1
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Elshafey AE, Khalafalla MM, Zaid AAA, Mohamed RA, Abdel-Rahim MM. Source diversity of Artemia enrichment boosts goldfish (Carassius auratus) performance, β-carotene content, pigmentation, immune-physiological and transcriptomic responses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21801. [PMID: 38065998 PMCID: PMC10709595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of spirulina and/or canthaxanthin-enriched Artemia on the goldfish (Carassius auratus) growth, pigmentation, blood analysis, immunity, intestine and liver histomorphology, and expression of somatolactin (SL) and growth hormone (GH) genes. Artemia was enriched with spirulina and/or canthaxanthin for 24 h. Goldfish (N = 225, 1.10 ± 0.02 g) were tested in five experimental treatments, three replicates each: (T1) fish fed a commercial diet; (T2) fish fed a commercial diet and un-enriched Artemia (UEA); (T3) fish fed a commercial diet and spirulina-enriched Artemia (SEA); (T4) fish fed a commercial diet and canthaxanthin-enriched Artemia (CEA); and (T5) fish fed a commercial diet and spirulina and canthaxanthin-enriched Artemia (SCA) for 90 days. The results showed that the use of spirulina and/or canthaxanthin increased performance, β-carotene content and polyunsaturated fatty acids of Artemia. For goldfish, T5 showed the highest growth performance, β-carotene concentration and the lowest chromatic deformity. T5 also showed improved hematology profile, serum biochemical, and immunological parameters. Histomorphology of the intestine revealed an increase in villi length and goblet cells number in the anterior and middle intestine, with normal liver structure in T5. SL and GH gene expression in the liver and brain differed significantly among treatments with a significant increase in enriched Artemia treatments compared to T1 and T2. In conclusion, the use of spirulina and/or canthaxanthin improved performance of Artemia. Feeding goldfish spirulina and/or canthaxanthin-enriched Artemia improved performance, β-carotene content, pigmentation, health status and immune-physiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Elshafey
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Malik M Khalafalla
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Attia A Abou Zaid
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Radi A Mohamed
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
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2
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Zhang J, Tian C, Zhu K, Liu Y, Zhao C, Jiang M, Zhu C, Li G. Effects of Natural and Synthetic Astaxanthin on Growth, Body Color, and Transcriptome and Metabolome Profiles in the Leopard Coral Grouper (Plectropomus leopardus). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071252. [PMID: 37048508 PMCID: PMC10093260 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural and synthetic astaxanthin can promote pigmentation in fish. In this study, the effects of dietary astaxanthin on growth and pigmentation were evaluated in leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus). Fish were assigned to three groups: 0% astaxanthin (C), 0.02% natural astaxanthin (HP), and 0.02% synthetic astaxanthin (AS). Brightness (L*) was not influenced by astaxanthin. However, redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) were significantly higher for fish fed astaxanthin-containing diets than fish fed control diets and were significantly higher in the HP group than in the AS group. In a transcriptome analysis, 466, 33, and 32 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between C and HP, C and AS, and AS and HP, including various pigmentation-related genes. DEGs were enriched for carotenoid deposition and other pathways related to skin color. A metabolome analysis revealed 377, 249, and 179 differential metabolites (DMs) between C and HP, C and AS, and AS and HP, respectively. In conclusion, natural astaxanthin has a better coloration effect on P. leopardus, which is more suitable as a red colorant in aquaculture. These results improve our understanding of the effects of natural and synthetic astaxanthin on red color formation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Zhang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Changxu Tian
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Can Zhao
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Mouyan Jiang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Guangli Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
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3
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Stervander M, Cresko WA. A highly contiguous nuclear genome assembly of the mandarinfish Synchiropus splendidus (Syngnathiformes: Callionymidae). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab306. [PMID: 34849773 PMCID: PMC8664458 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The fish order Syngnathiformes has been referred to as a collection of misfit fishes, comprising commercially important fish such as red mullets as well as the highly diverse seahorses, pipefishes, and seadragons-the well-known family Syngnathidae, with their unique adaptations including male pregnancy. Another ornate member of this order is the species mandarinfish. No less than two types of chromatophores have been discovered in the spectacularly colored mandarinfish: the cyanophore (producing blue color) and the dichromatic cyano-erythrophore (producing blue and red). The phylogenetic position of mandarinfish in Syngnathiformes, and their promise of additional genetic discoveries beyond the chromatophores, made mandarinfish an appealing target for whole-genome sequencing. We used linked sequences to create synthetic long reads, producing a highly contiguous genome assembly for the mandarinfish. The genome assembly comprises 483 Mbp (longest scaffold 29 Mbp), has an N50 of 12 Mbp, and an L50 of 14 scaffolds. The assembly completeness is also high, with 92.6% complete, 4.4% fragmented, and 2.9% missing out of 4584 BUSCO genes found in ray-finned fishes. Outside the family Syngnathidae, the mandarinfish represents one of the most contiguous syngnathiform genome assemblies to date. The mandarinfish genomic resource will likely serve as a high-quality outgroup to syngnathid fish, and furthermore for research on the genomic underpinnings of the evolution of novel pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stervander
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289, USA
| | - William A Cresko
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289, USA
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4
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Huang D, Lewis VM, Foster TN, Toomey MB, Corbo JC, Parichy DM. Development and genetics of red coloration in the zebrafish relative Danio albolineatus. eLife 2021; 10:70253. [PMID: 34435950 PMCID: PMC8416024 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal pigment patterns play important roles in behavior and, in many species, red coloration serves as an honest signal of individual quality in mate choice. Among Danio fishes, some species develop erythrophores, pigment cells that contain red ketocarotenoids, whereas other species, like zebrafish (D. rerio) only have yellow xanthophores. Here, we use pearl danio (D. albolineatus) to assess the developmental origin of erythrophores and their mechanisms of differentiation. We show that erythrophores in the fin of D. albolineatus share a common progenitor with xanthophores and maintain plasticity in cell fate even after differentiation. We further identify the predominant ketocarotenoids that confer red coloration to erythrophores and use reverse genetics to pinpoint genes required for the differentiation and maintenance of these cells. Our analyses are a first step toward defining the mechanisms underlying the development of erythrophore-mediated red coloration in Danio and reveal striking parallels with the mechanism of red coloration in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delai Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Victor M Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Tarah N Foster
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, United States
| | - Matthew B Toomey
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, United States.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States
| | - Joseph C Corbo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
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5
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Parichy DM. Evolution of pigment cells and patterns: recent insights from teleost fishes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:88-96. [PMID: 33743392 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigment patterns of vertebrates are stunningly diverse, and nowhere more so than in teleost fishes. Several species, including relatives of zebrafish, recently evolved cichlid fishes of East Africa, clownfishes, deep sea fishes, and others are providing insights into pigment pattern evolution. This overview describes recent advances in understanding periodic patterns, like stripes and spots, the loss of patterns, and the role of cell-type diversification in generating pigmentation phenotypes. Advances in this area are being facilitated by the application of modern methods of gene editing, genomics, computational analysis, and other approaches to non-traditional model organisms having interesting pigmentary phenotypes. Several topics worthy of future attention are outlined as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States.
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6
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Bian F, Yang X, Ou Z, Luo J, Tan B, Yuan M, Chen T, Yang R. Morphological Characteristics and Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Three Different Phenotypes of Pristella maxillaris. Front Genet 2019; 10:698. [PMID: 31428133 PMCID: PMC6687772 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pristella maxillaris is known as the X-ray fish based on its translucent body. However, the morphological characteristics and the molecular regulatory mechanisms of these translucent bodies are still unknown. In this study, the following three phenotypes, a black-and-gray body color or wild-type (WT), a silvery-white body color defined as mutant I (MU1), and a fully transparent body with a visible visceral mass named as mutant II (MU2), were investigated to analyze their chromatophores and molecular mechanisms. The variety and distribution of pigment cells in the three phenotypes of P. maxillaris significantly differed by histological assessment. Three types of chromatophores (melanophores, iridophores, and xanthophores) were observed in the WT, whereas MU1 fish were deficient in melanophores, and MU2 fish lacked melanophores and iridophores. Transcriptome sequencing of the skin and peritoneal tissues of P. maxillaris identified a total of 166,089 unigenes. After comparing intergroup gene expression levels, more than 3,000 unigenes with significantly differential expression levels were identified among three strains. Functional annotation and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified a number of candidates melanophores and iridophores genes that influence body color. Some DEGs that were identified using transcriptome analysis were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. This study serves as a global survey of the morphological characteristics and molecular mechanism of different body colors observed in P. maxillaris and thus provides a valuable theoretical foundation for the molecular regulation of the transparent phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijie Ou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Fisheries, Guangdong Maoming Agriculture & Forestry Technical College, Maoming, China
| | - Junzhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bozhen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingrui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tiansheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde, China
| | - Ruibin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Magic Traits in Magic Fish: Understanding Color Pattern Evolution Using Reef Fish. Trends Genet 2019; 35:265-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Teleost Fish-Specific Preferential Retention of Pigmentation Gene-Containing Families After Whole Genome Duplications in Vertebrates. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:1795-1806. [PMID: 29599177 PMCID: PMC5940169 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate pigmentation is a highly diverse trait mainly determined by neural crest cell derivatives. It has been suggested that two rounds (1R/2R) of whole-genome duplications (WGDs) at the basis of vertebrates allowed changes in gene regulation associated with neural crest evolution. Subsequently, the teleost fish lineage experienced other WGDs, including the teleost-specific Ts3R before teleost radiation and the more recent Ss4R at the basis of salmonids. As the teleost lineage harbors the highest number of pigment cell types and pigmentation diversity in vertebrates, WGDs might have contributed to the evolution and diversification of the pigmentation gene repertoire in teleosts. We have compared the impact of the basal vertebrate 1R/2R duplications with that of the teleost-specific Ts3R and salmonid-specific Ss4R WGDs on 181 gene families containing genes involved in pigmentation. We show that pigmentation genes (PGs) have been globally more frequently retained as duplicates than other genes after Ts3R and Ss4R but not after the early 1R/2R. This is also true for non-pigmentary paralogs of PGs, suggesting that the function in pigmentation is not the sole key driver of gene retention after WGDs. On the long-term, specific categories of PGs have been repeatedly preferentially retained after ancient 1R/2R and Ts3R WGDs, possibly linked to the molecular nature of their proteins (e.g., DNA binding transcriptional regulators) and their central position in protein-protein interaction networks. Taken together, our results support a major role of WGDs in the diversification of the pigmentation gene repertoire in the teleost lineage, with a possible link with the diversity of pigment cell lineages observed in these animals compared to other vertebrates.
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9
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The Colorful Sex Chromosomes of Teleost Fish. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9050233. [PMID: 29751562 PMCID: PMC5977173 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost fish provide some of the most intriguing examples of sexually dimorphic coloration, which is often advantageous for only one of the sexes. Mapping studies demonstrated that the genetic loci underlying such color patterns are frequently in tight linkage to the sex-determining locus of a species, ensuring sex-specific expression of the corresponding trait. Several genes affecting color synthesis and pigment cell development have been previously described, but the color loci on the sex chromosomes have mostly remained elusive as yet. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the genetics of such color loci in teleosts, mainly from studies on poeciliids and cichlids. Further studies on these color loci will certainly provide important insights into the evolution of sex chromosomes.
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10
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Goda M. Rapid integumental color changes due to novel iridophores in the chameleon sand tilefish Hoplolatilus chlupatyi. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:368-371. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Goda
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy; St. Marianna University School of Medicine; Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
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11
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Sköld HN, Aspengren S, Cheney KL, Wallin M. Fish Chromatophores—From Molecular Motors to Animal Behavior. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 321:171-219. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Schartl M, Larue L, Goda M, Bosenberg MW, Hashimoto H, Kelsh RN. What is a vertebrate pigment cell? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 29:8-14. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schartl
- Department Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken; University of Würzburg; University Clinic Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie; Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes CNRS UMR3347 INSERM U1021 Equipe labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Orsay France
| | - Makoto Goda
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Marcus W. Bosenberg
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath UK
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13
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Parichy DM, Spiewak JE. Origins of adult pigmentation: diversity in pigment stem cell lineages and implications for pattern evolution. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 28:31-50. [PMID: 25421288 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Teleosts comprise about half of all vertebrate species and exhibit an extraordinary diversity of adult pigment patterns that function in shoaling, camouflage, and mate choice and have played important roles in speciation. Here, we review studies that have identified several distinct neural crest lineages, with distinct genetic requirements, that give rise to adult pigment cells in fishes. These lineages include post-embryonic, peripheral nerve-associated stem cells that generate black melanophores and iridescent iridophores, cells derived directly from embryonic neural crest cells that generate yellow-orange xanthophores, and bipotent stem cells that generate both melanophores and xanthophores. This complexity in adult chromatophore lineages has implications for our understanding of adult traits, melanoma, and the evolutionary diversification of pigment cell lineages and patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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14
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Kottler VA, Koch I, Flötenmeyer M, Hashimoto H, Weigel D, Dreyer C. Multiple pigment cell types contribute to the black, blue, and orange ornaments of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata). PLoS One 2014; 9:e85647. [PMID: 24465632 PMCID: PMC3899072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fitness of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) highly depends on the size and number of their black, blue, and orange ornaments. Recently, progress has been made regarding the genetic mechanisms underlying male guppy pigment pattern formation, but we still know little about the pigment cell organization within these ornaments. Here, we investigate the pigment cell distribution within the black, blue, and orange trunk spots and selected fin color patterns of guppy males from three genetically divergent strains using transmission electron microscopy. We identified three types of pigment cells and found that at least two of these contribute to each color trait. Further, two pigment cell layers, one in the dermis and the other in the hypodermis, contribute to each trunk spot. The pigment cell organization within the black and orange trunk spots was similar between strains. The presence of iridophores in each of the investigated color traits is consistent with a key role for this pigment cell type in guppy color pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena A. Kottler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iris Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Dreyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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