected ratio for other malignancies including breast cancer. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) functions as an ATP channel. We found that heterozygous and homozygous CFTR knockout mice had elevated blood ATP concentrations. Elevated extracellular ATP is known to inhibit tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Using double mutant mice created by F2 generation crosses of CFTR knockout and nude mice, we observed reduced breast tumor implantability in CFTR homozygous nude animals. Decreased tumor growth rate was observed in both CFTR heterozygous and homozygous nude animals. Extracellular ATP reduced human breast tumor cell growth rate in vitro, and a breast tumor transfected with human CFTR that had high extracellular ATP concentrations in vitro correspondingly had a slower growth rate in vivo. The results suggest that both CFTR heterozygosity and homozygosity suppress breast cancer growth and that elevated extracellular ATP can account for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Abraham
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 60892, USA
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17
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Murakumo Y, Takahashi M, Hayashi N, Taguchi M, Arakawa A, Sharma N, Sakata K, Saito M, Amo H, Katoh H. Linkage of the athymic nude locus with the myeloperoxidase locus in the rat. Pathol Int 1995; 45:261-5. [PMID: 7550994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1995.tb03454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In rats of the BUF/Mna strain epithelial thymoma development is regulated by a single autosomal susceptible gene, Tsr-1. In pre-thymoma stage, BUF/Mna rats have extremely large thymuses, when compared with those of other strains of rats. The large thymus size of this strain is contributed by a thymus-enlargement gene, Ten-1. On the other hand, reduced thymus size and suppression of thymoma development were found in heterozygous BUF/Mna-rnu/+ rats. Linkage studies between RNU and microsatellite and restriction fragment length polymorphism markers in ([BUF/Mna-rnu/rnu x WKY/NCrj] F1 x WKY/NCrj)- and (WKY/NCrj x [BUF/Mna-rnu/rnu x WKY/NCrj] F1)- backcross rats have led to the localization of RNU on chromosome 10. The rat homolog of mouse Mpo (myeloperoxidase) was also assigned to the chromosome 10. The gene order on the chromosome was MYHSE (myosin heavy chain of embryonic skeletal muscle)--(1.0 centimorgan [cM])--SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin)--(4.0 cM)--RNU (Rowett rat nude)--(10.0 cM)--MPO--(13.0 cM)--AEP (anion exchange protein). Conserved linkage of homologous loci mapped to rat chromosome 10 and mouse chromosome 11 supports the hypothesis that the RNU and MPO loci are rat homologs of the mouse nu and Mpo loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Murakumo
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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18
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Blackburn CC, Griffith J, Morahan G. A high-resolution map of the chromosomal region surrounding the nude gene. Genomics 1995; 26:308-17. [PMID: 7601457 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The nude mutation produces the apparently disparate phenotypes of hairlessness and congenital thymic aplasia. These pleiotropic defects are the result of a single, autosomal recessive mutation that was previously mapped to a 9-cM region of murine chromosome 11 bounded by loci encoding the acetylcholine receptor beta subunit and myeloperoxidase. In this study, exclusion mapping of a panel of congenic nude strains was used to place the nude locus between the microsatellite loci D11Nds1 and D11Mit8. The relative distance from nude to each of these loci was determined by analyzing a large segregating cross. Thus, nude lies 1.4 cM distal to D11Nds1 and is 0.5 cM proximal to D11Mit8. Mice that carried recombinational breakpoints between D11Nds1 and D11Mit8 were further analyzed at the loci Evi-2 and D11Mit34, which placed nu 0.2 cM proximal to these markers. D11Nds1 and Evi-2/D11Mit34 thus define the new proximal and distal boundaries, respectively, for the nu interval. We also report the typing of the above microsatellite markers in the AKXD, AKXL, BXD, CXB, and BXH recombinant inbred strains, which confirmed the relative order and separation of loci in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Blackburn
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Hairless nude mice are immunodeficient because they lack a thymus. The nude gene has now been identified; it encodes a winged-helix transcription factor that is expressed specifically in skin and thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reth
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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Nehls M, Pfeifer D, Schorpp M, Hedrich H, Boehm T. New member of the winged-helix protein family disrupted in mouse and rat nude mutations. Nature 1994; 372:103-7. [PMID: 7969402 DOI: 10.1038/372103a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mutations at the nude locus of mice and rats disrupt normal hair growth and thymus development, causing nude mice and rats to be immune-deficient. The mouse nude locus has been localized on chromosome 11 (refs 3, 4) within a region of < 1 megabase. Here we show that one of the genes from this critical region, designated whn, encodes a new member of the winged-helix domain family of transcription factors, and that it is disrupted on mouse nu and rat rnuN alleles. Mutant transcripts do not encode the characteristic DNA-binding domain, strongly suggesting that the whn gene is the nude gene. Mutations in winged-helix domain genes cause homeotic transformations in Drosophila and distort cell-fate decisions during vulval development in Caenorhabditis elegans. The whn gene is thus the first member of this class of genes to be implicated in a specific developmental defect in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nehls
- Department of Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Nehls M, Lüno K, Schorpp M, Krause S, Matysiak-Scholze U, Prokop CM, Hedrich HJ, Boehm T. A yeast artificial chromosome contig on mouse chromosome 11 encompassing the nu locus. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1721-3. [PMID: 8026534 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mutations at the nude locus disrupt the homing process of T cell progenitor cells to the thymic rudiment, a key aspect of T cell differentiation. Here, we map the nude locus to a set of overlapping yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC) clones covering a genetic interval of about 0.5 centi Morgan on mouse chromosome 11. These results provide a suitable starting point to molecularly clone the nude gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nehls
- Department of Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- F Greenberg
- Institute for Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Cash JM, Remmers EF, Goldmuntz EA, Crofford LJ, Zha H, Hansen CT, Wilder RL. Genetic mapping of the athymic nude (RNU) locus in the rat to a region on chromosome 10. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:37-42. [PMID: 8422500 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The nude trait in the rat is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner and is associated with thymic aplasia, T-cell deficiency, and hairlessness. Congenic rats homozygous for the RNU (Rowett nude) locus are important models in the study of inflammatory disease, tumor growth, and transplant rejection. The RNU locus has not been previously mapped, and the nature of the gene product is unknown. To determine the map location of this gene, a single F344.rnu/rnu (athymic nude congenic Fischer rat) male congenic rat was bred with 3 LEW/N (NIH stock Lewis rat) female rats to produce F1 progeny. Twelve F1 brother-sister breeding pairs were established. Forty-nine phenotypically nude F2 offspring (198 total) were obtained. Linkage analysis done on F2 DNA revealed highly significant cosegregation between the nude phenotype and eight polymorphic markers located on Chromosome (Chr) 10. The tightest linkages were with: MYH3 (embryonic, skeletal myosin heavy chain) and SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin), giving 2 point lod scores of 20.2, and 20.0, respectively. The map order and map distances, determined by multipoint linkage calculations, were: RR24-(16.1 cM)-MYH3-(3.5 cM)-SHBG-(4.7 cM)-RNU-(11.9 cM)-F16F2-(24.1 cM)-CLATP (citrate lyase ATPase)-(2.4 cM)-ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)/PPY (pancreatic polypeptide)-(14.1 cM)-RR1023. The position of the RNU locus in the rat corresponds closely with that of the recently reported nu locus in the mouse. This finding suggests that the nude phenotype in the rat and the mouse arise from defects in homologous genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cash
- Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Byrd
- Zoology Department, University of Maryland, College Park
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