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Zalaquett NG, Salameh E, Kim JM, Ghanbarian E, Tawk K, Abouzari M. The Dawn and Advancement of the Knowledge of the Genetics of Migraine. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2701. [PMID: 38731230 PMCID: PMC11084801 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Migraine is a prevalent episodic brain disorder known for recurrent attacks of unilateral headaches, accompanied by complaints of photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting. Two main categories of migraine are migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO). Main body: Early twin and population studies have shown a genetic basis for these disorders, and efforts have been invested since to discern the genes involved. Many techniques, including candidate-gene association studies, loci linkage studies, genome-wide association, and transcription studies, have been used for this goal. As a result, several genes were pinned with concurrent and conflicting data among studies. It is important to understand the evolution of techniques and their findings. Conclusions: This review provides a chronological understanding of the different techniques used from the dawn of migraine genetic investigations and the genes linked with the migraine subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader G. Zalaquett
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon
| | - Elio Salameh
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon
| | - Jonathan M. Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elham Ghanbarian
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Karen Tawk
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mehdi Abouzari
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Imai N. Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology of Circadian and Circannual Rhythms in Migraine: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10092. [PMID: 37373239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine-a primary headache-has circadian and circannual rhythms in the onset of attacks. The circadian and circannual rhythms involve the hypothalamus, which is strongly associated with pain processing in migraines. Moreover, the role of melatonin in circadian rhythms has been implied in the pathophysiology of migraines. However, the prophylactic effect of melatonin in migraines is controversial. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has recently attracted attention in the pathophysiology and treatment of migraines. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)-a neuropeptide identical to CGRP-is a potential therapeutic target after CGRP. PACAP is involved in the regulation of circadian entrainment to light. This review provides an overview of circadian and circannual rhythms in the hypothalamus and describes the relationship between migraines and the molecular and cellular neurobiology of circadian and circannual rhythms. Furthermore, the potential clinical applications of PACAP are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Imai
- Department of Neurology and Headache Center, Japanese Red Cross Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka 420-0853, Japan
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3
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Role of Omics in Migraine Research and Management: A Narrative Review. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5809-5834. [PMID: 35796901 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a neurological disorder defined by episodic attacks of chronic pain associated with nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. It is known to be a complex disease with several environmental and genetic factors contributing to its susceptibility. Risk factors for migraine include head or neck injury (Arnold, Cephalalgia 38(1):1-211, 2018). Stress and high temperature are known to trigger migraine, while sleep disorders and anxiety are considered to be the comorbid conditions with migraine. Studies have reported various biomarkers, including genetic variants, proteins, and metabolites implicated in migraine's pathophysiology. Using the "omics" approach, which deals with genetics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, more specific biomarkers for various migraine can be identified. On account of its multifactorial nature, migraine is an ideal study model focusing on integrated omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. The current review has been compiled with an aim to focus on the genomic alterations especially involved in the regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission, cortical excitability, ion channels, solute carrier proteins, or receptors; their expression in migraine patients and also specific proteins and metabolites, including some inflammatory biomarkers that might represent the migraine phenotype at the molecular level. The systems biology approach holds the promise to understand the pathophysiology of the disease at length and also to identify the specific therapeutic targets for novel interventions.
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Stoby KS, Rafique SA, Oeltzschner G, Steeves JKE. Continuous and intermittent theta burst stimulation to the visual cortex do not alter GABA and glutamate concentrations measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2478. [PMID: 35029058 PMCID: PMC8865152 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theta burst stimulation (TBS), a form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), uses repeated high-frequency bursts to non-invasively modulate neural processes in the brain. An intermittent TBS (iTBS) protocol is generally considered "excitatory," while continuous TBS (cTBS) is considered "inhibitory." However, the majority of work that has led to these effects being associated with the respective protocols has been done in the motor cortex, and it is well established that TMS can have variable effects across the brain. OBJECTIVES AND METHOD We investigated the effects of iTBS and cTBS to the primary visual cortex (V1) on composite levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid + co-edited macromolecules (GABA+) and glutamate + glutamine (Glx) since these are key inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, respectively. Participants received a single session of cTBS, iTBS, or sham TBS to V1. GABA+ and Glx were quantified in vivo at the stimulation site using spectral-edited proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) at 3T. Baseline pre-TBS GABA+ and Glx levels were compared to immediate post-TBS and 1 h post-TBS levels. RESULTS There were no significant changes in GABA+ or Glx following either of the TBS conditions. Visual cortical excitability, measured using phosphene thresholds, remained unchanged following both cTBS and iTBS conditions. There was no relationship between excitability thresholds and GABA+ or Glx levels. However, TBS did alter the relationship between GABA+ and Glx for up to 1 h following stimulation. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that a single session of TBS to the visual cortex can be used without significant effects on the tonic levels of these key neurotransmitters; and add to our understanding that TBS has differential effects at visual, motor, and frontal cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlene S Stoby
- Centre for Vision Research and Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sara A Rafique
- Centre for Vision Research and Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer K E Steeves
- Centre for Vision Research and Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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5
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A review of migraine genetics: gathering genomic and transcriptomic factors. Hum Genet 2021; 141:1-14. [PMID: 34686893 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a common and complex neurologic disorder that affects approximately 15-18% of the general population. Although the cause of migraine is unknown, some genetic studies have focused on unravelling rare and common variants underlying the pathophysiological mechanisms of this disorder. This review covers the advances in the last decade on migraine genetics, throughout the history of genetic methodologies used, including recent application of next-generation sequencing techniques. A thorough review of the literature interweaves the genomic and transcriptomic factors that will allow a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying migraine pathophysiology, concluding with the clinical utility landscape of genetic information and future consideration to creating a new frontier toward advancing the field of personalized medicine.
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6
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Rafique SA, Steeves JKE. Assessing differential effects of single and accelerated low-frequency rTMS to the visual cortex on GABA and glutamate concentrations. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01845. [PMID: 32964685 PMCID: PMC7749615 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for therapeutic use in visual-related disorders and its underlying mechanisms in the visual cortex is under-investigated. Additionally, there is little examination of rTMS adverse effects particularly with regards to visual and cognitive function. Neural plasticity is key in rehabilitation and recovery of function; thus, effective therapeutic strategies must be capable of modulating plasticity. Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated changes in the balance between excitation and inhibition are prominent features in visual cortical plasticity. OBJECTIVES AND METHOD We investigated the effects of low-frequency (1 Hz) rTMS to the visual cortex on levels of neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate to determine the therapeutic potential of 1 Hz rTMS for visual-related disorders. Two rTMS regimes commonly used in clinical applications were investigated: participants received rTMS to the visual cortex either in a single 20-min session or five accelerated 20-min sessions (not previously investigated at the visual cortex). Proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy for in vivo quantification of GABA (assessed via GABA+) and glutamate (assessed via Glx) concentrations was performed pre- and post-rTMS. RESULTS GABA+ and Glx concentrations were unaltered following a single session of rTMS to the visual cortex. One day of accelerated rTMS significantly reduced GABA+ concentration for up to 24 hr, with levels returning to baseline by 1-week post-rTMS. Basic visual and cognitive function remained largely unchanged. CONCLUSION Accelerated 1 Hz rTMS to the visual cortex has greater potential for approaches targeting plasticity or in cases with altered GABAergic responses in visual disorders. Notably, these results provide preliminary insight into a critical window of plasticity with accelerated rTMS (e.g., 24 hr) in which adjunct therapies may offer better functional outcome. We describe detailed procedures to enable further exploration of these protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Rafique
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Vision ResearchYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
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7
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Farahani S, Solgi L, Bayat S, Abedin Do A, Zare-Karizi S, Safarpour Lima B, Mirfakhraie R. RAR-related orphan receptor A: One gene with multiple functions related to migraine. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1315-1321. [PMID: 32892507 PMCID: PMC7702232 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims RAR‐related orphan receptor (RORA) involves in regulation of several biological processes including inflammation and circadian rhythm that probably are involved in migraine pathophysiology. In the current study, the association between RORA rs11639084 and rs4774388 variants and susceptibility to migraine were investigated in a sample of Iranian migraine patients for the first time. Methods In a case‐control study including 400 participants, 200 migraineurs and 200 healthy controls, genotyping of RORA rs4774388 and rs11639084 polymorphisms was performed using tetra‐primer amplification refractory mutation system–polymerase chain reaction (TP‐ARMS‐PCR). Results The distribution of rs4774388 C/T and T/T genotypes differed significantly between the studied groups. Moreover, an association was observed between rs4774388 and migraine under the recessive mode of inheritance (P = 0.002; OR = 1.89.; CI = 1.25‐2.87). The distribution of rs11639084 alleles and genotypes was not significantly different between migraineurs and healthy controls. Conclusion Current results suggest RORA, as a molecular link, may explain inflammation and circadian rhythm dysfunction in migraine. Further studies in different ethnicities are required to confirm the function of RORA in migraine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Farahani
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Leila Solgi
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Sahar Bayat
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Atieh Abedin Do
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, GREB Dental Faculty, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shohreh Zare-Karizi
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Behnam Safarpour Lima
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirfakhraie
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Genomic Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ibrahim O, Sutherland HG, Maksemous N, Smith R, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR. Exploring Neuronal Vulnerability to Head Trauma Using a Whole Exome Approach. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1870-1879. [PMID: 32233732 PMCID: PMC7462038 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injuries are associated with oxidative stress and a need to restore neuronal homeostasis. Mutations in ion channel genes, in particular CACNA1A, have been implicated in familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) and in the development of concussion-related symptoms in response to trivial head trauma. The aim of this study was to explore the potential role of variants in other ion channel genes in the development of such responses. We conducted whole exome sequencing (WES) on16 individuals who developed a range of neurological and concussion-related symptoms following minor or trivial head injuries. All individuals were initially tested and shown to be negative for mutations in known FHM genes. Variants identified from the WES results were filtered to identify rare variants (minor allele frequency [MAF] <0.01) in genes related to neural processes as well as genes highly expressed in the brain using a combination of in silico prediction tools (SIFT, PolyPhen, PredictSNP, Mutation Taster, and Mutation Assessor). Rare (MAF <0.001) or novel heterozygous variants in 7 ion channel genes were identified in 37.5% (6/16) of the cases (CACNA1I, CACNA1C, ATP10A, ATP7B, KCNAB1, KCNJ10, and SLC26A4), rare variants in neurotransmitter genes were found in 2 cases (GABRG1 and GRIK1), and rare variants in 3 ubiquitin-related genes identified in 4 cases (SQSTM1, TRIM2, and HECTD1). In this study, the largest proportion of potentially pathogenic variants in individuals with severe responses to minor head trauma were identified in genes previously implicated in migraine and seizure-related autosomal recessive neurological disorders. Together with results implicating variants in the hemiplegic migraine genes, CACNA1A and ATP1A2, in severe head trauma response, our results support a role for heterozygous deleterious mutations in genes implicated in neurological dysfunction and potentially increasing the risk of poor response to trivial head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ibrahim
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heidi G Sutherland
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neven Maksemous
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Smith
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Transient disturbances in neurologic function are disturbing features of migraine attacks. Aura types include binocular visual, hemi-sensory, language and unilateral motor symptoms. Because of the gradual spreading quality of visual and sensory symptoms, they were thought to arise from the cerebral cortex. Motor symptoms previously included as a type of migraine aura were reclassified as a component of hemiplegic migraine. ICHD-3 criteria of the International Headache Society, added brainstem aura and retinal aura as separate subtypes. The susceptibility to all types of aura is likely to be included by complex and perhaps epigenetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Foroozan
- Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin NC-205, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - F Michael Cutrer
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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10
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Liao J, Tian X, Wang H, Xiao Z. Epilepsy and migraine-Are they comorbidity? Genes Dis 2018; 5:112-118. [PMID: 30258939 PMCID: PMC6146266 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy and migraine often co-occur. From the clinical symptoms, they often have some signs of symptoms before onset; from the pathogenesis of epilepsy and migraine, both of them have a high degree of neuronal excitement and ion channel abnormalities; in terms of treatment, many antiepileptic drugs are work in migraine. All of this indicates that they interact with each other. But it is undeniable that there are interactions and relationships between them, and there are also some differences such as the different clinical episodes, the different ways of neuronal haperexcitability and the different drug treatment programs. And are they comorbidity? If we can better understand the correlation between seizures and migraines, then this will help develop better guidelines for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liao
- Neurology Department at Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Neurology Department at Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Neurology Department at Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Xiao
- Neurology Department at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Street, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
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11
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García-Martín E, Esguevillas G, Serrador M, Alonso-Navarro H, Navacerrada F, Amo G, García-Albea E, Agúndez JAG, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors GABRA4, GABRE, and GABRQ gene polymorphisms and risk for migraine. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:689-698. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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13
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Hansen RD, Christensen AF, Olesen J. Family studies to find rare high risk variants in migraine. J Headache Pain 2017; 18:32. [PMID: 28255817 PMCID: PMC5334193 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-017-0729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine has long been known as a common complex disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. The pathophysiology and the specific genetic susceptibility are poorly understood. Common variants only explain a small part of the heritability of migraine. It is thought that rare genetic variants with bigger effect size may be involved in the disease. Since migraine has a tendency to cluster in families, a family approach might be the way to find these variants. This is also indicated by identification of migraine-associated loci in classical linkage-analyses in migraine families. A single migraine study using a candidate-gene approach was performed in 2010 identifying a rare mutation in the TRESK potassium channel segregating in a large family with migraine with aura, but this finding has later become questioned. The technologies of next-generation sequencing (NGS) now provides an affordable tool to investigate the genetic variation in the entire exome or genome. The family-based study design using NGS is described in this paper. We also review family studies using NGS that have been successful in finding rare variants in other common complex diseases in order to argue the promising application of a family approach to migraine. METHOD PubMed was searched to find studies that looked for rare genetic variants in common complex diseases through a family-based design using NGS, excluding studies looking for de-novo mutations, or using a candidate-gene approach and studies on cancer. All issues from Nature Genetics and PLOS genetics 2014, 2015 and 2016 (UTAI June) were screened for relevant papers. Reference lists from included and other relevant papers were also searched. For the description of the family-based study design using NGS an in-house protocol was used. RESULTS Thirty-two successful studies, which covered 16 different common complex diseases, were included in this paper. We also found a single migraine study. Twenty-three studies found one or a few family specific variants (less than five), while other studies found several possible variants. Not all of them were genome wide significant. Four studies performed follow-up analyses in unrelated cases and controls and calculated odds ratios that supported an association between detected variants and risk of disease. Studies of 11 diseases identified rare variants that segregated fully or to a large degree with the disease in the pedigrees. CONCLUSION It is possible to find rare high risk variants for common complex diseases through a family-based approach. One study using a family approach and NGS to find rare variants in migraine has already been published but with strong limitations. More studies are under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Dyhr Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, DK-2600 Denmark
| | - Anne Francke Christensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, DK-2600 Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, DK-2600 Denmark
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14
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Yeung EW, Craggs JG, Gizer IR. Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Chronic Pain: Genetic Influences on Brain Reward and Stress Systems. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1831-1848. [PMID: 29048744 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is highly comorbid with chronic pain (CP). Evidence has suggested that neuroadaptive processes characterized by reward deficit and stress surfeit are involved in the development of AUD and pain chronification. Neurological data suggest that shared genetic architecture associated with the reward and stress systems may contribute to the comorbidity of AUD and CP. This monograph first delineates the prevailing theories of the development of AUD and pain chronification focusing on the reward and stress systems. It then provides a brief summary of relevant neurological findings followed by an evaluation of evidence documented by molecular genetic studies. Candidate gene association studies have provided some initial support for the genetic overlap between AUD and CP; however, these results must be interpreted with caution until studies with sufficient statistical power are conducted and replications obtained. Genomewide association studies have suggested a number of genes (e.g., TBX19, HTR7, and ADRA1A) that are either directly or indirectly related to the reward and stress systems in the AUD and CP literature. Evidence reviewed in this monograph suggests that shared genetic liability underlying the comorbidity between AUD and CP, if present, is likely to be complex. As the advancement in molecular genetic methods continues, future studies may show broader central nervous system involvement in AUD-CP comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W Yeung
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jason G Craggs
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,School of Health Professions, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ian R Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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15
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Abstract
Headache disorders cause significant disability. The public and most health professionals tend to perceive migraine as a minor or trivial complaint. In the past decade, important epidemiologic studies enjoining extensive surveys, pathophysiologic and genetic insights, and revised headache classification paradigms have produced clear evidence of the public health importance of headache disorders. The Global Campaign to reduce the burden of headache worldwide known as "Lifting the Burden" was launched in 2004 by the World Health Organization, the International Headache Society, the World Headache Alliance, and the European Headache Federation. This paper reviews salient progress in the neuroepidemiology of migraine headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Division of Neuroepidemiology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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16
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García-Martín E, Martínez C, Serrador M, Alonso-Navarro H, Navacerrada F, Esguevillas G, García-Albea E, Agúndez JAG, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (Gaba) Receptors Rho (Gabrr)
Gene Polymorphisms and Risk for Migraine. Headache 2017; 57:1118-1135. [DOI: 10.1111/head.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Martín
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Extremadura; Cáceres Spain
- Red de Investigación de reacciones adversas a alergenos y fármacos; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- AMGenomics, Edificio Tajo; Avda. de la Universidad s/n Cáceres Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez
- Red de Investigación de reacciones adversas a alergenos y fármacos; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Extremadura; Badajoz Spain
| | - Mercedes Serrador
- Department of Family Medicine; Hospital “Príncipe de Asturias,”, Universidad de Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Hortensia Alonso-Navarro
- Section of Neurology; Hospital Universitario del Sureste; Arganda del Rey Madrid Spain
- Department of Medicine-Neurology; Hospital “Príncipe de Asturias,” Universidad de Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco Navacerrada
- Section of Neurology; Hospital Universitario del Sureste; Arganda del Rey Madrid Spain
- Service of Neurology; Hospital “Ramón y Cajal,”, Universidad de Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Gara Esguevillas
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Extremadura; Cáceres Spain
| | - Esteban García-Albea
- Department of Medicine-Neurology; Hospital “Príncipe de Asturias,” Universidad de Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - José A. G. Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Extremadura; Cáceres Spain
- Red de Investigación de reacciones adversas a alergenos y fármacos; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- AMGenomics, Edificio Tajo; Avda. de la Universidad s/n Cáceres Spain
| | - Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- Section of Neurology; Hospital Universitario del Sureste; Arganda del Rey Madrid Spain
- Department of Medicine-Neurology; Hospital “Príncipe de Asturias,” Universidad de Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
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17
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Genetic predictors of human chronic pain conditions. Neuroscience 2016; 338:36-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Oterino A, Ruiz-Alegría C, Castillo J, Valle N, Bravo Y, Cayón A, Alonso A, Tejera P, Ruiz-Lavilla N, Muñoz P, Pascual J. GNAS1 T393C Polymorphism is Associated With Migraine. Cephalalgia 2016; 27:429-34. [PMID: 17388805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Migraineurs have an interictal sympathetic nervous system (SNS) hypofunctionality and hypersensitivity to adrenergic amines. The GNAS1 T393C polymorphism has been associated with a distinct SNS sensitivity in healthy subjects. We tested GNAS1 T393C variant in two independent sets of subjects. In the case-control subset, 365 migraine patients [194 with aura (MA)] vs. 347 healthy controls were studied. A significant excess of the CC genotype was found in migraneurs (31.2%) as opposed to controls (20.2%; P = 0.003). Using a logistic regression model corrected for sex, the CC genotype conferred a general risk for migraine twice [odds ratio (OR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-2.53; P = 0.001] higher than CT/TT genotypes. Using parents from 117 migraine families, a marginally significant trend for association could be observed ( P = 0.025), but the transmission disequilibrium test for alleles maternally transmitted failed to demonstrate familial association. In this subgroup, CC genotype conferred a risk for migraine over twice (OR 2.20; 95% CI 1.14-4.40; P = 0.019) higher than TT/TC genotypes. In conclusion, the GNAS1 T393C variant is associated with migraine, which suggests a genetic basis for its higher SNS sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oterino
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (UC), Santander, Spain.
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Chasman DI, Schürks M, Kurth T. Population-based approaches to genetics of migraine. Cephalalgia 2016; 36:692-703. [PMID: 27013237 DOI: 10.1177/0333102416638519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the most accurate diagnosis of migraine typically requires a clinical interview guided by strict diagnostic criteria, an alternative approach that ascertains migraine by questionnaire in population-based settings has been instrumental in the discovery of common genetic variants influencing migraine risk. This result may be surprising. Population-based approaches are often criticized for limited ability to distinguish migraine from other forms of primary headache. It is thus useful to revisit prevailing ideas about population-based ascertainment of migraine to evaluate the extent to which this approach has potential for additional insights into migraine genetics and therefore pathophysiology. OVERVIEW We review recent findings suggesting that the success of the population-based approach is derived from the possibility of collecting much larger samples than in the clinic-based setting even at the risk of introducing phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. The findings are also consistent with new appreciations for the genetic basis of many other common, complex clinical characteristics. However, clinic-based ascertainment and other settings will remain more effective than population-based approaches for investigating certain, often very specific aspects of migraine genetics. CONCLUSION We argue that the detailed genetic architecture of migraine, various aspects of methodology, and the ultimate sample size achieved by population-based ascertainment will be critical determinants of the future success of this approach to genetic analysis of migraine and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, USA Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Markus Schürks
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Tobias Kurth
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, USA Institut of Public Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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20
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Yang Y, Ligthart L, Terwindt GM, Boomsma DI, Rodriguez-Acevedo AJ, Nyholt DR. Genetic epidemiology of migraine and depression. Cephalalgia 2016; 36:679-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102416638520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Migraine and major depressive disorder (commonly referred to as depression) are both common disorders with a significant impact on society. Studies in both clinical and community-based settings have demonstrated a strong relationship between migraine and depression. In addition to complicating the diagnosis, depression that is comorbid with migraine may lower treatment adherence, increase risk of medication overuse and is associated with migraine chronification, thus leading to higher direct and indirect costs and poorer health-related outcomes with increased disability. Aim The aim of this review is to summarise the current knowledge on the genetic epidemiology of migraine and depression and the possible biological mechanisms underlying their comorbidity. Methods We present a narrative review reporting on the current literature. Results and conclusions Epidemiological findings indicate that there is a bidirectional relationship between migraine and depression, with one disorder increasing the risk for the other and vice versa, suggesting shared biological mechanisms. Twin and family studies indicate that this bidirectional relationship can be explained, at least partly, by shared underlying genetically determined disease mechanisms. Although no genes have been robustly associated with the aetiology of both migraine and depression, genes from serotonergic, dopaminergic and GABAergic systems together with variants in the MTHFR and BDNF genes remain strong candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Yang
- Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Lannie Ligthart
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid J Rodriguez-Acevedo
- Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
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21
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Migraine genetics: current findings and future lines of research. Neurogenetics 2014; 16:77-95. [PMID: 25501253 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-014-0433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, migraine research has greatly advanced our current knowledge of the genetic contributions and the pathophysiology of this common and debilitating disorder. Nonetheless, this knowledge still needs to grow further and to translate into more effective treatments. To date, several genes involved in syndromic and monogenic forms of migraine have been identified, allowing the generation of animal models which have significantly contributed to current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these rare forms of migraine. Common forms of migraine are instead posing a greater challenge, as they may most often stem from complex interactions between multiple common genetic variants, with environmental triggers. This paper reviews our current understanding of migraine genetics, moving from syndromic and monogenic forms to oligogenic/polygenic migraines most recently addressed with some success through genome-wide association studies. Methodological issues in study design and future perspectives opened by biomarker research will also be briefly addressed.
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22
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Hodges LM, Fyer AJ, Weissman MM, Logue MW, Haghighi F, Evgrafov O, Rotondo A, Knowles JA, Hamilton SP. Evidence for linkage and association of GABRB3 and GABRA5 to panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2423-31. [PMID: 24755890 PMCID: PMC4138754 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Panic disorder (PD) is a debilitating anxiety disorder characterized by episodes of intense fear with autonomic and psychological symptoms that lead to behavioral impairment. A convergence of genetic and biological evidence implicates gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunits on chromosome 15q12 as candidate genes for PD. This study investigated 120 Caucasian, multiplex PD pedigrees using regional microsatellites (chr15q11-13) and found support for linkage (logarithm of odds (LOD) ⩾2), with a prominent parent-of-origin effect. Genotyping with 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed linkage to GABRB3 (rs11631421, LOD=4.6) and GABRA5 (rs2075716, LOD=2.2), and allelic association to GABRB3 (rs8024564, p=0.005; rs8025575, p=0.02) and GABRA5 (rs35399885, p=0.05). Genotyping of an independent Sardinian PD trio sample also supported association in the region, again with a parent-of-origin effect. These findings provide genetic evidence for the involvement of the genes GABRB3 and GABRA5 in the susceptibility to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Hodges
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abby J Fyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1050 Riverside Drive, Unit 82, New York, NY 10032, USA, Tel: +1 212 543 5372, Fax: +1 212 543 6609, E-mail:
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Haghighi
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oleg Evgrafov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - James A Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven P Hamilton
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, 4141 Geary Boulevard, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA, Tel: +1 415 833 2034, Fax: +1 415 833 2034, E-mail:
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23
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Sokolov AY, Lyubashina OA, Amelin AV, Panteleev SS. The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid in migraine pathogenesis. NEUROCHEM J+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712414020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Quintas M, Neto JL, Pereira-Monteiro J, Barros J, Sequeiros J, Sousa A, Alonso I, Lemos C. Interaction between γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor genes: new evidence in migraine susceptibility. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74087. [PMID: 24040174 PMCID: PMC3764027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a common neurological episodic disorder with a female-to-male prevalence 3- to 4-fold higher, suggesting a possible X-linked genetic component. Our aims were to assess the role of common variants of gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAAR) genes, located in the X-chromosome, in migraine susceptibility and the possible interaction between them. An association study with 188 unrelated cases and 286 migraine-free controls age- and ethnic matched was performed. Twenty-three tagging SNPs were selected in three genes (GABRE, GABRA3 and GABRQ). Allelic, genotypic and haplotypic frequencies were compared between cases and controls. We also focused on gene-gene interactions. The AT genotype of rs3810651 of GABRQ gene was associated with an increased risk for migraine (OR: 4.07; 95% CI: 1.71-9.73, p=0.002), while the CT genotype of rs3902802 (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.21-0.78, p=0.006) and GA genotype of rs2131190 of GABRA3 gene (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.32-0.88, p=0.013) seem to be protective factors. All associations were found in the female group and maintained significance after Bonferroni correction. We also found three nominal associations in the allelic analyses although there were no significant results in the haplotypic analyses. Strikingly, we found strong interactions between six SNPs encoding for different subunits of GABAAR, all significant after permutation correction. To our knowledge, we show for the first time, the putative involvement of polymorphisms in GABAAR genes in migraine susceptibility and more importantly we unraveled a role for novel gene-gene interactions opening new perspectives for the development of more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Quintas
- UnIGENe IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Luís Neto
- UnIGENe IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Pereira-Monteiro
- UnIGENe IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Serviço de Neurologia, CHP-HSA, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Hospital de Santo António. Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Barros
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Serviço de Neurologia, CHP-HSA, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Hospital de Santo António. Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- UnIGENe IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alda Sousa
- UnIGENe IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Alonso
- UnIGENe IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Lemos
- UnIGENe IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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25
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Bauer PR, Carpay JA, Terwindt GM, Sander JW, Thijs RJ, Haan J, Visser GH. Headache and Epilepsy. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2013; 17:351. [DOI: 10.1007/s11916-013-0351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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26
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Ducros A. Génétique de la migraine. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2013; 169:360-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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27
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Chen T, Murrell M, Fowdar J, Roy B, Grealy R, Griffiths LR. Investigation of the role of the GABRG2 gene variant in migraine. J Neurol Sci 2012; 318:112-4. [PMID: 22572707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is the most common neurological disorder worldwide affecting about 12% of the worldwide population. This disorder has been classed into two main types of migraine-with and without aura. While a number of factors can influence the onset of migraine, a major factor is that of genetics. The GABAA gene encodes for the GABAA receptor. Along with other receptors, the GABAA receptor is involved in the mediation of neuronal activities. In this study, a GABRG2 gene (GABAA receptor gamma-2-subunit) SNP (rs211037) was genotyped on a migraine case-control population of 546 (273 affected and an equal number of healthy) individuals. Using specifically designed primers, a high resolution melt (HRM) assay was carried out in the genotyping process. After genotyping, results were compared in the case and control populations. Analysis of results showed no significant differences in the allele frequencies between case and control populations. Similarly no differences were detected for subtypes or for a specific gender of migraine (p>0.05). Although this gene has been previously found to be involved in febrile seizures and there is some co-morbidity between epilepsy and migraine, we decided to investigate this marker for involvement in migraine. The results did not support a role for the tested GABRG2 variant in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Chen
- Griffith Health Institute, Genomics Research Centre, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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28
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Cox HC, Lea RA, Bellis C, Nyholt DR, Dyer TD, Haupt LM, Charlesworth J, Matovinovic E, Blangero J, Griffiths LR. Heritability and genome-wide linkage analysis of migraine in the genetic isolate of Norfolk Island. Gene 2011; 494:119-23. [PMID: 22197687 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a common neurovascular disorder with a complex envirogenomic aetiology. In an effort to identify migraine susceptibility genes, we conducted a study of the isolated population of Norfolk Island, Australia. A large portion of the permanent inhabitants of Norfolk Island are descended from 18th Century English sailors involved in the infamous mutiny on the Bounty and their Polynesian consorts. In total, 600 subjects were recruited including a large pedigree of 377 individuals with lineage to the founders. All individuals were phenotyped for migraine using International Classification of Headache Disorders-II criterion. All subjects were genotyped for a genome-wide panel of microsatellite markers. Genotype and phenotype data for the pedigree were analysed using heritability and linkage methods implemented in the programme SOLAR. Follow-up association analysis was performed using the CLUMP programme. A total of 154 migraine cases (25%) were identified indicating the Norfolk Island population is high-risk for migraine. Heritability estimation of the 377-member pedigree indicated a significant genetic component for migraine (h(2)=0.53, P=0.016). Linkage analysis showed peaks on chromosome 13q33.1 (P=0.003) and chromosome 9q22.32 (P=0.008). Association analysis of the key microsatellites in the remaining 223 unrelated Norfolk Island individuals showed evidence of association, which strengthen support for the linkage findings (P≤0.05). In conclusion, a genome-wide linkage analysis and follow-up association analysis of migraine in the genetic isolate of Norfolk Island provided evidence for migraine susceptibility loci on chromosomes 9q22.22 and 13q33.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Cox
- Genomics Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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29
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Schürks M. Genetics of migraine in the age of genome-wide association studies. J Headache Pain 2011; 13:1-9. [PMID: 22072275 PMCID: PMC3253157 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-011-0399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors importantly contribute to migraine. However, unlike for rare monogenic forms of migraine, approaches to identify genes for common forms of migraine have been of limited success. Candidate gene association studies were often negative and positive results were often not replicated or replication failed. Further, the significance of positive results from linkage studies remains unclear owing to the inability to pinpoint the genes under the peaks that may be involved in migraine. Problems hampering these studies include limited sample sizes, methods of migraine ascertainment, and the heterogeneous clinical phenotype. Three genome-wide association studies are available now and have successfully identified four new genetic variants associated with migraine. One new variant (rs1835740) modulates glutamate homeostasis, thus integrates well with current concepts of neurotransmitter disturbances. This variant may be more specific for severe forms of migraine such as migraine with aura than migraine without aura. Another variant (rs11172113) implicates the lipoprotein receptor LRP1, which may interact with neuronal glutamate receptors, thus also providing a link to the glutamate pathway. In contrast, rs10166942 is in close proximity to TRPM8, which codes for a cold and pain sensor. For the first time this links a gene explicitly implicated in pain related pathways to migraine. The potential function of the fourth variant rs2651899 (PRDM16) in migraine is unclear. All these variants only confer a small to moderate change in risk for migraine, which concurs with migraine being a heterogeneous disorder. Ongoing large international collaborations will likely identify additional gene variants for migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schürks
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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30
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Plummer PN, Colson NJ, Lewohl JM, MacKay RK, Fernandez F, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR. Significant differences in gene expression of GABA receptors in peripheral blood leukocytes of migraineurs. Gene 2011; 490:32-6. [PMID: 21971078 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a debilitating neurovascular disorder, with a substantial genetic component. The exact cause of a migraine attack is unknown; however cortical hyperexcitability is thought to play a role. As Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, malfunctioning of this system may be a cause of the hyperexcitability. To date, there has been limited research examining the gene expression or genetics of GABA receptors in relation to migraine. The aim of our study was to determine if GABA receptors play a role in migraine by investigating their gene expression using profile in migraine affected individuals and non-affected controls by Q-PCR. Gene expression of GABA(A) receptor subunit isoforms (GABRA3, GABRB3, GABRQ) and GABA(B) receptor 2 (GABBR2) was quantified in mRNA obtained from peripheral blood leukocytes from 28 migraine subjects and 22 healthy control subjects. Analysis of results showed that two of the tested genes, GABRA3 and GABBR2, were significantly down regulated in migraineurs (P=0.018; P=0.017), compared to controls. Results from the other tested genes did not show significant gene expression variation. The results indicate that there may be specific GABA receptor gene expression variation in migraine, particularly involving the GABRA3 and GABBR2 genes. This study also identifies GABRA3 and GABBR2 as potential biomarkers to select migraineurs that may be more responsive to GABA agonists with future investigations in this area warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prue N Plummer
- Genomics Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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31
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Identification of molecular genetic factors that influence migraine. Mol Genet Genomics 2011; 285:433-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-011-0622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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32
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Oedegaard KJ, Greenwood TA, Lunde A, Fasmer OB, Akiskal HS, Kelsoe JR. A genome-wide linkage study of bipolar disorder and co-morbid migraine: replication of migraine linkage on chromosome 4q24, and suggestion of an overlapping susceptibility region for both disorders on chromosome 20p11. J Affect Disord 2010; 122:14-26. [PMID: 19819557 PMCID: PMC5660919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Migraine and Bipolar Disorder (BPAD) are clinically heterogeneous disorders of the brain with a significant, but complex, genetic component. Epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated a high degree of co-morbidity between migraine and BPAD. Several genome-wide linkage studies in BPAD and migraine have shown overlapping regions of linkage on chromosomes, and two functionally similar voltage-dependent calcium channels CACNA1A and CACNA1C have been identified in familial hemiplegic migraine and recently implicated in two whole genome BPAD association studies, respectively. We hypothesized that using migraine co-morbidity to look at subsets of BPAD families in a genetic linkage analysis would prove useful in identifying genetic susceptibility regions in both of these disorders. We used BPAD with co-morbid migraine as an alternative phenotype definition in a re-analysis of the NIMH Bipolar Genetics Initiative wave 4 data set. In this analysis we selected only those families in which at least two members were diagnosed with migraine by a doctor according to patients' reports. Nonparametric linkage analysis performed on 31 families segregating both BPAD and migraine identified a linkage signal on chromosome 4q24 for migraine (but not BPAD) with a peak LOD of 2.26. This region has previously been implicated in two independent migraine linkage studies. In addition we identified a locus on chromosome 20p11 with overlapping elevated LOD scores for both migraine (LOD=1.95) and BPAD (LOD=1.67) phenotypes. This region has previously been implicated in two BPAD linkage studies, and, interestingly, it harbors a known potassium dependant sodium/calcium exchanger gene, SLC24A3, that plays a critical role in neuronal calcium homeostasis. Our findings replicate a previously identified migraine linkage locus on chromosome 4 (not co-segregating with BPAD) in a sample of BPAD families with co-morbid migraine, and suggest a susceptibility locus on chromosome 20, harboring a gene for the migraine/BPAD phenotype. Together these data suggest that some genes may predispose to both bipolar disorder and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Oedegaard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA.
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33
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Van Den Maagdenberg AMJM, Terwindt GM, Haan J, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. Genetics of headaches. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2010; 97:85-97. [PMID: 20816412 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(10)97006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in primary headaches is important to identify drug targets for improving treatment of patients, but essentially lacking. Genetic research is increasingly successful in pinpointing these mechanisms. Most progress has been made for Familial Hemiplegic Migraine, a rare subtype of migraine with aura. Three genes (CACNA1A, ATP1A2 and SCN1A) have been identified that all encode ion transporters. Cellular and transgenic mouse studies suggest that neuronal hyperexcitability and increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression, the correlate of migraine aura, are important molecular mechanisms in migraine. Investigating monogenic diseases in which migraine is a prominent feature such as CADASIL, which is caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene, can help understanding the pathology of migraine. Candidate gene association studies and linkage studies in the common forms of migraine were less successful. Except for the MTHFR gene no gene variant has been identified yet. Convincingly demonstrated genetic findings in other primary headaches such as cluster headache and tension-type headache are even rarer. However, with current technical possibilities of massive genotyping and international efforts to collect large well-phenotyped patient cohorts, the first gene variants for various primary headache types are likely to be discovered in the coming decade.
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Bahmad F, DePalma SR, Merchant SN, Bezerra RL, Oliveira CA, Seidman CE, Seidman JG. Locus for familial migrainous vertigo disease maps to chromosome 5q35. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2009; 118:670-6. [PMID: 19810609 DOI: 10.1177/000348940911800912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Migrainous vertigo (episodic vertigo associated with migraine) is sometimes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. However, neither disease genes nor loci that might be responsible have been reported. We sought to map the genetic locus for familial migrainous vertigo in a 4-generation family and to define the progression of disease in this family. METHODS We studied 23 members in a family in whom migrainous vertigo was inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Clinical information obtained included case histories and results of otolaryngological, neurologic, audiometric, and imaging evaluations. Genome-wide linkage analysis was performed with Affymetrix Genechip Human Mapping 10K microarrays. Genotyping of family members' DNA with microsatellite markers was used to further assess candidate loci identified from the whole-genome scan. RESULTS Of 23 family members, 10 suffered from migrainous vertigo beginning after 35 years of age. Migraine headaches usually preceded the onset of vertigo by 15 to 20 years. Longitudinal audiometric studies over 12 years showed stable, high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss consistent with presbycusis. Low-frequency or fluctuating hearing loss was not observed. The results of vestibular testing and imaging studies were unremarkable. Genetic analysis defined a 12.0 MB interval on chromosome 5q35 between loci rs244895 and D5S2073 that contained the disease gene (logarithm of odds score, 4.21). CONCLUSIONS We report the first locus for familial migrainous vertigo, which mapped to 5q35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayez Bahmad
- Department of Genetics, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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de Vries B, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Molecular genetics of migraine. Hum Genet 2009; 126:115-32. [PMID: 19455354 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is an episodic neurovascular disorder that is clinically divided into two main subtypes that are based on the absence or presence of an aura: migraine without aura (MO) and migraine with aura (MA). Current molecular genetic insight into the pathophysiology of migraine predominantly comes from studies of a rare monogenic subtype of migraine with aura called familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). Three FHM genes have been identified, which all encode ion transporters, suggesting that disturbances in ion and neurotransmitter balances in the brain are responsible for this migraine type, and possibly the common forms of migraine. Cellular and animal models expressing FHM mutations hint toward neuronal hyperexcitability as the likely underlying disease mechanism. Additional molecular insight into the pathophysiology of migraine may come from other monogenic syndromes (for instance cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, which is caused by NOTCH3 mutations), in which migraine is prominent. Investigating patients with common forms of migraine has had limited successes. Except for 5',10'-methylenetetrahydrolate reductase, an enzyme in folate metabolism, the large majority of reported genetic associations with candidate migraine genes have not been convincingly replicated. Genetic linkage studies using migraine subtypes as an end diagnosis did not yield gene variants thus far. Clinical heterogeneity in migraine diagnosis may have hampered the identification of such variants. Therefore, the recent introduction of more refined methods of phenotyping, such as latent-class analysis and trait component analysis, may be certainly helpful. Combining the new phenotyping methods with genome-wide association studies may be a successful strategy toward identification of migraine susceptibility genes. Likely the identification of reliable biomarkers for migraine diagnosing will make these efforts even more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boukje de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO) are primary headaches prevalent in the general population that carry a substantial familial liability. Based on the model of migraine as a complex disease, a multifactorial type of inheritance has been suggested, but familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), classified as a subtype of MA, shows an autosomal dominant transmission pattern and is due to mutations in three genes encoding for neural channel subunits. These FHM mutations, however, account for a minority of the FHM families and are not usually found in sporadic HM or in the typical migraines MA/MO. This implies that the genetic predisposition to the typical migraines may be different and that FHM could be better classified as a type of syndromic migraine rather than a MA subtype. Linkage and genome-wide scans have disclosed several chromosomal liability loci in selected families with MA/MO. It is likely that typical migraine genes will be discovered in the future. Epigenetic mechanisms, especially those acting in the early stages of neural development, are here proposed to be involved in the genetics of the typical migraines, especially if the typical migraines are modeled as evolutionarily conserved behaviors (sickness behavior) enacted out of a genetic repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Montagna
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna Medical School, Via U. Foscolo 7, 40123 Bologna, Italy.
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Fernandez F, Esposito T, Lea RA, Colson NJ, Ciccodicola A, Gianfrancesco F, Griffiths LR. Investigation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptors genes and migraine susceptibility. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:109. [PMID: 19087248 PMCID: PMC2615754 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of severe headache, affecting around 12% of Caucasian populations. It is well known that migraine has a strong genetic component, although the number and type of genes involved is still unclear. Prior linkage studies have reported mapping of a migraine gene to chromosome Xq 24-28, a region containing a cluster of genes for GABA A receptors (GABRE, GABRA3, GABRQ), which are potential candidate genes for migraine. The GABA neurotransmitter has been implicated in migraine pathophysiology previously; however its exact role has not yet been established, although GABA receptors agonists have been the target of therapeutic developments. The aim of the present research is to investigate the role of the potential candidate genes reported on chromosome Xq 24-28 region in migraine susceptibility. In this study, we have focused on the subunit GABA A receptors type epsilon (GABRE) and type theta (GABRQ) genes and their involvement in migraine. METHODS We have performed an association analysis in a large population of case-controls (275 unrelated Caucasian migraineurs versus 275 controls) examining a set of 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region (exons 3, 5 and 9) of the GABRE gene and also the I478F coding variant of the GABRQ gene. RESULTS Our study did not show any association between the examined SNPs in our test population (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Although these particular GABA receptor genes did not show positive association, further studies are necessary to consider the role of other GABA receptor genes in migraine susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fernandez
- Genomics Research Centre, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Teresa Esposito
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Rod A Lea
- Genomics Research Centre, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Natalie J Colson
- Genomics Research Centre, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfredo Ciccodicola
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Migraines carry a substantial genetic liability, and in families affected with the typical migraines (migraine with, MA, and without aura, MO) linkage to some chromosomal loci has been reported. As yet however, no genes are known for MA/MO, while the three genes discovered as responsible for familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) are not involved in the typical migraines. Accordingly, we propose to consider FHM as a syndromic migraine and not as a variety of MA. Moreover, we suggest that epigenetic mechanisms play a role in the determination of the typical migraines, and that the primary headaches represent behavioural responses (sickness behaviour, fight-or-flight responses), having adaptive advantage and having been evolutionary conserved, in which pain represents a signal of homeostatic imbalance. Epigenetic mechanisms and this proposed genetic behavioural model could be usefully incorporated into headache genetic research.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight recent genetic findings in migraine and discuss, new mutations in hemiplegic migraine genes in familial and sporadic cases and relevant candidate gene association studies. Special attention will be given to comorbid diseases of migraine. RECENT FINDINGS Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is genetically heterogeneous with mutations in the CACNA1A (FHM1), ATP1A2 (FHM2) and SCN1A (FHM3) genes. Nineteen novel ATP1A2 mutations were identified last year, eleven of them in FHM2 families. A systematic genetic analysis of patients with sporadic hemiplegic migraine revealed five mutations in this gene, which has implications for genetic counselling. The identification of a second FHM3 SCN1A mutation definitely established SCN1A as a migraine gene. The identification of TREX1 mutations in families with retinal vasculopathy and associated diseases such as migraine may provide new insights in migraine pathophysiology. SUMMARY Many novel ATP1A2 mutations were identified in patients with familial and sporadic hemiplegic migraine. In sporadic patients, ATP1A2 screening has the highest chance of finding a causal mutation. A second FHM3 mutation definitely established the epilepsy SCN1A gene as a migraine gene. The discovery of genes in monogenic diseases in which migraine is prominent may lead to new insights in the molecular pathways involved in migraine pathophysiology.
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Montagna P. The primary headaches: genetics, epigenetics and a behavioural genetic model. J Headache Pain 2008; 9:57-69. [PMID: 18345478 PMCID: PMC2276243 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-008-0026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary headaches, migraine with (MA) and without aura (MO) and cluster headache, all carry a substantial genetic liability. Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), an autosomal dominant mendelian disorder classified as a subtype of MA, is due to mutations in genes encoding neural channel subunits. MA/MO are considered multifactorial genetic disorders, and FHM has been proposed as a model for migraine aetiology. However, a review of the genetic studies suggests that the FHM genes are not involved in the typical migraines and that FHM should be considered as a syndromic migraine rather than a subtype of MA. Adopting the concept of syndromic migraine could be useful in understanding migraine pathogenesis. We hypothesise that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in headache pathogenesis. A behavioural model is proposed, whereby the primary headaches are construed as behaviours, not symptoms, evolutionarily conserved for their adaptive value and engendered out of a genetic repertoire by a network of pattern generators present in the brain and signalling homeostatic imbalance. This behavioural model could be incorporated into migraine genetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Montagna
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna Medical School, Via Ugo Foscolo, 7, 40123 Bologna, Italy.
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Netzer C, Freudenberg J, Toliat MR, Heinze A, Heinze-Kuhn K, Thiele H, Goebel I, Nürnberg P, Ptácek LJ, Göbel H, Todt U, Kubisch C. Genetic association studies of the chromosome 15 GABA-A receptor cluster in migraine with aura. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:37-41. [PMID: 17680603 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel susceptibility locus for migraine with aura (MA) on chromosome 15q containing three GABA-A receptor subunits has been identified by linkage analysis in several large pedigrees. To further study the role of this locus in MA etiology we genotyped 56 SNPs capturing the known common haplotype variations of these three candidate genes in a sample comprising 270 MA patients and 273 matched controls. In a single marker analysis, four SNPs displayed nominally significant (P < 0.05) association with MA. However, after permutation-based correction for the number of tests performed, the P-values of these SNPs were non-significant. Furthermore, a replication study of two of these SNPs in a second independent sample of 379 MA patients and 379 controls did not result in a significant finding. We also compared haplotype estimates based on case-control genotypes. Again we could not demonstrate a significant association with the phenotype after correction for multiple testing. In summary, we found no convincing evidence for an involvement of common SNPs at the GABA-A receptor cluster on 15q11-q12 in the pathophysiology of MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Netzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Oswell G, Kaunisto MA, Kallela M, Hämäläinen E, Anttila V, Kaprio J, Färkkilä M, Wessman M, Palotie A. No association of migraine to the GABA-A receptor complex on chromosome 15. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:33-6. [PMID: 17580321 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To date, no gene variants predisposing to common forms of migraine have been convincingly identified. Recently, significant linkage to a cluster of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)-A receptors on Chr 15q11-q13 was reported. We performed an extensive association study using 898 MA cases and 900 matched controls by covering the same gene cluster with 34 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). No association to MA was detected, suggesting that common variants of the GABA cluster are unlikely to be major contributors of MA susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Oswell
- The Finnish Genome Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Molecular mechanisms of migraine? J Neurol 2007; 254:1629-35. [PMID: 17987250 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-007-0641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a common debilitating neurological disease characterised by attacks of severe headache with or without preceding aura. Its aetiology remains elusive; however it is clear that an interplay of genetic and environmental components play an important role. Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare and severe variant of migraine with aura and follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. This disease is genetically heterogeneous,with three causative genes having been identified. This review uses insights garnered from FHM to try and shed light on possible migraine disease pathogenesis.
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Johnson MP, Fernandez F, Colson NJ, Griffiths LR. A pharmacogenomic evaluation of migraine therapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:1821-35. [PMID: 17696786 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.12.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a common idiopathic primary headache disorder with significant mental, physical and social health implications. Accompanying an intense unilateral pulsating head pain other characteristic migraine symptoms include nausea, emesis, phonophobia, photophobia and in approximately 20-30% of migraine cases, neurologic disturbances associated with the aura phase. Although selective serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists (i.e., 5-HT(1B/1D)) are successful in alleviating migrainous symptoms in < or = 70% of known sufferers, for the remaining 30%, additional migraine abortive medications remain unsuccessful, not tested or yet to be identified. Genetic characterization of the migrainous disorder is making steady progress with an increasing number of genomic susceptibility loci now identified on chromosomes 1q, 4q, 5q, 6p, 11q, 14q, 15q, 17p, 18q, 19p and Xq. The 4q, 5q, 17p and 18q loci involve endophenotypic susceptibility regions for various migrainous symptoms. In an effort to develop individualized pharmacotherapeutics, the identification of these migraine endophenotypic loci may well be the catalyst needed to aid in this goal. In this review the authors discuss the present treatment of migraine, known genomic susceptibility regions and results from migraine (genetic) association studies. The authors also discuss pharmacogenomic considerations for more individualized migraine prophylactic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Johnson
- Griffith University, Genomics Research Centre, School of Medical Science, PMB 50 GCMC Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Recurrent episodes of transient focal neurologic symptoms, known as aura, occur in association with migraine headache in about 11.9 million people in the United States. At present, the International Headache Society has recognized 3 "typical" auras: visual, sensory, and language. Increasing evidence from investigations in human subjects suggests that typical auras may be the clinical manifestation of a cortical spreading depression (CSD)-like phenomenon. Other studies have shown altered reactivity and processing within the cortices of migraineurs who experience an aura, which might render them more vulnerable to CSD-like events. Recent investigations also support the hypothesis that events intrinsic to the cerebral cortex are capable of activating trigeminal nociceptive neurons and of affecting the caliber of vascular structures innervated by them. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the aura may potentially lead to more effective therapies, which will aim at preventing migraine headaches before they start.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Michael Cutrer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Abstract
Although family and twin studies show that there is a genetic component to migraine, no genes predisposing to common forms of the disorder have been identified. The most encouraging findings have emerged from the identification of genes causing rare mendelian traits that phenotypically resemble migraine. These studies have pointed migraine research towards ion-transport genes; however, there is no direct evidence of the involvement of these genes in common forms of migraine. Family-based linkage studies have identified several chromosomal regions linked to common forms of migraine, but there is little consistency between studies. The modest success in the identification of contributing gene variants has stimulated research into more effective strategies. These include new phenotyping methods for genetic studies and new study designs-such as case-control and whole-genome association studies-to identify common variants contributing to the trait.
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Calabresi P, Galletti F, Rossi C, Sarchielli P, Cupini LM. Antiepileptic drugs in migraine: from clinical aspects to cellular mechanisms. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2007; 28:188-95. [PMID: 17337068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Migraine and epilepsy share several clinical features, and epilepsy is a comorbid condition of migraine. Clinical studies have shown that some antiepileptic drugs are effective at preventing migraine attacks. A rationale for their use in migraine prophylaxis is the hypothesis that migraine and epilepsy share several common pathogenetic mechanisms. An imbalance between excitatory glutamate-mediated transmission and GABA-mediated inhibition in specific brain areas has been postulated in these two pathological conditions. Moreover, abnormal activation of voltage-operated ionic channels has been implicated in both migraine and epilepsy. Cortical spreading depression has been found to be involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy, in addition to the generation of migraine aura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Calabresi
- Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Perugia 06156, Italy.
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Kaunisto MA, Kallela M, Hämäläinen E, Kilpikari R, Havanka H, Harno H, Nissilä M, Säkö E, Ilmavirta M, Liukkonen J, Teirmaa H, Törnwall O, Jussila M, Terwilliger J, Färkkilä M, Kaprio J, Palotie A, Wessman M. Testing of variants of the MTHFR and ESR1 genes in 1798 Finnish individuals fails to confirm the association with migraine with aura. Cephalalgia 2007; 26:1462-72. [PMID: 17116097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the few independently replicated genetic associations in migraine are polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and oestrogen receptor (ESR1) genes. We studied the contribution of these genes to migraine susceptibility by genotyping six MTHFR and 26 ESR1 polymorphisms in 898 unrelated migraine with aura (MA) patients and in 900 unrelated healthy controls. There were no differences in the genotype distributions of the previously migraine-associated SNPs C677T (MTHFR) and G2014A (ESR1) between cases and controls (P-values 0.83 and 0.55, respectively). Thus, we were not able to replicate the previous findings, although our study had considerable power. However, five of the ESR1 SNPs (rs6557170, rs2347867, rs6557171, rs4870062 and rs1801132) that were in strong linkage disequilibrium were nominally associated with MA (uncorrected P-values 0.007-0.034). These results did not, however, remain significant after taking multiple testing into account. Thus it seems unlikely that the studied genes are involved in migraine susceptibility, at least in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kaunisto
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Research Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
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Colson N, Fernandez F, Griffiths L. Migraine genetics and prospects for pharmacotherapy. Drug Dev Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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