Intrinsic cellular chirality regulates left-right symmetry breaking during cardiac looping.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018;
115:E11568-E11577. [PMID:
30459275 PMCID:
PMC6294912 DOI:
10.1073/pnas.1808052115]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell chirality, or handedness of the cell, is a newly discovered, fundamental property of the cell, so far studied in cell culture only with micropatterning or graded biomaterial-based approaches. The relevance of intrinsic cell chirality on organ laterality is yet to be established. Cardiac looping is the first organ-specific left–right asymmetry evident during embryogenesis. Despite extensive insights into the molecular signals regulating cardiac left–right asymmetry, the biophysical mechanism is still unknown. Our findings establish intrinsic cell chirality as a regulator of cardiac laterality. This study combines an in vitro chirality assay with embryonic left–right asymmetry in vivo and will significantly impact the understanding and future studies of embryonic left–right asymmetry and congenital heart diseases.
The vertebrate body plan is overall symmetrical but left–right (LR) asymmetric in the shape and positioning of internal organs. Although several theories have been proposed, the biophysical mechanisms underlying LR asymmetry are still unclear, especially the role of cell chirality, the LR asymmetry at the cellular level, on organ asymmetry. Here with developing chicken embryos, we examine whether intrinsic cell chirality or handedness regulates cardiac C looping. Using a recently established biomaterial-based 3D culture platform, we demonstrate that chick cardiac cells before and during C looping are intrinsically chiral and exhibit dominant clockwise rotation in vitro. We further show that cells in the developing myocardium are chiral as evident by a rightward bias of cell alignment and a rightward polarization of the Golgi complex, correlating with the direction of cardiac tube rotation. In addition, there is an LR polarized distribution of N-cadherin and myosin II in the myocardium before the onset of cardiac looping. More interestingly, the reversal of cell chirality via activation of the protein kinase C signaling pathway reverses the directionality of cardiac looping, accompanied by a reversal in cellular biases on the cardiac tube. Our results suggest that myocardial cell chirality regulates cellular LR symmetry breaking in the heart tube and the resultant directionality of cardiac looping. Our study provides evidence of an intrinsic cellular chiral bias leading to LR symmetry breaking during directional tissue rotation in vertebrate development.
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