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Danilov P, Kuzmin E, Rimskaya E, Chen J, Khmelnitskii R, Kirichenko A, Rodionov N, Kudryashov S. Up/Down-Scaling Photoluminescent Micromarks Written in Diamond by Ultrashort Laser Pulses: Optical Photoluminescent and Structural Raman Imaging. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1883. [PMID: 36363903 PMCID: PMC9698428 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Elongated photoluminescent micromarks were inscribed inside a IaAB-type natural diamond in laser filamentation regime by multiple 515 nm, 0.3 ps laser pulses tightly focused by a 0.25 NA micro-objective. The micromark length, diameter and photoluminescence contrast scaled as a function of laser pulse energy and exposure, coming to a saturation. Our Raman/photoluminescence confocal microscopy studies indicate no structural diamond damage in the micromarks, shown as the absent Raman intensity variation versus laser energy and exposition along the distance from the surface to the deep mark edge. In contrast, sTable 3NV (N3)-centers demonstrate the pronounced increase (up to 40%) in their 415 nm zero-phonon line photoluminescence yield within the micromarks, and an even higher-ten-fold-increase in NV0-center photoluminescence yield. Photogeneration of carbon Frenkel "interstitial-vacancy" (I-V) pairs and partial photolytic dissociation of the predominating 2N (A)-centers were suggested to explain the enhanced appearance of 3NV- and NV-centers, apparently via vacancy aggregation with the resulting N (C)-centers or, consequently, with 2N- and N-centers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiajun Chen
- Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Litvak I, Cahana A, Anker Y, Ruthstein S, Cohen H. The effects of thermal treatment and irradiation on the chemical properties of natural diamonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11696-11703. [PMID: 35506456 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00764a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The modification of nitrogen-contaminated diamonds into color-enhanced diamonds is usually achieved by irradiation and thermal treatment (annealing). These treatments affect nitrogen contamination chemical bonding, vacancy concentration, and atom orientation centers in the diamond lattice. In this study, natural diamonds were subjected to irradiation and thermal annealing color enhancement treatments to produce green, blue, and yellow fancy diamonds. The study followed the changes that occur during treatment relying on visual assessment, fluorescence, UV-vis, FTIR, and EPR spectroscopy to characterize paramagnetic centers. The results indicated that diamonds containing high levels of nitrogen contamination presented a relatively high carbon-centered radical concentration. Two paramagnetic groups with different g-values were found, namely, low g-value centers of 2.0017-2.0027 and high g-value centers of 2.0028-2.0035. It is suggested that the 2.0017-2.0022 centers correlate with blue centers, whereas the 2.0023-2.0027 centers correlate with yellow centers. It was also found that thermal treatment was required to produce blue and yellow fancy diamonds, whereas no such treatment was needed to produce green diamonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Litvak
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Avner Cahana
- The Israeli Diamond Burse-Dianer Diamonds Company, Ltd., Israel
| | - Yaakov Anker
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Eastern R&D Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Sharon Ruthstein
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Haim Cohen
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Enhanced Photoluminescence and Electrical Properties of n-Al-Doped ZnO Nanorods/p-B-Doped Diamond Heterojunction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073831. [PMID: 35409191 PMCID: PMC8998226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrothermal approach has been used to fabricate a heterojunction of n-aluminum-doped ZnO nanorods/p-B-doped diamond (n-Al:ZnO NRs/p-BDD). It exhibits a significant increase in photoluminescence (PL) intensity and a blue shift of the UV emission peak when compared to the n-ZnO NRs/p-BDD heterojunction. The current voltage (I-V) characteristics exhibit excellent rectifying behavior with a high rectification ratio of 838 at 5 V. The n-Al:ZnO NRs/p-BDD heterojunction shows a minimum turn-on voltage (0.27 V) and reverse leakage current (0.077 μA). The forward current of the n-Al:ZnO NRs/p-BDD heterojunction is more than 1300 times than that of the n-ZnO NRs/p-BDD heterojunction at 5 V. The ideality factor and the barrier height of the Al-doped device were found to decrease. The electrical transport behavior and carrier injection process of the n-Al:ZnO NRs/p-BDD heterojunction were analyzed through the equilibrium energy band diagrams and semiconductor theoretical models.
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A Defect Study and Classification of Brown Diamonds with Non-Deformation-Related Color. MINERALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/min10100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While the first part of this study took a detailed look at the properties, defects and classification of brown diamonds with deformation-related (DR) brown color and compared them to pink to purple to red diamonds, this second part covers diamonds with non-deformation-related (referred to as NDR in this study) brown color, including diamonds with treatment-induced brown color and synthetic brown diamonds. It was found that the natural NDR brown diamonds include CO2 and Pseudo CO2 diamonds as well as certain hydrogen-rich diamonds. Based on these, the new classification of NDR brown diamonds has been elaborated, resulting in 5 different classes. The detailed defect study performed has shown and confirmed the complexity of the CO2 and Pseudo CO2 diamonds; the probable link between structurally bound oxygen and some of the spectroscopic features such as the 480 nm absorption band is apparent in these diamonds. One of the most interesting findings was made through the low temperature NIR spectroscopy of some usually hydrogen-rich diamonds, which has defined a defect of great interest, the 1330 nm center; we suggest that this defect, together with the many lines in the 970 to 1000 nm range—referred to as the 990 nm series in this study—are responsible for the complex UV-Vis-NIR spectra seen of these diamonds. The results indicate that both features are nickel-nitrogen-related defects, the 1330 nm defect without involvement of hydrogen and the 990 nm series likely with hydrogen involved. Another surprising result was that during various treatment experiments performed we created dark orangish brown color in originally pale yellow “cape” diamonds by HPHT treatment at 2500 °C. It is suggested that the creation of this brown hue is related to the destruction or transformation of the N3 center at such extreme conditions.
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A Defect Study and Classification of Brown Diamonds with Deformation-Related Color. MINERALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/min10100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For this study, the properties of a large sample of various types of brown diamonds with a deformation-related (referred to as “DR” in this work) color were studied to properly characterize and classify such diamonds, and to compare them to pink to purple to red diamonds. The acquisition of low temperature NIR spectra for a large range of brown diamonds and photoexcitation studies combined with various treatment experiments have opened new windows into certain defect characteristics of brown diamonds, such as the amber centers and naturally occurring H1b and H1c centers. It was determined that the amber centers (referred to as “AC” in this work) exhibit rather variable behaviors to annealing and photoexcitation; the annealing temperature of these defects were determined to range from 1150 to >1850 °C and it was found that the 4063 cm−1 AC was the precursor defect of many other ACs. It is suggested that the amber centers in diamonds that contain at least some C centers are essentially identical to the ones seen in diamonds without C centers, but that they likely have a negative charge. The study of the naturally occurring H1b and H1c link them to the amber centers, specifically to the one at 4063 cm−1. Annealing experiments have shown that the H1b and H1c defects and the 4063 cm−1 AC were in line with each other. The obvious links between these defects points towards our suggestion that the H1b and H1c defects are standalone defects that consist of multiple vacancies and nitrogen and that they are—in the case of brown diamonds—a side product of the AC formation. A new classification of DR brown diamonds was elaborated that separates the diamonds in six different classes, depending on type and AC. This classification had been completed recently with the classification of brown diamonds with a non-deformation-related color (referred to as “NDR”), giving a total of 11 classes of brown diamonds.
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Abdullahi IM, Langenderfer M, Shenderova O, Nunn N, Torelli MD, Johnson C, Mochalin VN. Explosive Fragmentation of Luminescent Diamond Particles. CARBON 2020; 164:442-450. [PMID: 32863395 PMCID: PMC7451206 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Development of efficient and cost-effective mass-production techniques for size reduction of high- pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) diamonds with sizes from tens to hundreds of micrometers remains one of the primary goals towards commercial production of fluorescent submicron and nanodiamond (fND). fNDs offer great advantages for many applications, especially in labelling, tracing, and biomedical imaging, owing to their brightness, exceptional photostability, mechanical robustness and intrinsic biocompatibility. This study proposes a novel processing method utilizing explosive fragmentation that can potentially be used for the fabrication of submicron to nanoscale size fluorescent diamond particles. In the proposed method, synthetic HPHT 20 pm and 150 pm microcystalline diamond particles containing color centers are rapidly fragmented in conditions of high explosive detonation. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy show that the detonation fragmented diamond particles consist of good quality submicron diamonds of ~420-800 nm in size, while fluorescence spectroscopy shows photoluminescence spectra with noticeable changes for large (150 μm) starting microcrystalline diamond particles, and no significant changes in photoluminescence properties for smaller (20 μm) starting microcrystalline diamond particles. The proposed detonation method shows potential as an efficient, cost effective, and industrially scalable alternative to milling for the fragmentation of fluorescent diamond microcrystals into submicron- to nano-size domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Langenderfer
- Department of Mining and Nuclear Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Nunn
- Adàmas Nanotechnologies, Inc., Raleigh, NC 27613, USA
| | | | - Catherine Johnson
- Department of Mining and Nuclear Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Vadym N. Mochalin
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, MO 65409, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology, MO 65409, USA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan P. Goss
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Ben L. Green
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul W. May
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Mark E. Newton
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Chloe V. Peaker
- Gemological Institute of America, 50 West 47th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
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Abstract
The variety of morphology and properties of natural diamonds reflects variations in the conditions of their formation in different mantle environments. This study presents new data on the distribution of impurity centers in diamond type Ib-IaA from xenolith of bimineral eclogite from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe. The high content of non-aggregated nitrogen C defects in the studied diamonds indicates their formation shortly before the stage of transportation to the surface by the kimberlite melt. The observed sectorial heterogeneity of the distribution of C- and A-defects indicates that aggregation of nitrogen in the octahedral sectors occurs faster than in the cuboid sectors.
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Shenderova OA, Shames AI, Nunn NA, Torelli MD, Vlasov I, Zaitsev A. Review Article: Synthesis, properties, and applications of fluorescent diamond particles. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. B, NANOTECHNOLOGY & MICROELECTRONICS : MATERIALS, PROCESSING, MEASUREMENT, & PHENOMENA : JVST B 2019; 37:030802. [PMID: 31032146 PMCID: PMC6461556 DOI: 10.1116/1.5089898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Diamond particles containing color centers-fluorescent crystallographic defects embedded within the diamond lattice-outperform other classes of fluorophores by providing a combination of unmatched photostability, intriguing coupled magneto-optical properties, intrinsic biocompatibility, and outstanding mechanical and chemical robustness. This exceptional combination of properties positions fluorescent diamond particles as unique fluorophores with emerging applications in a variety of fields, including bioimaging, ultrasensitive metrology at the nanoscale, fluorescent tags in industrial applications, and even potentially as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. However, production of fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) is nontrivial, since it requires irradiation with high-energy particles to displace carbon atoms and create vacancies-a primary constituent in the majority color centers. In this review, centrally focused on material developments, major steps of FND production are discussed with emphasis on current challenges in the field and possible solutions. The authors demonstrate how the combination of fluorescent spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance provides valuable insight into the types of radiation-induced defects formed and their evolution upon thermal annealing, thereby guiding FND performance optimization. A recent breakthrough process allowing for production of fluorescent diamond particles with vibrant blue, green, and red fluorescence is also discussed. Finally, the authors conclude with demonstrations of a few FND applications in the life science arena and in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Shenderova
- Adámas Nanotechnologies, 8100 Brownleigh Dr., Raleigh, North California 27617
| | - Alexander I Shames
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Nicholas A Nunn
- Adámas Nanotechnologies, 8100 Brownleigh Dr., Raleigh, North California 27617
| | - Marco D Torelli
- Adámas Nanotechnologies, 8100 Brownleigh Dr., Raleigh, North California 27617
| | - Igor Vlasov
- General Physics Institute, RAS, Vavilov Street 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Zaitsev
- College of Staten Island, CUNY, 2800 Victory Blvd., Staten Island, New York 10312
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Green BL, Breeze BG, Newton ME. Electron paramagnetic resonance and photochromism of N 3V 0 in diamond. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:225701. [PMID: 28398217 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa6c89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The defect in diamond formed by a vacancy surrounded by three nearest-neighbor nitrogen atoms and one carbon atom, [Formula: see text], is found in the vast majority of natural diamonds. Despite [Formula: see text] being the earliest electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum observed in diamond, to date no satisfactory simulation of the spectrum for an arbitrary magnetic field direction has been produced due to its complexity. In this work, [Formula: see text] is identified in [Formula: see text]-doped synthetic diamond following irradiation and annealing. The [Formula: see text] spin Hamiltonian parameters are directly determined and used to refine the parameters for [Formula: see text], enabling the latter to be accurately simulated and fitted for an arbitrary magnetic field direction. Study of [Formula: see text] under excitation with green light indicates charge transfer between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. It is argued that this charge transfer is facilitated by direct ionization of [Formula: see text], an as-yet unobserved charge state of [Formula: see text].
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Kim E, Acosta VM, Bauch E, Budker D, Hemmer PR. Electron spin resonance shift and linewidth broadening of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond as a function of electron irradiation dose. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2012; 101:82410. [PMID: 22991479 PMCID: PMC3436910 DOI: 10.1063/1.4747211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A high-nitrogen-concentration diamond sample was subjected to 200-keV electron irradiation using a transmission electron microscope. The optical and spin-resonance properties of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers were investigated as a function of the irradiation dose up to 6.4 × 10(21) e(-)/cm(2). The microwave transition frequency of the NV(-) center was found to shift by up to 0.6% (17.1 MHz) and the linewidth broadened with increasing electron-irradiation dose. Unexpectedly, the measured magnetic sensitivity is best at the lowest irradiation dose, even though the NV concentration increases monotonically with increasing dose. This is in large part due to a sharp reduction in optically detected spin contrast at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Kim
- Ramtron International Corporation, 1850 Ramtron Drive, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80921, USA
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Felton S, Cann BL, Edmonds AM, Liggins S, Cruddace RJ, Newton ME, Fisher D, Baker JM. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of nitrogen interstitial defects in diamond. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:364212. [PMID: 21832318 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of nitrogen doped diamond that has been (15)N enriched, electron irradiated and annealed. EPR spectra from two new nitrogen containing [Formula: see text] defects are detected and labelled WAR9 and WAR10. We show that the properties of these defects are consistent with them being the ⟨001⟩-nitrogen split interstitial and the ⟨001⟩-nitrogen split interstitial-⟨001⟩-carbon split interstitial pair, respectively. We also provide an explanation for why these defects have previously eluded discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Felton
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Collins AT, Kiflawi I. The annealing of radiation damage in type Ia diamond. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:364209. [PMID: 21832315 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of the recovery of radiation damage in type Ia diamond has been investigated using isothermal annealing at 600 °C. In diamonds having a reasonably homogeneous distribution of nitrogen the decay of the vacancy concentration with time can be approximately described by a single exponential. Previous investigations have identified 'fast' and 'slow' components in the annealing, and we show that the existence of more than one time constant is associated with inhomogeneous nitrogen concentrations. The measurements show further that, in order to obtain the oscillator strengths of nitrogen-vacancy centres, studies must be restricted to diamonds with moderately high nitrogen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Collins
- Physics Department, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
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Boudou JP, Curmi P, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J, Aubert P, Sennour M, Balasubramanian G, Reuter R, Thorel A, Gaffet E. High yield fabrication of fluorescent nanodiamonds. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:235602. [PMID: 19451687 PMCID: PMC3201699 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/23/235602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A new fabrication method to produce homogeneously fluorescent nanodiamonds with high yields is described. The powder obtained by high energy ball milling of fluorescent high pressure, high temperature diamond microcrystals was converted in a pure concentrated aqueous colloidal dispersion of highly crystalline ultrasmall nanoparticles with a mean size less than or equal to 10 nm. The whole fabrication yield of colloidal quasi-spherical nanodiamonds was several orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported starting from microdiamonds. The results open up avenues for the industrial cost-effective production of fluorescent nanodiamonds with well-controlled properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Boudou
- Structure et activité des biomolécules normales et pathologiques
INSERM : U829Université d'Evry-Val d'EssonneUniversité d'Evry val d'essonne 1,rue du pere jarlan batiment maupertuis 91025 EVRY CEDEX,FR
- Correspondence should be adressed to: Jean-Paul Boudou
| | - Patrick Curmi
- Structure et activité des biomolécules normales et pathologiques
INSERM : U829Université d'Evry-Val d'EssonneUniversité d'Evry val d'essonne 1,rue du pere jarlan batiment maupertuis 91025 EVRY CEDEX,FR
- Correspondence should be adressed to: Patrick Curmi
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Physikalisches Institut
Universität StuttgartFR
- Correspondence should be adressed to: Fedor Jelezko
| | | | - Pascal Aubert
- LMN, Laboratoire d'étude des milieux nanométriques
Université d'Evry-Val d'EssonneBâtiment Maupertuis, aile ouest, 2ème étage 1 rue du père Jarlan 91000 Evry,FR
| | - Mohamed Sennour
- MAT, Centre des Matériaux
CNRS : UMR7633Mines ParisTechCentre des matériaux P. M. Fourt RN 447 - BP 87 91003 EVRY CEDEX,FR
| | | | - Rolf Reuter
- Physikalisches Institut
Universität StuttgartFR
| | - Alain Thorel
- MAT, Centre des Matériaux
CNRS : UMR7633Mines ParisTechCentre des matériaux P. M. Fourt RN 447 - BP 87 91003 EVRY CEDEX,FR
| | - Eric Gaffet
- IRAMAT, Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux
CNRS : UMR5060Université de Technologie de Belfort-MontbeliardUniversité Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux IIIUniversité d'OrléansFR
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Collins AT, Woods GS. An anomaly in the infrared absorption spectrum of synthetic diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13642818208246424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Collins
- a Wheatstone Physics Laboratory, King's College , Strand, London , WC2R 2LS, England
| | - G. S. Woods
- b CSO Valuations Limited , 17 Charterhouse Street, London , EC1N 6RA , England
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Woods GS, Van Wyk JA, Collins AT. The nitrogen content of type Ib synthetic diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13642819008215257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. S. Woods
- a CSO Valuations AG , 17 Charterhouse Street , London , EC1N 6RA, England
| | - J. A. Van Wyk
- b Department of Physics , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , Republic of South Africa
| | - A. T. Collins
- c Wheatstone Physics Laboratory, King's College , Strand, London , WC2R 2LS , England
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Affiliation(s)
- G. S. Woods
- a CSO Valuations Limited , 17 Charterhouse Street, London , EC1N 6RA , England
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Yan CS, Vohra YK, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. Very high growth rate chemical vapor deposition of single-crystal diamond. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:12523-5. [PMID: 16578879 PMCID: PMC130492 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.152464799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond possesses extraordinary material properties, a result that has given rise to a broad range of scientific and technological applications. This study reports the successful production of high-quality single-crystal diamond with microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) techniques. The diamond single crystals have smooth, transparent surfaces and other characteristics identical to that of high-pressure, high-temperature synthetic diamond. In addition, the crystals can be produced at growth rates from 50 to 150 mum/h, which is up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than standard processes for making polycrystalline MPCVD diamond. This high-quality single-crystal MPCVD diamond may find numerous applications in electronic devices as high-strength windows and in a new generation of high-pressure instruments requiring large single-crystal anvils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Shiue Yan
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015; and Department of Physics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Woods GS, Collins AT. The 1450 cm-1infrared absorption in annealed, electron-irradiated type I diamonds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/15/26/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Collins AT, Thomaz MF, Jorge MIB. Luminescence decay time of the 1.945 eV centre in type Ib diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/16/11/020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Collins AT, Woods GS. Isotope shifts of nitrogen-related localised mode vibrations in diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/20/30/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Nitrogen occurs in most natural diamonds in concentrations of up to 0.3 at. %. In about 0.1% of diamonds, the nitrogen occurs as single substitutional atoms but in most diamonds aggregates of two or more nitrogen atoms occur. The various types of aggregate have been identified by detailed study of optical absorption spectra and by other methods. This paper describes experiments in which synthetic diamonds, containing substantial quantities of nitrogen in the form of single substitutional atoms, have been heated to cause aggregation. All the aggregates found in natural diamonds have been produced under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. Of particular interest has been the formation of platelets which are found in type 1 natural diamonds in the {100} planes. Several experiments suggest strongly that these platelets are large aggregates of nitrogen atoms. To obtain aggregation in a reasonable time, the mobility of the nitrogen atoms was increased by irradiating the diamonds with 2 MeV electrons before heating. This irradiation produced numerous vacancies and interstitial atoms in the diamond lattice. Even so, temperatures of up to 2200°C were necessary to produce the required rapid motion of the nitrogen atoms. To prevent graphitization of the diamond at these temperatures, the specimens were subjected to a pressure of 8.5 GPa during the heating. The experiments establish the sequence of the aggregation of nitrogen atoms in diamond and are relevant to the understanding of the conditions under which aggregation occurred in natural diamonds. It seems probable that, for some diamonds at least, the interval between their formation and their ejection to the surface of the earth was very short on a geological time-scale.
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Abstract
Most natural diamonds contain nitrogen as the main impurity. In some rare diamonds (termed type lb) the nitrogen is mainly present as single substitutional atoms. However, the large majority of diamonds (termed type Ia) contain the nitrogen atoms in various forms of aggregate. The different types of aggregate are the A centre (two nitrogen atoms), the N3 centre (three nitrogen atoms) and the B centre (a larger number of nitrogen atoms). These defects give characteristic absorption spectra in the infrared except for the N3 centre which gives a characteristic absorption in the visible region. In this type of diamond there are usually platelets present in the cube planes and these defects can be examined by transmission electron microscopy and infrared absorption techniques. The paper reports work in which synthetic diamonds containing a high concentration of single nitrogen atoms have been heated in a temperature range of 1500 to 2500°C under various pressures. These heat treatments have resulted in the formation of all the types of aggregate that are found in natural type la diamonds. Also some natural diamonds have been heated up to 2700°C under pressure and the ratio of the concentration of the A centres to that of the B centres has been changed. Information has been obtained on the kinetics of the aggregation process. This information has been used to give an approximate estimate of the length of time that natural diamonds spent in the Upper Mantle prior to being ejected to the surface of the Earth. It is suggested that the type I a diamonds spent between about 200 and 2000 Ma in the Upper Mantle at temperatures of between 1000 and 1400°C. Type l b diamonds either spent a comparable time in the Upper Mantle at about 800°C or a considerably shorter period if they encountered temperatures in the same range as the type la diamonds.
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Lenef A, Brown SW, Redman DA, Rand SC, Shigley J, Fritsch E. Electronic structure of the N-V center in diamond: Experiments. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:13427-13440. [PMID: 9983088 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Tucker OD, Newton ME, Baker JM. EPR and 14N electron-nuclear double-resonance measurements on the ionized nearest-neighbor dinitrogen center in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:15586-15596. [PMID: 9975922 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.15586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Mainwood A. Nitrogen and nitrogen-vacancy complexes and their formation in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:7934-7940. [PMID: 10009555 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.7934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Davies G, Reade T. Annealing kinetics of the dicarbon radiation-damage center in crystalline silicon. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 44:12146-12157. [PMID: 9999369 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.44.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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