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Martín Guerra JM, Martín Asenjo M, Dueñas Gutiérrez C. Chlamydia pneumoniae meningitis. Med Clin (Barc) 2021; 158:292-293. [PMID: 34294444 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Martín Asenjo
- Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
| | - Carlos Dueñas Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
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2
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Alzheimer's disease might depend on enabling pathogens which do not necessarily cross the blood-brain barrier. Med Hypotheses 2019; 125:129-136. [PMID: 30902141 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) might reflect, in its acquired aspects, a cooperative pathogenesis whereby infectious enablers which do not necessarily cross the blood-brain barrier augment the invasive properties of a less virulent organism, thus enabling it to infect the brain. An example interaction is described which involves Chlamydia species, Human papillomavirus (HPV), microbiota, and yeast, where yeast is a pathogen of low virulence which crosses the blood-brain barrier. The cooperative pathogenesis begins at the mucosal epithelium. Infection by Chlamydia, HPV, or dysbiosis of commensal bacteria disrupts the integrity of the mucosal epithelium, thereby allowing colonizing yeast to penetrate the epithelial barrier and enter into the bloodstream. Chlamydia and enabling commensals promote insulin resistance, which provides yeast with glucose and also sets the stage for accumulation of amyloid beta protein (ABP). Meanwhile, HPV-induced and hyperglycemia-induced immunological changes enable the spread of newly invasive yeast to the brain, where the release of inflammatory cytokines in response to yeast promotes production of ABP. Chlamydia also cross reacts with Candida species, which may stimulate further brain inflammation in response to Candida and may augment production of ABP thereby The yeast's less virulent origins, coupled with immune modulation by enablers, might explain why AD as a model of infectious encephalitis is always slow and insidious rather than occasionally febrile, accompanied by seizures, or marked by signs of meningeal inflammation.
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Herweg JA, Rudel T. Interaction of Chlamydiae with human macrophages. FEBS J 2015; 283:608-18. [PMID: 26613554 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phylum Chlamydiae contains several members that are well-known human pathogens, like Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae. Establishing a chronic bacterial infection requires the active evasion of the host immune response. A major arm of the innate immune defence is constituted by macrophages, which fight infections by removing bacteria and triggering an adaptive immune response. However, some pathogenic Chlamydia infect and survive in macrophages at least for a certain period of time. Therefore, macrophages can serve as vehicles for the dissemination of bacterial infections from the primary infection site via the urogenital or respiratory tract to distant sites in the body. The capacity to infect macrophages seems to depend on the chlamydial strain and the source of macrophages. In vitro infections of macrophages with C. trachomatis, C. psittaci and C. pneumoniae reveal low efficiency of infection and progeny formation, as well as failure to develop mature inclusions. In contrast, the emerging pathogen, Simkania negevensis, actively replicates in macrophages. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the intracellular and molecular key mechanisms of C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae and S. negevensis infections in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Ana Herweg
- Biocenter, Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Biocenter, Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Encefaliti infettive. Neurologia 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(14)66664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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5
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Elargoubi A, Verhoeven P, Grattard F, Stephan JL, Richard O, Pozzetto B. Acute encephalitis associated to a respiratory infection due to Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Med Mal Infect 2013; 43:345-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Parthasarathy G, Philipp MT. Review: apoptotic mechanisms in bacterial infections of the central nervous system. Front Immunol 2012; 3:306. [PMID: 23060884 PMCID: PMC3463897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article we review the apoptotic mechanisms most frequently encountered in bacterial infections of the central nervous system (CNS). We focus specifically on apoptosis of neural cells (neurons and glia), and provide first an overview of the phenomenon of apoptosis itself and its extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. We then describe apoptosis in the context of infectious diseases and inflammation caused by bacteria, and review its role in the pathogenesis of the most relevant bacterial infections of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Parthasarathy
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Covington, LA, USA
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Yagi K, Kano G, Shibata M, Sakamoto I, Matsui H, Imashuku S. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and acute encephalitis and poliomyelitis-like flaccid paralysis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56:853-5. [PMID: 21370423 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 3-year-old male presented with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The patient developed an episode of HLH with severe skin eruption following C. pneumoniae pneumonia. Symptoms responded to steroid/cyclosporine A therapy, but the patient slowly lost consciousness and developed systemic flaccid paralysis. He was diagnosed with encephalitis/myelitis by brain and spinal MRI. Neurological symptoms and signs gradually resolved. We thought that the immune response to C. pneumoniae infection triggered the development of HLH, associated with unusual neurological complications. This report describes a novel case of C. pneumoniae-associated HLH and with poliomyelitis like flaccid paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Yagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shakaihoken Kobe Central Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
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Chlamydophila pneumoniae Infection and Its Role in Neurological Disorders. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2010; 2010:273573. [PMID: 20182626 PMCID: PMC2825657 DOI: 10.1155/2010/273573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydophila pneumoniae is an intracellular pathogen responsible for a number of different acute and chronic infections. The recent deepening of knowledge on the biology and the use of increasingly more sensitive and
specific molecular techniques has allowed demonstration of C. pneumoniae in
a large number of persons suffering from different diseases including cardiovascular (atherosclerosis and stroke) and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Despite this, many important issues remain unanswered with regard to the role that C. pneumoniae may play in initiating atheroma or in the progression of the disease. A growing body of evidence concerns the involvement of this pathogen in chronic neurological disorders and particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Monocytes may traffic C. pneumoniae across the blood-brain-barrier, shed the organism in the
CNS and induce neuroinflammation. The demonstration of C. pneumoniae by
histopathological, molecular and culture techniques in the late-onset AD dementia has suggested a relationship between CNS infection with C. pneumoniae and the AD neuropathogenesis. In particular subsets of MS patients, C. pneumoniae could induce a chronic persistent brain infection acting as a cofactor in the development of the disease. The role of Chlamydia in the pathogenesis of mental or neurobehavioral disorders including schizophrenia and autism is uncertain and fragmentary and will require further
confirmation.
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Abstract
Chlamydiae are important intracellular bacterial pathogens of vertebrates. In the last years, novel members of this group have been discovered: Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and Simkania negevensis seems to be emerging respiratory human pathogens, while Waddlia chondrophila might be a new agent of bovine abortion. Various species have been showed to infect also the herpetofauna and fishes, and some novel chlamydiae are endosymbionts of arthropods. In addition, molecular studies evidenced a huge diversity of chlamydiae from both environmental and clinical samples, most of such a diversity could be formed by novel lineages of chlamydiae. Experimental studies showed that free-living amoebae may support multiplication of various chlamydiae, then could play an important role as reservoir/vector of chlamydial infections. Here we reviewed literature data concerning chlamydial infections, with a particular emphasis on the novely described chlamydial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Corsaro
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Boelen E, Steinbusch HWM, van der Ven AJAM, Grauls G, Bruggeman CA, Stassen FRM. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of brain cells: An in vitro study. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 28:524-32. [PMID: 16621171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the suggested associations between neurological diseases and infections, we determined the susceptibility of brain cells to Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn). Murine astrocyte (C8D1A), neuronal (NB41A3) and microglial (BV-2) cell lines were inoculated with Cpn. Infection was established by immunofluorescence and real-time PCR at various time points. Productive infection was assessed by transferring medium of infected cells to a detection layer. Finally, apoptosis and necrosis post-infection was determined. Our data demonstrate that the neuronal cell line is highly sensitive to Cpn, produces viable progeny and is prone to die after infection by necrosis. Cpn tropism was similar in an astrocyte cell line, apart from the higher production of extracellular Cpn and less pronounced necrosis. In contrast, the microglial cell line is highly resistant to Cpn as the immunohistochemical signs almost completely disappeared after 24 h. Nevertheless, significant Cpn DNA amounts could be detected, suggesting Cpn persistence. Low viable progeny and hardly any necrotic microglial cells were observed. Further research is warranted to determine whether these cell types show the same sensitivity to Cpn in an in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Boelen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, CARIM (Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Boschin-Crinquette C, Kreisler A, Legout L, Charpentier P, Destée A, Defebvre L. [Can meningoencephalitis be caused by Chlamydiae pneumoniae?]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2006; 161:979-83. [PMID: 16365630 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(05)85164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Meningoencephalitis attributed to Chlamydiae pneumoniae has rarely been reported in the literature. OBSERVATION We describe the case of a 21-year-old-man admitted for a meningeal syndrome and fever associated with respiratory symptoms and a temporal syndrome. Even though the clinical presentation and certain serological results suggested Chlamydiae infection, some of the biological data raised the possibility of Epstein Barr Virus infection. Intravenous fluoroquinolone therapy led to a successful outcome. CONCLUSION Meningoencephalitis associated with non neurological symptoms, especially respiratory symptoms, is suggestive of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. A broad spectrum antibiotic should be prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boschin-Crinquette
- Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement, Clinique Neurologique, CHRU, Lille, France
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Xavier M, Correa B, Coromina M, Canas N, Guimarães J. Sudden psychotic episode probably due to meningoencephalitis and Chlamydia pneumoniae acute infection. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2005; 1:15. [PMID: 16164756 PMCID: PMC1236946 DOI: 10.1186/1745-0179-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Since 9% to 20% of all cases of acute psychosis presenting to an Emergency Department (ED) are due to a general medical condition, cautious medical workup should be mandatory in such patients. Differential diagnosis must consider conditions as diverse as renal failure or CNS infection. Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae infection usually causes a self-limited respiratory syndrome. Rarely, acute neurological complications occur, with acute meningoencephalitis most frequently reported. Diagnosis requires a high level of suspicion and is difficult to confirm. Case report We describe a 22 year-old female Caucasian who, three days after a mild pharingitis, developed an acute psychosis with exuberant symptoms interspersed with periods of lucidity, in a background of normal consciousness and orientation. Initial medical and imagiological workup were inconclusive. After 20 days of unsuccessful treatment with antipsychotics she developed a high fever and was re-evaluated medically. Lumbar puncture revealed an inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid. MRI showed irregular thickening and nodularity of the lateral ventricles' lining. An anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae IgM antibody titter of 85 IU/ml was detected. All symptoms cleared after treatment with antibiotics and corticosteroids. Conclusion This is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of acute CP-associated meningoencephalitis manifesting as an acute psychotic episode. It illustrates the principle that non-organic psychiatric syndromes must remain a diagnosis of exclusion in first-time acute psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Xavier
- Depart. Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty Medical Sciences – UNL Calçada da Tapada, 155, 1300-Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Correa
- Depart. Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty Medical Sciences – UNL Calçada da Tapada, 155, 1300-Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Coromina
- Depart. Psychiatry – Hospital S. Francisco Xavier, 1400-Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Canas
- Depart. Neurology, Hospital Egas Moniz, 1400-Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Guimarães
- Depart. Neurology, Hospital Egas Moniz, 1400-Lisbon, Portugal
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Little CS, Bowe A, Lin R, Litsky J, Fogel RM, Balin BJ, Fresa-Dillon KL. Age alterations in extent and severity of experimental intranasal infection with Chlamydophila pneumoniae in BALB/c mice. Infect Immun 2005; 73:1723-34. [PMID: 15731073 PMCID: PMC1064908 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.3.1723-1734.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular bacterium Chlamydophila ("Chlamydia") pneumoniae is a pathogen for several respiratory diseases and may be a factor in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases of aging including atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. We assessed whether aging is coupled with increased burden of infection in BALB/c mice after intranasal infection by C. pneumoniae. Six- and twenty-month-old BALB/c mice were infected intranasally with 5 x 10(4) inclusion forming units (IFU) or 5 x 10(5) IFU of C. pneumoniae. Lung, brain, and heart tissue were analyzed for infectious C. pneumoniae and for Chlamydophila antigen by immunohistochemistry. At both doses, aging was associated with a decreased proportion of animals that cleared infection from the lung and greater burden of infectious organism within the lung. We observed dose-dependent spread to the heart/ascending aorta in animals infected with C. pneumoniae. In mice given 5 x 10(4) IFU, spread to the heart by day 14 was only observed in old mice. By day 28, all animals inoculated with 5 x 10(4) IFU showed evidence of spread to the heart, although higher C. pneumoniae titers were observed in the hearts from old mice. In mice inoculated with 5 x 10(5) IFU, spread of C. pneumoniae to the heart was evident by day 14, with no discernible age effect. C. pneumoniae was also recovered from the central nervous system (brain and olfactory bulb) of all mice by day 28 postinfection, with higher C. pneumoniae titers in old animals than in young animals. Our results suggest that infection with C. pneumoniae may be more severe in old animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scott Little
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, 4170 City Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
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Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen that is now being incriminated in a number of chronic diseases. The ability of C. pneumoniae to infect and persist in macrophages makes it a likely candidate to disseminate in a number of different tissues, including those of the central nervous system. This review addresses the potential and the underlying mechanisms by which C. pneumoniae infections can play a role in such diverse neurological diseases as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Stratton
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Carli P, Landais C, Mandier-Michaut V, Crémades S, Leyral G, Graffin B, Paris J. La folie érotique et amnésiante de Taiwan. Rev Med Interne 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(03)80638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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MacIntyre A, Abramov R, Hammond CJ, Hudson AP, Arking EJ, Little CS, Appelt DM, Balin BJ. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection promotes the transmigration of monocytes through human brain endothelial cells. J Neurosci Res 2003; 71:740-50. [PMID: 12584732 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of Chlamydia pneumoniae on human brain endothelial cells (HBMECs) and human monocytes as a mechanism for breaching the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). HBMECs and peripheral blood monocytes may be key components in controlling the entry of C. pneumoniae into the human brain. Our results indicate that C. pneumoniae infects blood vessels and monocytes in AD brain tissues compared with normal brain tissue. C. pneumoniae infection stimulates transendothelial entry of monocytes through HBMECs. This entry is facilitated by the up-regulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 on HBMECs and a corresponding increase of LFA-1, VLA-4, and MAC-1 on monocytes. C. pneumoniae infection in HBMECs and THP-1 monocytes up-regulates monocyte transmigration threefold in an in vitro brain endothelial monolayer. In this way, C. pneumoniae infection in these cell types may contribute to increased monocyte migration and promote inflammation within the CNS resulting from infection at the level of the vasculature. Thus, infection at the level of the vasculature may be a key initiating factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A MacIntyre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Minnerop M, Bös M, Harbrecht U, Maass M, Urbach H, Klockgether T, Schröder R. CNS infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae complicated by multiple strokes. J Neurol 2002; 249:1329-31. [PMID: 12242570 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-002-0833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen that is now being implicated in a number of chronic diseases. That the organism can infect vascular endothelium, macrophages and smooth muscle cells suggests that it may play a role in many systemic diseases. The present review focuses on the possibility that the central nervous system can also be a target of this agent. The tropism of C. pneumoniae to the neural tissue suggests it may play a role in diverse neurologic diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and giant-cell arteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yucesan
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Yao SY, Stratton CW, Mitchell WM, Sriram S. CSF oligoclonal bands in MS include antibodies against Chlamydophila antigens. Neurology 2001; 56:1168-76. [PMID: 11342681 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.56.9.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable evidence suggests the role of an infectious agent in MS. The presence of Chlamydophila pneumoniae in CSF from patients with MS was shown earlier; to further examine this association the reactivity of the oligoclonal antibody response in the CSF of patients with MS to C pneumoniae antigens was determined and compared with other antigens. METHODS Seventeen patients with MS and 14 control subjects with other neurologic disease were studied. Affinity-driven immunoblot studies and solid-phase adsorption of CSF oligoclonal bands by elementary body antigens of C pneumoniae, viral antigens (measles and herpes simplex virus-1), bacterial antigen (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus), and heat shock protein-60 were performed. RESULTS Affinity-driven immunoblot studies demonstrated reactivity of oligoclonal bands in CSF samples from 16 patients with MS against elementary body antigens of C pneumoniae. None of the control subjects showed a prominent reactivity to elementary body antigens of C pneumoniae. In 14 of 17 patients with MS examined, oligoclonal bands were adsorbed either partially or completely from the CSF by elementary body antigens of C pneumoniae, but not by myelin basic protein, heat shock protein-60, or bacterial or viral antigens. In three patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, adsorption of oligoclonal bands was seen with measles virus antigens but not with elementary body antigens of C pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS Oligoclonal bands in CSF of patients with MS include antibodies against Chlamydophila antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Yao
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Quinn TC. Chlamydia pneumoniae and multiple sclerosis: Innocent bystander or culprit? Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gieffers J, Pohl D, Treib J, Dittmann R, Stephan C, Klotz K, Hanefeld F, Solbach W, Haass A, Maass M. Presence ofChlamydia pneumoniae DNA in the cerebral spinal fluid is a common phenomenon in a variety of neurological diseases and not restricted to multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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