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Yap F, Høeg JT, Chan BKK. Living on fire: Deactivating fire coral polyps for larval settlement and symbiosis in the fire coral-associated barnacle Wanella milleporae (Thoracicalcarea: Wanellinae). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9057. [PMID: 35813926 PMCID: PMC9254672 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis is increasingly recognized as being an important component in marine systems, and many such relationships are initiated when free-swimming larvae of one partner settle and become sedentary on a host partner. Therefore, several crucial questions emerge such as the larva's mechanism of locating a host, selection of substratum and finally settlement on the surface of its future partner. Here, we investigated these mechanisms by studying how larvae of the fire coral-associated barnacle Wanella milleporae move, settle and establish symbiosis with their host, Millepora tenera. Cyprids of W. milleporae possess a pair of specialized antennules with bell-shaped attachment discs that enable them to explore and settle superficially on the hostile surface of the fire coral. Intriguingly, the stinging polyps of the fire coral remain in their respective pores when the cyprids explore the fire coral surface. Even when cyprids come into contact with the nematocysts on the extended stinging polyps during the exploratory phase, no immobilization effects against the cyprids were observed. The exploratory phase of Wanella cyprids can be divided into a sequence of wide searching (large step length and high walking speed), close searching (small step length and low speed) and inspection behavior, eventually resulting in permanent settlement and metamorphosis. After settlement, xenogeneic interactions occur between the fire coral and the newly metamorphosed juvenile barnacle. This involved tissue necrosis and regeneration in the fire coral host, leading to a callus ring structure around the juvenile barnacle, enhancing survival rate after settlement. The complex exploratory and settlement patterns and interactions documented here represent a breakthrough in coral reef symbiosis studies to show how invertebrates start symbiosis with fire corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fook‐Choy Yap
- Biodiversity Research CenterAcademia SinicaNangangTaiwan
- Present address:
Department of Biological Science, Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar BaratPerakMalaysia
| | - Jens T. Høeg
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological SectionUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Dreyer N, Tsai PC, Olesen J, Kolbasov GA, Høeg JT, Chan BKK. Independent and adaptive evolution of phenotypic novelties driven by coral symbiosis in barnacle larvae. Evolution 2021; 76:139-157. [PMID: 34705275 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The invasion of novel habitats is recognized as a major promotor of adaptive trait evolution in animals. We tested whether similar ecological niches entail independent and adaptive evolution of key phenotypic structures related to larval host invasion in distantly related taxa. We use disparately related clades of coral barnacles as our model system (Acrothoracica: Berndtia and Thoracica: Pyrgomatidae). We analyze the larval antennular phenotypes and functional morphologies facilitating host invasion. Extensive video recordings show that coral host invasion is carried out exclusively by cypris larvae with spear-shaped antennules. These first exercise a series of complex probing behaviors followed by repeated antennular penetration of the soft host tissues, which subsequently facilitates permanent invasion. Phylogenetic mapping of larval form and function related to niche invasion in 99 species of barnacles (Thecostraca) compellingly shows that the spear-phenotype is uniquely associated with corals and penetrative behaviors. These features evolved independently in the two coral barnacle clades and from ancestors with fundamentally different antennular phenotypes. The larval host invasion system in coral barnacles likely evolved adaptively across millions of years for overcoming challenges associated with invading and entering demanding coral hosts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Dreyer
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan.,Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei.,Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Kobenhavn, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Pei-Che Tsai
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Jørgen Olesen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Kobenhavn, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Gregory A Kolbasov
- White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty of Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
| | - Jens T Høeg
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, Kobenhavn, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Benny K K Chan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Ip JCH, Qiu JW, Chan BKK. Genomic insights into the sessile life and biofouling of barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia). Heliyon 2021; 7:e07291. [PMID: 34189321 PMCID: PMC8220330 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the infraclass Cirripedia, commonly called barnacles, are unique among the subphylum Crustacea in that they exhibit a biphasic life cycle with a planktonic larval stage and a sessile adult stage. Understanding their unique sessile life and mechanisms of attachment are hampered by the lack of genomic resources. Here, we present a 746 Mb genome assembly of Lepas anserifera – the first sequenced stalked barnacle genome. We estimate that Cirripedia first arose ~495 million years ago (MYA) and further diversified since Mesozoic. A demographic analysis revealed remarkable population changes of the barnacle in relation to sea-level fluctuations in the last 2 MYA. Comparative genomic analyses revealed the expansion of a number of developmental related genes families in barnacle genomes, such as Br–C, PCP20 and Lola, which are potentially important for the evolution of metamorphosis, cuticle development and central nervous system. Phylogenetic analysis and tissue expression profiling showed the possible roles of gene duplication, functional diversification and co-option in shaping the genomic evolution of barnacles. Overall, our study provides not only a valuable draft genome for comparative genomic analysis of crustacean evolution, but also facilitates studies of biofouling control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Chi-Ho Ip
- Department of Biology and Hong Kong Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong.,Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Wen Qiu
- Department of Biology and Hong Kong Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong.,Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China
| | - Benny K K Chan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Derby CD. The Crustacean Antennule: A Complex Organ Adapted for Lifelong Function in Diverse Environments and Lifestyles. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2021; 240:67-81. [PMID: 33939945 DOI: 10.1086/713537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe crustacean first antenna, or antennule, has been an experimental model for studying sensory biology for over 150 years. Investigations have led to a clearer understanding of the functional organization of the antennule as an olfactory organ but also to a realization that the antennule is much more than that. Across the Crustacea, the antennules take on many forms and functions. As an example, the antennule of reptantian decapods has many types of sensilla, each with distinct structure and function and with hundreds of thousands of chemosensory neurons expressing hundreds of genes that code for diverse classes of receptor proteins. Together, these antennular sensilla represent multiple chemosensory pathways, each with its own central connections and functions. The antennule also has a diversity of sensors of mechanical stimuli, including vibrations, touch, water flow, and the animal's own movements. The antennule likely also detects other environmental cues, such as temperature, oxygen, pH, salinity, and noxious stimuli. Furthermore, the antennule is a motor organ-it is flicked to temporally and spatially sample the animal's chemo-mechanical surroundings-and this information is used in resolving the structure of chemical plumes and locating the odor source. The antennule is also adapted to maintain lifelong function in a changing environment. For example, it has specific secretory glands, grooming structures, and behaviors to stay clean and functional. Antennular sensilla and the annuli on which they reside are also added and replaced, leading to a complete turnover of the antennule over several molts. Thus, the antennule is a complex and dynamic sensory-motor integrator that is intricately engaged in most aspects of the lives of crustaceans.
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Chan BKK, Dreyer N, Gale AS, Glenner H, Ewers-Saucedo C, Pérez-Losada M, Kolbasov GA, Crandall KA, Høeg JT. The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We present a comprehensive revision and synthesis of the higher-level classification of the barnacles (Crustacea: Thecostraca) to the genus level and including both extant and fossils forms. We provide estimates of the number of species in each group. Our classification scheme has been updated based on insights from recent phylogenetic studies and attempts to adjust the higher-level classifications to represent evolutionary lineages better, while documenting the evolutionary diversity of the barnacles. Except where specifically noted, recognized taxa down to family are argued to be monophyletic from molecular analysis and/or morphological data. Our resulting classification divides the Thecostraca into the subclasses Facetotecta, Ascothoracida and Cirripedia. The whole class now contains 14 orders, 65 families and 367 genera. We estimate that barnacles consist of 2116 species. The taxonomy is accompanied by a discussion of major morphological events in barnacle evolution and justifications for the various rearrangements we propose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny K K Chan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Niklas Dreyer
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Invertebrate Zoology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andy S Gale
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Henrik Glenner
- Marine Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Gregory A Kolbasov
- White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jens T Høeg
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dreyer N, Zardus JD, Høeg JT, Olesen J, Yu MC, Chan BKK. How whale and dolphin barnacles attach to their hosts and the paradox of remarkably versatile attachment structures in cypris larvae. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kotsiri M, Protopapa M, Roumelioti GM, Economou-Amilli A, Efthimiadou EK, Dedos SG. Probing the settlement signals of Amphibalanus amphitrite. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:492-506. [PMID: 29792352 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1465566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To achieve their reproductive potential, barnacles combine tactile exploration of surface structural properties and integration of cellular signals originating from their antennular sensory setae within a developmentally defined, temporally narrow window of settlement opportunity. Behavioural assays with cyprids coupled with biometric analysis of scanning electron microscopy-acquired images in the presence of specific chemical compounds were used to investigate how settlement on a substratum is altered in response to the presence of these compounds. It is shown that impeding tactile exploration, altering cellular signalling and/or inducing malformations of anatomical features of the antennular sensory setae can disrupt the settlement behaviour of the model barnacle species Amphibalanus amphitrite. It is concluded that surface exploration by the cyprids relies on mechanical and nociception-related and calcium-mediated signals while a protein kinase C signalling cascade controls the timely metamorphosis of the cyprids to sessile juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mado Kotsiri
- a Department of Biology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Maria Protopapa
- a Department of Biology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | | | - Athena Economou-Amilli
- a Department of Biology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Eleni K Efthimiadou
- b Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Skarlatos G Dedos
- a Department of Biology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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