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Costa TL, Wagemans J. Gestalts at threshold could reveal Gestalts as predictions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18308. [PMID: 34526565 PMCID: PMC8443602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We review and revisit the predictive processing inspired “Gestalts as predictions” hypothesis. The study of Gestalt phenomena at and below threshold can help clarify the role of higher-order object selective areas and feedback connections in mid-level vision. In two psychophysical experiments assessing manipulations of contrast and configurality we showed that: (1) Gestalt phenomena are robust against saliency manipulations across the psychometric function even below threshold (with the accuracy gains and higher saliency associated with Gestalts being present even around chance performance); and (2) peak differences between Gestalt and control conditions happened around the time where responses to Gestalts are starting to saturate (mimicking the differential contrast response profile of striate vs. extra-striate visual neurons). In addition, Gestalts are associated with steeper psychometric functions in all experiments. We propose that these results reflect the differential engagement of object-selective areas in Gestalt phenomena and of information- or percept-based processing, as opposed to energy- or stimulus-based processing, more generally. In addition, the presence of nonlinearities in the psychometric functions suggest differential top-down modulation of the early visual cortex. We treat this as a proof of principle study, illustrating that classic psychophysics can help assess possible involvement of hierarchical predictive processing in Gestalt phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Wagemans
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Domdei N, Reiniger JL, Holz FG, Harmening WM. The Relationship Between Visual Sensitivity and Eccentricity, Cone Density and Outer Segment Length in the Human Foveola. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:31. [PMID: 34289495 PMCID: PMC8300048 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The cellular topography of the human foveola, the central 1° diameter of the fovea, is strikingly non-uniform, with a steep increase of cone photoreceptor density and outer segment (OS) length toward its center. Here, we assessed to what extent the specific cellular organization of the foveola of an individual is reflected in visual sensitivity and if sensitivity peaks at the preferred retinal locus of fixation (PRL). Methods Increment sensitivity to small-spot, cone-targeted visual stimuli (1 × 1 arcmin, 543-nm light) was recorded psychophysically in four human participants at 17 locations concentric within a 0.2° diameter on and around the PRL with adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy-based microstimulation. Sensitivity test spots were aligned with cell-resolved maps of cone density and cone OS length. Results Peak sensitivity was at neither the PRL nor the topographical center of the cone mosaic. Within the central 0.1° diameter, a plateau-like sensitivity profile was observed. Cone density and maximal OS length differed significantly across participants, correlating with their peak sensitivity. Based on these results, biophysical simulation allowed to develop a model of visual sensitivity in the foveola, with distance from the PRL (eccentricity), cone density, and OS length as parameters. Conclusions Small-spot sensitivity thresholds in healthy retinas will help to establish the range of normal foveolar function in cell-targeted vision testing. Because of the high reproducibility in replicate testing, threshold variability not explained by our model is assumed to be caused by individual cone and bipolar cell weighting at the specific target locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Domdei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jenny L Reiniger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolf M Harmening
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Wilkinson MO, Anderson RS, Bradley A, Thibos LN. Resolution acuity across the visual field for mesopic and scotopic illumination. J Vis 2021; 20:7. [PMID: 33007081 PMCID: PMC7545082 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.10.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the classical question of why visual acuity decreases with decreasing retinal illuminance by holding retinal eccentricity fixed while illumination varied. Our results indicate that acuity is largely independent of illuminance at any given retinal location, which suggests that under classical free-viewing conditions acuity improves as illumination increases from rod threshold to rod saturation because the retinal location of the stimulus is permitted to migrate from a peripheral location of maximum sensitivity but poor acuity to the foveal location of maximum acuity but poor sensitivity. Comparison with anatomical sampling density of retinal neurons suggests that mesopic acuity at all eccentricities and scotopic acuity for eccentricities beyond about 20° is limited by the spacing of midget ganglion cells. In central retina, however, scotopic acuity is further limited by spatial filtering due to spatial summation within the large, overlapping receptive fields of the A-II class of amacrine cells interposed in the rod pathway between rod bipolars and midget ganglion cells. Our results offer a mechanistic interpretation of the clinical metrics for low-luminance visual dysfunction used to monitor progression of retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Wilkinson
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Present address: Premier Research, Inc., Durham, NC, USA.,
| | - Roger S Anderson
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Present address: Vision Science Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK.,
| | - Arthur Bradley
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,
| | - Larry N Thibos
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,
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4
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Scotopic thresholds on dark-adapted chromatic perimetry in healthy aging and age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10349. [PMID: 33990634 PMCID: PMC8121851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of aging, intra- and intersession repeatability and regional scotopic sensitivities in healthy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes. Intra- and intersession agreement and effect of age was measured in healthy individuals. The mean sensitivity (MS) and pointwise retinal sensitivities (PWS) within the central 24° with 505 nm (cyan) and 625 nm (red) stimuli were evaluated in 50 individuals (11 healthy and 39 AMD eyes). The overall intra- and intersession had excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC > 0.90) and tests were highly correlated (Spearman rs = 0.75-0.86). Eyes with subretinal drusenoid deposit (SDD) had reduced PWS centrally, particularly at inferior and nasal retinal locations compared with controls and intermediate AMD (iAMD) without SDD. There was no difference in MS or PWS at any retinal location between iAMD without SDD and healthy individuals nor between iAMD with SDD and non-foveal atrophic AMD groups. Eyes with SDD have reduced rod function compared to iAMD without SDD and healthy eyes, but similar to eyes with non-foveal atrophy. Our results highlight rod dysfunction is not directly correlated with drusen load and SDD location.
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5
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João CAR, Scanferla L, Jansonius NM. Retinal Contrast Gain Control and Temporal Modulation Sensitivity Across the Visual Field in Glaucoma at Photopic and Mesopic Light Conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4270-4276. [PMID: 31618763 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glaucoma affects many aspects of visual performance, including adaptation, and this may depend on ambient luminance. We determine the influence of glaucoma and luminance on temporal aspects of adaptation, specifically on contrast gain control and temporal modulation sensitivity (TMS). Methods This case-control study included 12 glaucoma patients and 25 age-similar controls (50-70 years). Threshold perimetry was performed with a minimized testing grid (fovea and four peripheral locations). Stimuli (Goldmann size III 50 ms increment/decrement) were presented on a time-varying background with sinusoidally-modulated luminance (amplitude 60%; frequency 0-30 Hz; mean background luminance, 1 and 100 cd/m2). TMS (2.5-30 Hz) was measured in the same locations with a sinusoidally-modulated stimulus (Goldmann size IV, 334 ms) on a steady background (1 and 100 cd/m2). Results In healthy subjects, contrast sensitivity decreased with increasing background modulation frequency and increased again at very high frequencies, indicating contrast gain control. Minimum sensitivity was located between 2.5 and 20 Hz, depending on luminance and eccentricity. In glaucoma patients, the same frequency dependency was found (P = 0.12) but with an overall reduced sensitivity (P = 1 × 10-5), independent of luminance (P = 0.20). Decrements differentiated better between glaucoma and healthy subjects than increments (P = 0.004). TMS was reduced in glaucoma (P = 5 × 10-6) across all frequencies and luminance levels, with complete loss for high frequencies at 1 cd/m2. Conclusions Contrast gain control is largely unaffected in glaucoma, suggesting intact amacrine cell function. Perimetry with decrements or a high-frequency stimulus on a low-luminance background seems best to differentiate between glaucoma and healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina A R João
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Scanferla
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Thibos LN, Bradley A, Xu R, Lopez-Gil N. Ricco's law and absolute threshold for foveal detection of black holes. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2019; 36:B35-B43. [PMID: 31044953 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.36.000b35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Visual detection of small black objects surrounded by a light background depends on background luminance, pupil size, optical blur, and object size. Holding pupil and optics fixed, we measured the minimum background luminance needed for foveal detection of small black targets as a function of target size. For all three observers, absolute threshold varied inversely with target area when disk diameter subtended less than 10' of visual angle. For target diameter ≥10', threshold remained constant at about 0.3 Td, which was also the absolute threshold for detecting light spots 10' or larger in diameter on a black background. These results are consistent with Ricco's law of spatial summation: a "black hole" is just detectable when the background luminance is sufficiently high for its absence inside the Ricco area to reduce 555 nm photon flux by 7500 photons/s, which is the same change needed to detect light spots on a black surround. These results can be accounted for by a differential pair of Ricco detectors, each about the size of the receptive field center of magocellular retinal ganglion cells when projected into object space through the eye's weakly aberrated optical system. Statistical analysis of the model suggests the quantum fluctuations due to internal, biological noise (i.e., "scotons") are a greater handicap than the photon fluctuations inherent in the light stimulus at absolute foveal threshold.
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Bierings RAJM, Overkempe T, van Berkel CM, Kuiper M, Jansonius NM. Spatial contrast sensitivity from star- to sunlight in healthy subjects and patients with glaucoma. Vision Res 2019; 158:31-39. [PMID: 30721742 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is traditionally considered an asymptomatic disease until later stages. However, questionnaire studies revealed visual complaints related to various tasks, especially under extreme luminance conditions (such as outdoor at night on an unlit road or outside in the sun). We measured contrast sensitivity (CS) over a luminance range of 6 log units spanning the scotopic to photopic range and we aimed (1) to determine whether Weber's law also holds under extremely high luminance conditions and (2) to compare CS as a function of spatial frequency and luminance between glaucoma patients and healthy subjects. We included 22 glaucoma patients and 51 controls, all with normal visual acuity. For the second aim, we used a subgroup of 22 age-similar controls. Vertically oriented sine-wave gratings were generated with a projector-based setup (stimulus size 8x5 degrees). CS was measured monocularly at 1, 3, and 10 cycles per degree (cpd); mean luminance ranged from 0.0085 to 8500 cd/m2. ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of glaucoma, luminance, and spatial frequency on logCS. In controls, Weber's law held for 3 and 10 cpd; for 1 cpd, CS dropped above 1000 cd/m2 (P = 0.003). The logCS versus log luminance curves did not differ grossly between patients and controls (P = 0.14; typically 0-0.2 log units); the difference became larger with decreasing luminance (P = 0.003) but did not depend clearly on spatial frequency (P = 0.27). We conclude that differences between glaucoma and healthy were relatively modest for the spatially redundant, static stimulus as used in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A J M Bierings
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - T Overkempe
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C M van Berkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Kuiper
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - N M Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Kelbsch C, Strasser T, Chen Y, Feigl B, Gamlin PD, Kardon R, Peters T, Roecklein KA, Steinhauer SR, Szabadi E, Zele AJ, Wilhelm H, Wilhelm BJ. Standards in Pupillography. Front Neurol 2019; 10:129. [PMID: 30853933 PMCID: PMC6395400 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of research groups studying the pupil is increasing, as is the number of publications. Consequently, new standards in pupillography are needed to formalize the methodology including recording conditions, stimulus characteristics, as well as suitable parameters of evaluation. Since the description of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) there has been an increased interest and broader application of pupillography in ophthalmology as well as other fields including psychology and chronobiology. Color pupillography plays an important role not only in research but also in clinical observational and therapy studies like gene therapy of hereditary retinal degenerations and psychopathology. Stimuli can vary in size, brightness, duration, and wavelength. Stimulus paradigms determine whether rhodopsin-driven rod responses, opsin-driven cone responses, or melanopsin-driven ipRGC responses are primarily elicited. Background illumination, adaptation state, and instruction for the participants will furthermore influence the results. This standard recommends a minimum set of variables to be used for pupillography and specified in the publication methodologies. Initiated at the 32nd International Pupil Colloquium 2017 in Morges, Switzerland, the aim of this manuscript is to outline standards in pupillography based on current knowledge and experience of pupil experts in order to achieve greater comparability of pupillographic studies. Such standards will particularly facilitate the proper application of pupillography by researchers new to the field. First we describe general standards, followed by specific suggestions concerning the demands of different targets of pupil research: the afferent and efferent reflex arc, pharmacology, psychology, sleepiness-related research and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Kelbsch
- Pupil Research Group, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Strasser
- Pupil Research Group, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yanjun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, AL, United States
| | - Beatrix Feigl
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul D. Gamlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Randy Kardon
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Division, University of Iowa and Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, LA, United States
| | - Tobias Peters
- Pupil Research Group, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathryn A. Roecklein
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Stuart R. Steinhauer
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, VISN 4 MIRECC, University Drive C, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Elemer Szabadi
- Developmental Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Zele
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Helmut Wilhelm
- Pupil Research Group, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara J. Wilhelm
- Pupil Research Group, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Efficient assessment of the time course of perceptual sensitivity change. Vision Res 2018; 154:21-43. [PMID: 30389389 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Perceptual sensitivity is usually estimated over trials and time intervals, which results in imprecise and biased estimates when it changes rapidly over time. We develop a novel procedure, the quick Change-Detection (qCD) method, to accurately, precisely, and efficiently assess the trial-by-trial time course of perceptual sensitivity change. Based on Bayesian adaptive testing, qCD selects the optimal stimulus, and updates, trial by trial, a joint probability distribution of the parameters that quantify perceptual sensitivity change over time. We demonstrate the utility of the method in measuring the time course of dark adaptation. Simulations showed that the accuracy and precision of the estimated dark adaptation curve after one qCD run (root mean squared error (RMSE): 0.002; the half width of the 68.2% credible interval (HWCI): 0.016; standard deviation (SD): 0.020; all in log10 units) was higher than those obtained by ten runs of the quick Forced-Choice (qFC) procedure (RMSE: 0.020; HWCI: 0.032; SD: 0.031) and ten runs of a weighted up-down staircase procedure (RMSE: 0.026; SD: 0.031). Further, the dark adaptation curve obtained from one qCD run in a psychophysics experiment was highly consistent with the average of four qFC runs (RMSE = 0.076 log10 units). Overall, qCD provides a procedure to characterize the detailed time course of perceptual sensitivity change in both basic research and clinical applications.
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10
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Bierings RAJM, de Boer MH, Jansonius NM. Visual Performance as a Function of Luminance in Glaucoma: The De Vries-Rose, Weber's, and Ferry-Porter's Law. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:3416-3423. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A. J. M. Bierings
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marije H. de Boer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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11
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Bierings RAJM, Kuiper M, van Berkel CM, Overkempe T, Jansonius NM. Foveal light and dark adaptation in patients with glaucoma and healthy subjects: A case-control study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193663. [PMID: 29509787 PMCID: PMC5839543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To determine whether foveal light and dark adaptation are affected in glaucoma. METHODS Case-control study with 23 glaucoma patients and 51 controls. Light and dark adaptation were measured twice. After 10 minutes pre-adaptation to 0.0032 cd/m2, the background luminance increased stepwise to 320 (5 log unit step) or 10,000 cd/m2 (6.5 log unit step) for 10 minutes, then it decreased back to 0.0032 cd/m2 for 30 minutes. Foveal contrast sensitivity [CS]) as a function of time was determined using a 1.15 degree increment. Time resolution of the experiments was 30 seconds. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the effect of glaucoma on the CS plateau and adaptation time (time to reach the plateau minus 3 dB); analyses were adjusted for age and gender. RESULTS After light adaptation to 320 and 10,000 cd/m2, glaucoma patients had a 0.22 (P<0.001) and 0.13 (P = 0.010) log unit lower CS plateau than controls, respectively. After dark adaptation, this difference was 0.21 (P = 0.018) and 0.30 (P<0.001) log unit, respectively. Light adaptation occurred too fast to determine an accurate light adaptation time. Dark adaptation times of glaucoma patients and controls were similar, for both the 5 (7.2 versus 5.5 minutes; P = 0.10) and the 6.5 (18.2 versus 16.6 minutes; P = 0.14) log unit step. CONCLUSION After a sudden increase or decrease in luminance, the logCS adaptation curves of glaucoma patients are shifted downwards compared to the curves of healthy subjects. Glaucoma patients have a lower CS plateau than healthy subjects, for both light and dark adaptation; dark adaptation times are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A. J. M. Bierings
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen Kuiper
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Casper M. van Berkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Overkempe
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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12
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Tahir HJ, Rodrigo-Diaz E, Parry NRA, Kelly JMF, Carden D, Murray IJ. Slowed dark adaptation in older eyes; effect of location. Exp Eye Res 2016; 155:47-53. [PMID: 27890475 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The rate of rod sensitivity recovery following a photobleach is a basic measure of the integrity of the outer retina. Rods are selectively impaired in aging and many disorders of the retina, notably Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). It is not known for certain whether the age-related deficit is a pan-retinal effect or if there are localised regions of impaired rod function. To address this important issue a dual arc stimulus was developed that samples sensitivity recovery in two retinal locations. METHODS Arc-shaped stimuli were presented on a black CRT screen at two locations, in the inferior visual field. Following a bleach, which was localised to the stimuli, recovery of sensitivity was measured using a modified method of adjustment technique. Neutral density filters were used to extend the luminance range of the CRT. Sensitivity recovery functions were fitted by non-linear regression to a seven-parameter model. RESULTS Pairs of sensitivity recovery functions were generated from the stimuli. The cone phases of these functions were identical. The slopes of the S2 sections of the curves were steeper for the outer stimuli for both young (p < 0.001) and older (p = 0.003) observers. The difference between the two was the same for the two groups. The α point was reached slightly earlier for the young observers and with the outer stimulus but neither of these effects reached statistical significance. The β point occurred earlier for the outer stimuli and this effect was statistically significant only for the older group. CONCLUSIONS The method places minimal demands on observers. The fact that rod sensitivity recovery is slowed in the older normal eye to the same extent in the two locations suggests that this deficit may be uniform across the retina. As there are localised losses in scotopic function in AMD, the technique is ideally suited to distinguishing impaired recovery dynamics due to normal ageing from those caused by disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humza J Tahir
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | | | - Neil R A Parry
- Centre for Hearing and Vision Research, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, UK; Vision Science Centre, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | | | - David Carden
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian J Murray
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Matsumoto H, Iwasa T, Yoshizawa T. The role of the non-covalent β-ionone-ring binding site in rhodopsin: historical and physiological perspective. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1932-40. [PMID: 26257274 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bleached rhodopsin regenerates by way of the Schiff base formation between the 11-cis retinal and opsin. Recovery of human vision from light adapted states follows biphasic kinetics and each adaptive phase is assigned to two distinct classes of visual pigments in cones and rods, respectively, suggesting that the speed of Schiff base formation differs between iodopsin and rhodopsin. Matsumoto and Yoshizawa predicted the existence of a β-ionone ring-binding site in rhodopsin, which has been proven by structural studies. They postulated that rhodopsin regeneration starts with a non-covalent binding of the β-ionone ring moiety of 11-cis-retinal, followed by the Schiff base formation. Recent physiological investigation revealed that non-covalent occupation of the β-ionone ring binding site transiently activates the visual transduction cascade in the dark. In order to understand the role of non-covalent binding of 11-cis-retinal to opsin during regeneration, we studied the kinetics of rhodopsin regeneration from opsin and 11-cis-retinal and found that the Schiff base formation is accelerated ∼10(7) times compared to that between retinal and free amine. According to Cordes and Jencks, Schiff base formation in solution exhibits a bell-shaped pH dependence. However, we discovered that the rhodopsin formation is independent of pH over a wide pH range, suggesting that aqueous solvents do not have access to the Schiff base milieu during its formation. According to Hecht et al. the regeneration of iodopsin must be significantly faster than that of rhodopsin. Does this suggest that the Schiff base formation in iodopsin is favored due to its structural architecture? The iodopsin structure once solved would answer such a question as how molecular fine-tuning of retinal proteins realizes their dark adaptive functions. In contrast, bacteriorhodopsin does not require occupancy of a distinct β-ionone ring-binding site, enabling an aldehyde without the cyclohexene ring to form a pigment. Studies of regeneration reaction of other retinal proteins, which are scarcely available, would clarify the molecular structure-phenotype relationships and their physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. and Clinical Proteomics and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Iwasa
- Muroran Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan
| | - Tôru Yoshizawa
- Department of Biophysics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Stokkermans MGM, Heynderickx IEJ. Temporal dark adaptation to spatially complex backgrounds: effect of an additional light source. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2014; 31:1485-1494. [PMID: 25121436 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.001485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Visual adaptation (and especially dark adaptation) has been studied extensively in the past, however, mainly addressing adaptation to fully dark backgrounds. At this stage, it is unclear whether these results are not too simple to be applied to complex situations, such as predicting adaptation of a motorist driving at night. To fill this gap we set up a study investigating how spatially complex backgrounds influence temporal dark adaptation. Our results showed that dark adaptation to spatially complex backgrounds leads to much longer adaptation times than dark adaptation to spatially uniform backgrounds. We conclude therefore that the adaptation models based on past studies overestimate the visual system's sensitivity to detect luminance variations in spatially complex environments. Our results also showed large variations in adaptation times when varying the degree of spatial complexity of the background. Hence, we may conclude that it is important to take into account models that are based on spatially complex backgrounds when predicting dark adaptation for complex environments.
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Pirenne M, Marriott F. Quantum Theories of the Absolute Threshold: The Influence of Retinal Position and Area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/713818674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.H. Pirenne
- a Departments of Physiology and of Statistics, University of Aberdeen
| | - F.H.C. Marriott
- a Departments of Physiology and of Statistics, University of Aberdeen
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Marshall AJ, Day RH. The resolution of grating test objects during the course of dark adaptation. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00049535108256045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Zele AJ, Vingrys AJ. Defining the detection mechanisms for symmetric and rectified flicker stimuli. Vision Res 2007; 47:2700-13. [PMID: 17825346 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Symmetric flicker modulates about a background light level and effects no change in the time-average luminance. Rectified flicker is achieved by modulating a luminance-increment and results in both a flickering component and an increase in the time-averaged luminance (luminance-pedestal) above the adapting background light level. We studied the effect that changes in adapting light level and local luminance (within the area of the flickering target) have on thresholds. We measured thresholds for single and multiple cycles of flicker over a range of adapting light levels (Threshold versus Intensity paradigm) and defined their gain as a function of luminance-pedestal amplitude (Threshold versus Amplitude paradigm). The dynamics of symmetric and rectified flicker responses were determined using a Stimulus Onset Asynchrony paradigm. The data show rectified flicker thresholds differ from symmetric flicker thresholds due to two factors that can be contrast-dependent or contrast-independent: (1) local adaptation, which varies with stimulus duration and (2) surround interactions that depend on adapting light level. The dynamics of the thresholds for symmetric and rectified flicker stimuli suggest the detection mechanisms occur early in the visual pathways, involving the magnocellular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Zele
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Perrin F, Peigneux P, Fuchs S, Verhaeghe S, Laureys S, Middleton B, Degueldre C, Del Fiore G, Vandewalle G, Balteau E, Poirrier R, Moreau V, Luxen A, Maquet P, Dijk DJ. Nonvisual Responses to Light Exposure in the Human Brain during the Circadian Night. Curr Biol 2004; 14:1842-6. [PMID: 15498492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Revised: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The brain processes light information to visually represent the environment but also to detect changes in ambient light level. The latter information induces non-image-forming responses and exerts powerful effects on physiology such as synchronization of the circadian clock and suppression of melatonin. In rodents, irradiance information is transduced from a discrete subset of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells via the retinohypothalamic tract to various hypothalamic and brainstem regulatory structures including the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei, the master circadian pacemaker. In humans, light also acutely modulates alertness, but the cerebral correlates of this effect are unknown. We assessed regional cerebral blood flow in 13 subjects attending to auditory and visual stimuli in near darkness following light exposures (>8000 lux) of different durations (0.5, 17, 16.5, and 0 min) during the biological night. The bright broadband polychromatic light suppressed melatonin and enhanced alertness. Functional imaging revealed that a large-scale occipito-parietal attention network, including the right intraparietal sulcus, was more active in proportion to the duration of light exposures preceding the scans. Activity in the hypothalamus decreased in proportion to previous illumination. These findings have important implications for understanding the effects of light on human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Perrin
- Centre de Recherches du Cyclotron (B30), Université de Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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19
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Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the adaptive response for achromatic impulses seen on achromatic fields were investigated. Foveal thresholds were measured for a static probe-impulse under two conditions of adaptation. Thresholds were obtained under gain-clamped conditions after observers had reached steady-state adaptation and with a probe-flash paradigm. It was found that thresholds isolated on steady-state fields cannot be modelled using a single mechanism. Likewise, the probe-flash condition failed to reflect the response of a single mechanism. Both threshold functions showed distinct breaks occurring at about the same field luminance (approximately 1.0 log cd/m2). Optimum data fits required the incorporation of two mechanisms implying the existence of independent processes mediating detection. Chromatic isolation confirmed that differential adaptation had been unmasked in the long- and medium-wavelength sensitive cone inputs to the achromatic channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Zele
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Oren DA, Joseph-Vanderpool JR, Rosenthal NE. Adaptation to dim light in depressed patients with seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry Res 1991; 36:187-93. [PMID: 2017533 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(91)90130-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Supersensitivity to light has been suggested as a possible trait marker for manic-depressive illness. Because winter seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is associated with depressive episodes during dark winter days, the authors postulated that SAD patients would show diminished sensitivity to dim light. Dark-adaptation curves were obtained in 10 medication-free, depressed SAD patients and in 10 age- and sex-matched drug-free healthy controls. Contrary to the hypothesis, patients adapted to dim light more rapidly than controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Oren
- Section on Environmental Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Doma H, Hallett PE. Variable contributions of rods and cones to saccadic eye-movement latency in a non-foveating task. Vision Res 1989; 29:563-77. [PMID: 2603394 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(89)90043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Latencies were measured for anti saccades away from a small lit cue that steps +/- 10 deg in complete darkness. Cue luminance and wavelength were varied. Additional measurements were made during dark-adaptation or on backgrounds or at different retinal eccentricities. Luminance matched cues and Palmer's equivalent luminance transformation were also used. Latencies for pure rod and pure cone inputs obey Piéron's law in much the same manner as foveating saccades, except that latencies are somewhat longer. However, as judged by saccadic latency, interaction between rods and cones is quite variable in the anti task. The rod-cone transition either occurs at cue luminances well above the cone threshold and is from pure rod input to primarily cone, or occurs at the cone threshold and is from rods to rods-plus-cones. Direction errors, or reflex foveating saccades, are particularly increased for mesopic cues. The variable behaviour of subjects at the anti task is discussed in relation to temporal multiplexing of rod and cone signals from dark-adapted retinal ganglion cells, the delaying nature of the task, and attentional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Doma
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
The time course of rod dark adaptation was measured in 12 patients and carriers of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). In contrast to previous studies the rod absolute threshold was determined prior to any exposure to the bleaching light. For seven of the patients and carriers the recovery of rod sensitivity to the prebleach level was prolonged, with the delay ranging from mild to severe. The prolongation appeared to be limited to the late phase of bleaching recovery; the early portion of rod dark adaptation, measured following a weak bleach, was normal. These results suggest a selective impairment in the processes underlying rod dark adaptation in some patients with RP.
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23
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Werner JS. Development of scotopic sensitivity and the absorption spectrum of the human ocular media. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1982; 72:247-58. [PMID: 7057292 DOI: 10.1364/josa.72.000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Scotopic spectral sensitivity was measured for nine observers (aged 4.5 months to 66 years) from 400 to 650 nm (10-nm steps) by using a 42 degree naturally viewed stimulus. The dependent measure was the visually evoked cortical-potential amplitude that was phase locked to an 8-Hz flickering stimulus. Sensitivity was similar for all observers at middle and long wavelengths, but at short wavelengths there was a decrease in sensitivity with increasing age. The density of the preretinal ocular media was estimated by subtracting the log scotopic spectral-sensitivity function of each observer from the human rhodopsin-absorbance spectrum when the two sets of curves were pinned at long wavelengths. The density of the infant ocular media was lower than that for adults. To quantify the sequence of ocular-media development, scotopic sensitivity was determined for an additional 42 observers (aged 1 month to 70 years) at two spectral points: 553 nm, where the optic-media density is low, and 405-430 nm, where the density is high. From these data, optic-media density at 400 nm was calculated. Despite substantial individual differences within each age, a clear aging function emerged. Preretinal optic-media density increased monotonically from birth throughout adulthood. Thus optical density at 400 nm differs by about a factor of 22 between the average 1-month-old infant and the average 70-year-old adult.
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26
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Knoerchen R, Hildebrandt G. Tagesrhythmische Schwankungen der visuellen Lichtempfindlichkeit beim Menschen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1080/09291017609359505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Spillmann L, Coderre J. Increment thresholds for striped and uniform test fields as a function of background level. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1973; 63:601-5. [PMID: 4731337 DOI: 10.1364/josa.63.000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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29
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Granda AM, Maxwell JH, Zwick H. The temporal course of dark adaptation in the turtle, Pseudemys, using a behavioral avoidance paradigm. Vision Res 1972; 12:653-72. [PMID: 5017161 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(72)90160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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30
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Spillmann L, Hendershot GE, Nowlan AT. Dark adaptation in rod homologous loci. ALBRECHT VON GRAEFES ARCHIV FUR KLINISCHE UND EXPERIMENTELLE OPHTHALMOLOGIE. ALBRECHT VON GRAEFE'S ARCHIVE FOR CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY 1971; 182:206-13. [PMID: 5315335 DOI: 10.1007/bf00414643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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31
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Stabell U, Stabell B. Color threshold measurements in scotopic vision. II. Test-stimulation varied. Scand J Psychol 1968; 9:129-32. [PMID: 5663996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.1968.tb00525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Rinalducci EJ. Photopic mechanisms of early dark adaptation. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1968; 58:690-6. [PMID: 5647007 DOI: 10.1364/josa.58.000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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ALPERN M, KITAI S, ISAACSON JD. The Dark-Adaptation Process of the Pupillomotor Photoreceptors*. Am J Ophthalmol 1959; 48(5)Pt 2:583-93. [PMID: 13792913 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(59)90609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Roehrig WC. The Influence of the Portion of the Retina Stimulated on the Critical Flicker-Fusion Threshold. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 1959. [DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1959.9916340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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GRANGER GW. Psychophysiology of Vision. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1959; 1:245-98. [PMID: 13828919 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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Eysenck's theory of anxiety and hysteria and the results of visual adaptation experiments. Acta Psychol (Amst) 1957. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-6918(57)90013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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SCHWEITZER NM. Threshold measurements on the light reflex of the pupil in the dark adapted eye. Doc Ophthalmol 1956; 10:1-78. [PMID: 13414614 DOI: 10.1007/bf00172098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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MACLEOD S, BARTLETT NR. Human reaction time during dark adaptation. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1954; 44:374-9. [PMID: 13163769 DOI: 10.1364/josa.44.000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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BRIDGMAN CS. The correction of low intensity luminance functions for the Purkinje effect. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1952; 42:832-6. [PMID: 13011672 DOI: 10.1364/josa.42.000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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