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Li X, Huang T, Deng C, Fu S, Shi X. Continuous flow stimulation had no significant effect on the growth rate but was conducive to the swimming performance, spontaneous behavior, and nonspecific immune parameter of juvenile Percocypris pingi. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:925-938. [PMID: 37528753 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Flow stimulation before release into the wild may contribute to improved survivability of farmed fish. However, the effects of flow stimulation on the survival rate of fish depend on the fish species and exercise regime, such as exercise type, duration, and intensity. In this study, juvenile Percocypris pingi swam for 18 h per day for 8 weeks under different water speeds, 3 cm s-1 (control) and 1, 2, and 4 body lengths (bl) s-1 , at 20°C. Then, parameters related to the growth rate, swimming capacity, spontaneous activity, and immune function were measured. We found that (1) continuous flow stimulation had no significant influence on the growth but was conducive to the increase in the relative carcass mass; (2) continuous flow stimulation at 2 or 4 bl s-1 enhanced the aerobic swimming capacity (Ucrit ), which may be due to an increase in anaerobic exercise capacity (endurance time) rather than to changes in maximum metabolic rate and aerobic scope; (3) continuous flow stimulation at 4 bl s-1 led to a significant increase in spontaneous activity, which was mainly due to the higher percent time spent moving as compared with the controls; and (4) continuous flow stimulation at 2 bl s-1 may contribute to improving the nonspecific immune parameter (lysozyme activity) in juvenile P. pingi. Our findings suggest that continuous flow stimulation at 2 or 4 bl s-1 for 18 h per day for 56 days at 20°C before release in wild may be a suitable training regime for improving the survival rate of cultured juvenile P. pingi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Li
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tiji Huang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunlin Deng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shijian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotao Shi
- Hubei International Science and Technology Coopearation Base of Fish Passage, College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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Hou Q, Fu S, Huang T, Li X, Shi X. Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on the Growth, Swimming Performance, Antipredation Ability and Immune Parameters of Juvenile Rock Carp (Procypris rabaudi). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030257. [PMID: 35158581 PMCID: PMC8833362 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have found that aerobic exercise training at a moderate water velocity can improve the growth, swimming performance and survival rate of fish. To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training on the growth, swimming performance, antipredation ability and immune parameters of rock carp, juveniles were placed in training channels with different water velocities (i.e., 3 cm s−1, 1 (body length s−1) bl s−1, 2 bl s−1 and 4 bl s−1) for 6 weeks. Then, the specific growth rate, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and its metabolism, constant acceleration speed (Ucat), survival rate under predation, spleen index, lysozyme (LZM) activity and immunoglobulin (IgM) level were measured. Training showed no significant effect on the length-specific growth rate, weight-specific growth rate, Ucrit, maximum metabolic rate (MMR), metabolic scope (MS), Ucat or spleen index. The resting metabolic rates (RMRs) of the 2 bl s−1 and 4 bl s−1 training groups were significantly higher than those of the control group and 1 bl s−1 training group. The survival rate of the 1 bl s−1 training group in the presence of predators was significantly higher than that of the control group but significantly lower than those of the 2 bl s−1 and 4 bl s−1 training groups. The LZM activity of the 4 bl s−1 training group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The IgM level of the 2 bl s−1 training group was significantly higher than that of the control group. These data indicate that aerobic exercise training does not improve the growth and swimming performance of juvenile rock carp but can improve their antipredation ability and immunologic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimiao Hou
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China; (Q.H.); (S.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Shijian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China; (Q.H.); (S.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Tiji Huang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China; (Q.H.); (S.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Xiuming Li
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China; (Q.H.); (S.F.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaotao Shi
- Hubei International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Fish Passage, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (X.S.)
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Lu Y, Wu H, Deng LJ, Li TC, Yang K, Fu SJ, Song ZB. Improved aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance after exercise training and detraining in Schizothorax wangchiachii: Implications for fisheries releases. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 245:110698. [PMID: 32276042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Swimming performance (aerobic and anaerobic) is often used to predict the ability of fish to adapt and survive. Fish raised in captivity are typically poor swimmers and have lower survival rates than wild conspecifics when released into the natural environment. We investigated the potential for exercise training to enhance the swimming performance of Schizothorax wangchiachii held in captivity. Juvenile fish (mean body mass 1.40 ± 0.13 g, mean body length 4.36 ± 0.24 cm) were trained under five different regimes [3 cm·s-1 control group (C), 10 cm·s-1 for 6 (L6) and 12 h (L12) per day and 20 cm·s-1 for 6 (H6) and 12 h (H12) per day] for 30 days and then detrained for 20 days (i.e. no training). Aerobic (i.e. critical swimming speed, Ucrit), anaerobic swimming performance (i.e. endurance time at 1.2 or 1.5 Ucrit), and morphological parameters were measured at the beginning (T0), after 30 days of exercise training (T30) and after 20 days of detraining (DT20). Aerobic exercise training significantly improved the Ucrit, endurance time at 1.2 and 1.5 Ucrit of juvenile S. wangchiachii (P < .05). After 20 days of detraining, both the aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance of the H6 and H12 groups declined and no longer differed from the control group indicating a failure to maintain improved swimming performance, whereas improved swimming performance was maintained in L6 and L12 groups. No significant difference in swimming performance was found between 6 and 12 hours training at 10 cm·s-1. Thus, exercise at close to 10 cm·s-1 for 6 h per day for 30 days or a longer time periods prior to release appears to be a suitable regime for swimming performance enhancement, potentially increasing survivability of released S. wangchiachii in wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Hui Wu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Long-Jun Deng
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., Chengdu 610051, PR China
| | - Tian-Cai Li
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd., Chengdu 610051, PR China
| | - Kun Yang
- Institute of Ecology, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, PR China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, PR China.
| | - Zhao-Bin Song
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
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Shi C, Wang J, Yang Z, Gao X, Liu Y, Wang C. Sustained Swimming Training Is Associated With Reversible Filet Texture Changes of European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Front Physiol 2019; 10:725. [PMID: 31263426 PMCID: PMC6584975 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This present study aimed to investigate the effect of training and detraining on the growth, chemical composition, white muscle fibers, and filet texture of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Fish were divided into control and training groups, which were subjected to water velocities of 0.2 and 1.0 body length per second (bl s-1), respectively, for 32 days (phase I). Half of the fish in the training group were then randomly selected and detrained at a velocity of 0.2 bl s-1 for another 32 days (detraining group), while the velocity of the remaining fish in the training group (1 bl s-1), and control group (0.2 bl s-1) remained unchanged (phase II). The results showed that the growth, body composition, and white muscle fiber densities of the control and trained fish were not significantly different in either phase. Training significantly altered the muscle fiber distribution (P < 0.05), with the training group having fewer 80-90 μm fibers than the control and detraining group at the end of the experiment (P < 0.05). The training group also had significantly higher values for white fiber muscle textural parameters (hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness) in phase I (P < 0.05), and these parameters correlated significantly with pH (P < 0.05). However, these differences in texture and the pH correlation weakened when the fish were detrained in phase II. These results indicated that an increase in muscle pH after training may alter the flesh texture characteristics of sea bass. In addition, sustained swimming could induce a reversible change in the filet texture of sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China
| | - J. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Z. Yang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - X. Gao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Y. Liu
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - C. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China
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Li X, Zhang Y, Li X, Zheng H, Peng J, Fu S. Sustained exercise-trained juvenile black carp ( Mylopharyngodon piceus) at a moderate water velocity exhibit improved aerobic swimming performance and increased postprandial metabolic responses. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio032425. [PMID: 29463516 PMCID: PMC5861366 DOI: 10.1242/bio.032425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to examine whether sustained exercise training at four water velocities, i.e. nearly still water (control), 1 body length (BL) s-1, 2 BL s-1 and 4 BL s-1, has effects on swimming performance and digestive metabolism in juvenile black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). The results demonstrated that fish subjected to sustained training at 2 and 4 BL s-1 showed significantly higher critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) over the control group. Fish subjected to sustained training at 1 and 2 BL s-1 showed a significantly (30 and 54%) prolonged duration, 14 and 17% higher postprandial ṀO2 increment (i.e. ṀO2peak), and 62 and 92% more energy expended on specific dynamic action (SDA), respectively, after consuming a similar meal over fish kept in nearly still water. These results suggest that (1) sustained exercise training at a higher speed (2 or 4 BL s-1) had a positive influence on the aerobic swimming performance of juvenile M. piceus, which may be associated with improved aerobic metabolism; and (2) sustained exercise training at a lower speed (1 or 2 BL s-1) resulted in elevated postprandial metabolic responses in juvenile M. piceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Li
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Education Ministry), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaoguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Education Ministry), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaojin Li
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Jianglan Peng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Shijian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
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Li XM, Liu L, Yuan JM, Xiao YY, Fu SJ, Zhang YG. The effect of aerobic exercise and starvation on growth performance and postprandial metabolic response in juvenile southern catfish ( Silurus meridionalis ). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 193:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Eme J, Owerkowicz T, Gwalthney J, Blank JM, Rourke BC, Hicks JW. Exhaustive exercise training enhances aerobic capacity in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). J Comp Physiol B 2009; 179:921-31. [PMID: 19533151 PMCID: PMC2768110 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-009-0374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen transport system in mammals is extensively remodelled in response to repeated bouts of activity, but many reptiles appear to be ‘metabolically inflexible’ in response to exercise training. A recent report showed that estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) increase their maximum metabolic rate in response to exhaustive treadmill training, and in the present study, we confirm this response in another crocodilian, American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). We further specify the nature of the crocodilian training response by analysing effects of training on aerobic [citrate synthase (CS)] and anaerobic [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] enzyme activities in selected skeletal muscles, ventricular and skeletal muscle masses and haematocrit. Compared to sedentary control animals, alligators regularly trained for 15 months on a treadmill (run group) or in a flume (swim group) exhibited peak oxygen consumption rates higher by 27 and 16%, respectively. Run and swim exercise training significantly increased ventricular mass (~11%) and haematocrit (~11%), but not the mass of skeletal muscles. However, exercise training did not alter CS or LDH activities of skeletal muscles. Similar to mammals, alligators respond to exercise training by increasing convective oxygen transport mechanisms, specifically heart size (potentially greater stroke volume) and haematocrit (increased oxygen carrying-capacity of the blood). Unlike mammals, but similar to squamate reptiles, alligators do not also increase citrate synthase activity of the skeletal muscles in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Eme
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA.
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Anttila K, Mänttäri S, Järvilehto M. Effects of different training protocols on Ca2+ handling and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.). J Exp Biol 2006; 209:2971-8. [PMID: 16857881 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe modulation of calcium channel density and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle after different training protocols were studied in 3-year-old Atlantic salmon smolts. The effect of endurance exercise on dihydropyridine(DHP) and ryanodine (Ry) receptor densities as well as on muscle metabolism were determined by immunoblot and histochemical analysis from swimming muscles of fish subjected to nine different training protocols varying in duration and water current velocity.In general, exercise training caused a significant increase in the density of both DHP and Ry receptors in both muscle types studied. In red muscle, the most notable increase in DHP and Ry receptor expression was observed in muscle sections from fish swimming against intermediate current velocity for a 2-week period (182.3±16.3%, 234.6±30.3%, respectively). In white muscle, the expression of DHP and Ry receptors was most upregulated after a 6-week swimming period also at intermediate water current velocity(270.4±23.9%, 114.4±15.3%, respectively). As with the activity of enzymes involved in muscle energy supply, endurance exercise resulted in a significant increase in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, but a significant decrease in phosphorylase activity.We conclude that the expression of both DHP and Ry receptors was upregulated in the swimming muscles of salmon as a consequence of exercise training. This, along with the increased oxidative enzyme activity, provides benefits to the contraction efficiency of fish muscles while swimming. However, it was also observed that optimal oxidative swimming capacity is achieved only with a proper exercise program, since the most relevant changes in DHP and Ry receptor expression, as well as in oxidative capacity, were seen in the group training with the intermediate swimming velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Anttila
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
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Duong CA, Sepulveda CA, Graham JB, Dickson KA. Mitochondrial proton leak rates in the slow, oxidative myotomal muscle and liver of the endothermic shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus)and the ectothermic blue shark (Prionace glauca) and leopard shark(Triakis semifasciata). J Exp Biol 2006; 209:2678-85. [PMID: 16809458 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYMitochondrial proton leak was assessed as a potential heat source in the slow, oxidative (red) locomotor muscle and liver of the shortfin mako shark(Isurus oxyrinchus), a regional endotherm that maintains the temperature of both tissues elevated above ambient seawater temperature. We hypothesized that basal proton leak rates in red muscle and liver mitochondria of the endothermic shortfin mako shark would be greater than those of the ectothermic blue shark (Prionace glauca) and leopard shark(Triakis semifasciata). Respiration rate and membrane potential in isolated mitochondria were measured simultaneously at 20°C using a Clark-type oxygen electrode and a lipophilic probe(triphenylmethylphosphonium, TPMP+). Succinate-stimulated respiration was titrated with inhibitors of the electron transport chain, and the non-linear relationship between respiration rate and membrane potential was quantified. Mitochondrial densities of both tissues were measured by applying the point-contact method to electron micrographs so that proton leak activity of the entire tissue could be assessed. In all three shark species,proton leak occurred at a higher rate in red muscle mitochondria than in liver mitochondria. For each tissue, the proton leak curves of the three species overlapped and, at a membrane potential of 160 mV, mitochondrial proton leak rate (nmol H+ min-1 mg-1 protein) did not differ significantly between the endothermic and ectothermic sharks. This finding indicates that red muscle and liver mitochondria of the shortfin mako shark are not specialized for thermogenesis by having a higher proton conductance. However, mako mitochondria did have higher succinate-stimulated respiration rates and membrane potentials than those of the two ectothermic sharks. This means that under in vivo conditions mitochondrial proton leak rates may be higher in the mako than in the ectothermic species, due to greater electron transport activity and a larger proton gradient driving proton leak. We also estimated each tissue's total proton leak by combining mitochondrial proton leak rates at 160 mV and tissue mitochondrial density data with published values of relative liver or red muscle mass for each of the three species. In red muscle, total proton leak was not elevated in the mako shark relative to the two ectothermic species. In the liver, total proton leak would be higher in the mako shark than in both ectothermic species, due to a lower proton conductance in the blue shark and a lower liver mitochondrial content in the leopard shark, and thus may contribute to endothermy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy A Duong
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
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