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Kang SY, Um JY, Chung BY, Kim JC, Park CW, Kim HO. Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Itching in Children and Adolescents. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080919. [PMID: 34440123 PMCID: PMC8389554 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Itching is prevalent in children with skin disorders and associated with effects on their mood, quality of life, and social functioning. Surprisingly, there are no data on childhood prevalence of pruritus in the general population. The aim of this article is to explore the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and treatment for itch (pruritus) in the pediatric population (from infancy to adolescence), and to be helpful to primary care physicians who assess and diagnose pediatric patients with itching. In this study, we searched for specific keywords using PubMed and MEDLINE (Ovid) and, then, refined the retrieved searches for each cause and treatment. As a result of reviewing the literature, atopic dermatitis was shown to be the most common cause of itching, especially during infancy and through preschool. Not only skin disorders but also systemic diseases, drugs, and postburn states can predispose an individual to itching in childhood. There are traditional and newly developed treatment modalities for itching in pediatric patients. However, because the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of childhood are different from those of adults, the medications for itching have to be applied carefully for these age groups. There are many areas to be elucidated regarding the prevalence and objective assessment of pruritus in pediatric patients. Moreover, the safety profiles of medications in the pediatric population need to be better understood. Further studies to investigate itching in childhood are warranted.
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Tabuenca Del Barrio L, Mozo Cuadrado M, Zubicoa Enériz A, Martínez de Espronceda Ezquerro I. Itching eyes after itching around the head. GMS OPHTHALMOLOGY CASES 2020; 10:Doc09. [PMID: 32269907 PMCID: PMC7113612 DOI: 10.3205/oc000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To report the occurrence and management of an eyelashes infestation by Phthirus pubis. Methods: A 27-year-old female presented with itching in her right eye and head after she had been traveling in southern Italy five days earlier. Visual acuity (VA) was 20/20 in both eyes. Slit-lamp examination showed bilateral blepharitis. Moreover, mobile insects and eggs attached to the eyelashes were observed. A microbiological study was performed with a Phthirus pubis result. The patient was treated with mechanical dislodging. Results: The resolution of the infection was carried out removing every insect and egg. A vaseline application twice daily for 7 days was necessary to stifle any nits that could remain. Conclusions: The eyelashes pediculosis is frequently caused by Phthirus pubis. Only a minor percentage of the cases are due to Phthirus capitis, but the differential diagnosis is essential: there are Phthirus pubis pediculosis cases due to sexual abuse. A sexual history and screening for other sexually transmitted diseases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tabuenca Del Barrio
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Ophthalmology, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Laura Tabuenca Del Barrio, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Ophthalmology, Calle Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, E-mail:
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Martin AM, Richards SA, Fraser TA, Polkinghorne A, Burridge CP, Carver S. Population‐scale treatment informs solutions for control of environmentally transmitted wildlife disease. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alynn M. Martin
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Australia
| | | | - Tamieka A. Fraser
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Australia
- Animal Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Australia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- Animal Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Australia
| | | | - Scott Carver
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Australia
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Salavastru CM, Chosidow O, Boffa MJ, Janier M, Tiplica GS. European guideline for the management of scabies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017. [PMID: 28639722 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. The disease can be sexually transmitted. Patients' main complaint is nocturnal itch. Disseminated, excoriated, erythematous papules are usually seen on the anterior trunk and limbs. Crusted scabies occurs in immunocompromised hosts and may be associated with reduced or absent pruritus. Recommended treatments are permethrin 5% cream, oral ivermectin and benzyl benzoate 25% lotion. Alternative treatments are malathion 0.5% aqueous lotion, ivermectin 1% lotion and sulphur 6-33% cream, ointment or lotion. Crusted scabies therapy requires a topical scabicide and oral ivermectin. Mass treatment of large populations with endemic disease can be performed with a single dose of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of bodyweight). Partner management needs a look-back period of 2 months. Screening for other STI is recommended. Patients and close contacts should avoid sexual contact until completion of treatment and should strictly observe personal hygiene rules when living in crowded spaces. Written information should be provided to suspected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Salavastru
- Department of Dermato-Pediatry, Colentina Clinical Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - O Chosidow
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri Mondor AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - M J Boffa
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Paul Boffa Hospital, Floriana, Malta
| | - M Janier
- STD Clinic, Hôpital Saint-Louis AP-HP, and Head of Dermatology Department, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - G S Tiplica
- Department of Dermatology II, Colentina Clinical Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract
A multitude of infectious diseases of viral (genital herpes, herpes zoster, genital warts and molluscum contagiosum), bacterial (syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, donovanosis, erysipelas, cellulitis and necrotising fasciitis, folliculitis, impetigo, bartholin gland abscess, trichomycosis and erythrasma), fungal (candidiasis and dermatophytosis) and parasitic (pediculosis pubis) origin may affect the vulvar area. Herein, we review the infections and their skin manifestations in the vulvar area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freja Lærke Sand
- a Department of Dermatology , Bispebjerg Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Simon Francis Thomsen
- a Department of Dermatology , Bispebjerg Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark.,b Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Fölster-Holst R. [Scabies]. MMW Fortschr Med 2017; 159:42-46. [PMID: 28417383 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-017-9534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Fölster-Holst
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Schmittenhelmstraße 7, D-24105, Kiel, Deutschland.
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Fernández-Balbuena S, Hoyos J, Rosales-Statkus ME, Nardone A, Vallejo F, Ruiz M, Sánchez R, Belza MJ, Indave BI, Gutiérrez J, Álvarez J, Sordo L. Low HIV testing uptake following diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection in Spain: implications for the implementation of efficient strategies to reduce the undiagnosed HIV epidemic. AIDS Care 2016; 28:677-83. [PMID: 26837210 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1123808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are recognized as one of the conditions in which HIV testing is most clearly indicated. We analyse whether people diagnosed with an STI are being tested for HIV according to the experience of participants in an outreach rapid testing programme in Spain. Between 2008 and 2010, 6293 individuals underwent rapid testing and completed a self-administered questionnaire. We calculated the percentage of individuals that were diagnosed with an STI in the last 5 years and identified the setting where the last episode occurred. We then determined the percentage not receiving an HIV test after the last STI diagnosis and estimated the associated factors. Overall, 17.3% (N = 959) of participants reported an STI diagnosis in the last 5 years, of which 81.5% occurred in general medical settings. Sixty-one percent reported not undergoing HIV testing after their last STI diagnosis, 2.2% of whom reported they had refused the test. Not receiving an HIV test after the last STI diagnosis was independently associated with not being a man who has sex with men (MSM), having had fewer sexual partners, being diagnosed in general medical settings and having received a diagnosis other than syphilis. An unacceptably large percentage of people diagnosed with STI are not being tested for HIV because healthcare providers frequently fail to offer the test. Offering routine HIV testing at general medical settings, regardless of the type of STI diagnosed and population group, should be a high priority and is probably a more efficient strategy than universal screening in general healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Hoyos
- a CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health , Madrid , Spain
| | - María Elena Rosales-Statkus
- a CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health , Madrid , Spain.,b National Centre of Epidemiology , Carlos III Health Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Fernando Vallejo
- a CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health , Madrid , Spain.,b National Centre of Epidemiology , Carlos III Health Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Mónica Ruiz
- a CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health , Madrid , Spain.,b National Centre of Epidemiology , Carlos III Health Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Romina Sánchez
- d Preventive Medicine Service , University Hospital of Móstoles , Madrid , Spain
| | - María José Belza
- a CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health , Madrid , Spain.,e National School of Health, Carlos III Health Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Luis Sordo
- a CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health , Madrid , Spain.,b National Centre of Epidemiology , Carlos III Health Institute , Madrid , Spain
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Ryan MF. Phthiriasis Palpebrarum Infection: A Concern for Child Abuse. J Emerg Med 2014; 46:e159-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gendrel D, Cohen R. Traitement de la gale : des recommandations générales aux applications pédiatriques. Arch Pediatr 2013; 20:1273-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Beytur A, Geçit İ, Karaman Ü, Şener S, Yakupoğulları Y, Karadan M, Karcı E. The Presence of the Pubic Louse Pthirus Pubis
in Two Patients Complaining from Tick
Infestation. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fantasia HC, Fontenot HB, Sutherland M, Harris AL. Sexually transmitted infections in women: an overview. Nurs Womens Health 2011; 15:46-58. [PMID: 21332958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-486x.2011.01610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Pérez-Molina JA, Díaz-Menéndez M, Pérez-Ayala A, Ferrere F, Monje B, Norman F, López-Vélez R. Tratamiento de las enfermedades causadas por parásitos. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010; 28:44-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Moss P, Beeching NJ. Arthropods and ectoparasites. Infect Dis (Lond) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04579-7.00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Anderson AL, Chaney E. Pubic lice (Pthirus pubis): history, biology and treatment vs. knowledge and beliefs of US college students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 6:592-600. [PMID: 19440402 PMCID: PMC2672365 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6020592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pubic lice (Pthirus pubis) maintain a worldwide parasitic population infesting two to over 10 percent of human populations, continuing a presence that has been constant since early evidence 10,000 years ago. Outbreaks in the 1970s have been recorded, but incomplete records preclude description of a definitive population cycle. Current levels of infestation in a US college student population were investigated in this study. Knowledge and opinions of students were also recorded in an online survey administered to college students taking a basic health course at a mid-sized East Coast University. In a group of 817 students, 35 reported experience with pubic lice or other STD infection. Knowledge, beliefs, and treatment attitudes were examined for the 782 students who did not have experience with either pubic lice or STD infection. These students deemed antibiotics as a viable treatment for pubic lice infestation. They also indicated negative attitudes toward the use of pesticide crèmes, which are the most useful prescription. Symptoms and transmission myths in student answers are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L Anderson
- Carol Belk Building, Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Program, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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Lepe Jiménez JA, Otero Guerra L, Blanco Galán MA, Aznar Martín J, Vázquez Valdés F. [Update on the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of sexually-transmitted infections]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2008; 26 Suppl 13:25-31. [PMID: 19100164 DOI: 10.1157/13128777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, cases of sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) have progressively increased in Europe. The reasons for this increase are unclear, but may involve changes in social behavior, migration and international travel, coupled with the emergence of risk groups that have not been taken into sufficient consideration to date. The routine use of molecular diagnostic techniques for many of these infections has solved many problems of sensitivity and the suitability of samples for microbiological diagnosis: non-invasive samples can be used, which has undoubtedly contributed to the increase in the number of cases. Moreover, molecular methods have also been introduced for antibiotic and antiviral susceptibility testing, as well as for molecular characterization of clinical isolates. All of these factors, together with the approval of the vaccine against the human papillomavirus, have changed the landscape of STIs across Europe.
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Hollier LM, Workowski K. Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Women. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2008; 22:665-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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