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A Novel Modality Enables New Evidence-Based Individual Risk Stratification That Can Potentially Lead to Decisive Management and Treatment Decisions in Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030424. [PMID: 36766529 PMCID: PMC9914539 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A key step in providing management/treatment options to men with suspected prostate cancer (PCa) is categorizing the risk in terms of the presence of benign, low-risk, intermediate-risk, or high-risk disease. Our novel modality brings new evidence, based on the long-known hallmark characteristic of PCa-decreased zinc (Zn), which is the most direct metabolic sign of malignancy and its aggressiveness. To date, this approach has not been adopted for clinical use for a number of reasons that are described in this article, and which have been addressed by our approach. Zn has to be measured on fresh samples, prior to fixating in formalin; therefore, samples have to be scanned during the biopsy session. As Zn depletion occurs in the glands where the tumors develop, estimation of the glands' levels in the scanned tissue, along with their compactness, are essential for accurate diagnosis. Combined with the Zn depletion, this facilitates a reliable assessment of disease aggressiveness. Data gathered in the clinical study described here indicate that, in addition to improving the biopsy quality by real-time interactive guidance, a malignancy score can now be established for the entire prostate, allowing higher granularity personalized risk stratification and more decisive treatment decisions for all PCa patients.
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Advances of Zinc Signaling Studies in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020667. [PMID: 31963946 PMCID: PMC7014440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men worldwide. Despite progresses in early diagnosis and therapeutic strategies, prognosis for patients with advanced PCa remains poor. Noteworthily, a unique feature of healthy prostate is its highest level of zinc content among all soft tissues in the human body, which dramatically decreases during prostate tumorigenesis. To date, several reviews have suggested antitumor activities of zinc and its potential as a therapeutic strategy of PCa. However, an overview about the role of zinc and its signaling in PCa is needed. Here, we review literature related to the content, biological function, compounds and clinical application of zinc in PCa. We first summarize zinc content in prostate tissue and sera of PCa patients with their clinical relevance. We then elaborate biological functions of zinc signaling in PCa on three main aspects, including cell proliferation, death and tumor metastasis. Finally, we discuss clinical applications of zinc-containing compounds and proteins involved in PCa signaling pathways. Based on currently available studies, we conclude that zinc plays a tumor suppressive role and can serve as a biomarker in PCa diagnosis and therapies.
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Yuan Y, Wei Z, Chu C, Zhang J, Song X, Walczak P, Bulte JWM. Development of Zinc‐Specific iCEST MRI as an Imaging Biomarker for Prostate Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program Institute for Cell Engineering The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Zhiliang Wei
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program Institute for Cell Engineering The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Jia Zhang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Xiaolei Song
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program Institute for Cell Engineering The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program Institute for Cell Engineering The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Jeff W. M. Bulte
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Division of MR Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program Institute for Cell Engineering The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Oncology Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Chemical Biomolecular Engineering The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
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Yuan Y, Wei Z, Chu C, Zhang J, Song X, Walczak P, Bulte JWM. Development of Zinc-Specific iCEST MRI as an Imaging Biomarker for Prostate Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15512-15517. [PMID: 31430007 PMCID: PMC7261412 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The healthy prostate contains the highest concentration of mobile zinc in the body. As this level decreases dramatically during the initial development of prostate cancer, in vivo detection of prostate zinc content may be applied for diagnosis of prostate cancer. Using 19 F ion chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (iCEST MRI) and TF-BAPTA as a fluorinated Zn-binding probe with micromolar sensitivity, we show that iCEST MRI is able to differentiate between normal and malignant prostate cells with a 10-fold difference in contrast following glucose-stimulated zinc secretion in vitro. The iCEST signal decreased in normal prostate cells upon downregulation of the ZIP1 zinc transporter. In vivo, using an orthotopic prostate cancer mouse model and a transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model, a gradual decrease of >300 % in iCEST contrast following the transition of normal prostate epithelial cells to cancer cells was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhiliang Wei
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jia Zhang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaolei Song
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Fang L, Trigiante G, Kousseff CJ, Crespo-Otero R, Philpott MP, Watkinson M. Biotin-tagged fluorescent sensor to visualize ‘mobile’ Zn2+ in cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9619-9622. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05425h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A biotin-tagged fluorescent sensor was developed to image Zn2+ in cancer cells specifically, which showed no entry to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Fang
- The Joseph Priestley Building
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences
- Queen Mary University of London
- London
- UK
| | - Giuseppe Trigiante
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
- Queen Mary University of London
- London E1 2AT
- UK
| | - Christina J. Kousseff
- The Joseph Priestley Building
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences
- Queen Mary University of London
- London
- UK
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- The Joseph Priestley Building
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences
- Queen Mary University of London
- London
- UK
| | - Michael P. Philpott
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
- Queen Mary University of London
- London E1 2AT
- UK
| | - Michael Watkinson
- The Joseph Priestley Building
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences
- Queen Mary University of London
- London
- UK
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6
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Abstract
Zinc has long been the focus of many biological investigations because of its essential role in biology including a catalytic role in many enzymes, a structural role in the many zinc finger proteins, and a physiological role in many secretory cell processes. Divalent zinc is known to be highly abundant in healthy prostate tissues and lower in prostate cancer (PCa). Given the need for newer diagnostic methods for detection of prostate cancer, zinc-responsive probes of various types have been considered as imaging tools for detecting tissue levels of zinc. Among them, recent zinc-responsive MRI probes show great promise for non-invasive detection of zinc ion secretion from the prostate and other tissues in vivo. In this review, we summarize the need for new diagnostic tools and demonstrate how responsive zinc probes and MRI could satisfy this unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Tang Lo
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-8568
| | - André F Martins
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-8568
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083
| | - Veronica Clavijo Jordan
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-8568
| | - A Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-8568
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083
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Lahav G, Shilstein S, Shchemelinin S, Ikher S, Halperin D, Chechik R, Breskin A. X-ray fluorescence-based differentiation of neck tissues in a bovine model: implications for potential intraoperative use. Phys Med 2015; 31:233-41. [PMID: 25677045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the possibility of using X-ray fluorescence (XRF)-based trace-element analysis for differentiation of various bovine neck tissues. It is motivated by the requirement for an intra-operative in-vivo method for identifying parathyroid glands, particularly beneficial in surgery in the central neck-compartment. Using a dedicated X-ray spectral analysis, we examined ex-vivo XRF spectra from various histologically verified fresh neck tissues from cow, which was chosen as the animal model; these tissues included fat, muscle, thyroid, parathyroid, lymph nodes, thymus and salivary gland. The data for six trace elements K, Fe, Zn, Br, Rb and I, provided the basis for tissue identification by using multi-parameter analysis of the recorded XRF spectra. It is shown that the combination of XRF signals from these elements is sufficient for a reliable tissue differentiation. The average total abundance of these trace elements was evaluated in each tissue type, including parathyroid and salivary gland for the first time. It is shown that some tissues can unequivocally be identified on the basis of the abundance of a single element, for example, iodine and zinc for the identification of thyroid gland and muscle, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lahav
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaplan Medical Centre, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Shilstein
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - S Shchemelinin
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Ikher
- Department of Pathology, Kaplan Medical Centre, Rehovot, Israel
| | - D Halperin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaplan Medical Centre, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R Chechik
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Breskin
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Aich K, Goswami S, Das S, Mukhopadhyay CD. A new ICT and CHEF based visible light excitable fluorescent probe easily detects in vivo Zn2+. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03353e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new chelator and ICT donor based visible light excitable Zn2+ sensor was designed and developed by integrating quinoline and 2-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methylbenzaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Aich
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Shibpur
- Howrah-711 103
- India
| | - Shyamaprosad Goswami
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Shibpur
- Howrah-711 103
- India
| | - Sangita Das
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Shibpur
- Howrah-711 103
- India
| | - Chitrangada Das Mukhopadhyay
- Centre for Healthcare Science & Technology
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Shibpur
- Howrah-711 103
- India
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Liu Z, Zhang C, Chen Y, Qian F, Bai Y, He W, Guo Z. In vivo ratiometric Zn2+ imaging in zebrafish larvae using a new visible light excitable fluorescent sensor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1253-5. [PMID: 24336489 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46262e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A visible light excitable ratiometric Zn(2+) sensor was developed by integrating a Zn(2+) chelator as the ICT donor of the fluorophore sulfamoylbenzoxadiazole, which displays the Zn(2+)-induced hypsochromic emission shift (40 nm) and favors the in vivo ratiometric Zn(2+) imaging in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.
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10
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Costello LC, Franklin RB. Zinc is decreased in prostate cancer: an established relationship of prostate cancer! J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 16:3-8. [PMID: 21140181 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This minireview is prompted by the recent report of Banas et al. (J Biol Inorg Chem 15:1147-1155, 2010), which purports to show and concludes that zinc levels are increased in prostate cancer. Such a conclusion conflicts with the overwhelming corroborating clinical and experimental evidence that has amassed from numerous reports over the past approximately 60 years; these consistently show that prostate zinc levels are decreased in the development and progression of prostate cancer. We submit that this is an established relationship in prostate cancer that must be considered and described in any studies that purport to identify results that are inconsistent with this established relationship. In support of this relationship, we provide a minireview of the information that has led to the establishment of this relationship. As with most established clinical relationships, exceptions and anomalies often exist. However, these must be described and explained in the context of the established relationship, and not in the context of refutation of the established relationship, at least not until sufficient corroborating evidence overwhelms the existing evidence. This provides a background to address and to critique the report of Banas et al. Of broader and more serious implications are the widespread recalcitrance and/or lack of knowledge within the clinical and biomedical research community for recognition that zinc decrease in prostate cancer is an established relationship. This leads to misinformation and misinterpretations regarding clinical, experimental, and epidemiological issues that do not serve the best interests of the scientific, medical, and public communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Costello
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Cortesi M, Fridman E, Volkov A, Shilstein SS, Chechik R, Breskin A, Vartsky D, Raviv G, Ramon J. New prospective for non-invasive detection, grading, size evaluation, and tumor location of prostate cancer. Prostate 2010; 70:1701-8. [PMID: 20564321 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PSA blood test and other present screening tools fail to provide the required sensitivity and specificity and, at early stages, lack correlation with tumor grade, volume, and location. Thus alternative approaches are highly desired. We present and assess a novel method for PCa detection, grading, volume evaluation and tumor location, based on non-invasive zinc concentration mapping in the gland by means of a dedicated rectal probe. METHODS Zinc-concentration values measured in histologically examined tissue fragments from needle biopsy of 598 patients were analyzed. They were used to generate computer simulated zinc-concentration maps, further analyzed with image-processing tools. The tumor detection performances versus Gleason grade were assessed. RESULTS A significant increase of zinc depletion with increasing Gleason pattern (grade) classification was established. Tumor detection performance in zinc-concentration maps progressively improves with the cancer's first component score. Reliable information on the location, size and Gleason-grade combination of the lesion can be extracted for clinically relevant volumes. CONCLUSIONS Zinc depletion in the prostate peripheral zone is the basis for a novel, non-invasive PCa detection, localization, volume evaluation and grading method. Its realization and application as a pre-biopsy and pre-treatment examination, or a follow-up tool, relies on the development of a dedicated transrectal probe. It should have significant impact on biopsy effectiveness, point at a possible extraprostatic extension and provide critical data for focal treatment. The information on tumor grade and distribution may have an important impact on disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cortesi
- Departement of Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Ghosh SK, Kim P, Zhang XA, Yun SH, Moore A, Lippard SJ, Medarova Z. A novel imaging approach for early detection of prostate cancer based on endogenous zinc sensing. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6119-27. [PMID: 20610630 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The early detection of prostate cancer is a life-saving event in patients harboring potentially aggressive disease. With the development of malignancy, there is a dramatic reduction in the zinc content of prostate tissue associated with the inability of cancer cells to accumulate the ion. In the current study, we used endogenous zinc as an imaging biomarker for prostate cancer detection and progression monitoring. We employed a novel fluorescent sensor for mobile zinc (ZPP1) to detect and monitor the development of prostate cancer in a transgenic mouse model of prostate adenocarcinoma, using in vivo optical imaging correlated with biological fluid-based methods. We showed that the progression of prostate cancer could be monitored in vivo judging by the decreasing zinc content in the prostates of tumor-bearing mice in an age-dependent manner. In a novel quantitative assay, we determined the concentration of mobile zinc in both prostate cell lysates and mouse prostate extracts through simple titration of the ZPP1 sensor. Our findings fulfill the promise of zinc-based prostate cancer diagnostics with the prospect for immediate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata K Ghosh
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent findings related to the functions of zinc in prostate cancer prevention. RECENT FINDINGS The prostate contains the highest concentration of zinc of all the soft tissues, but concentrations decrease significantly during prostate cancer. A growing body of experimental evidence supports the notion that high zinc levels are essential for prostate health and may limit prostate cancer development. The possible mechanisms include the effects of zinc on the inhibition of terminal oxidation, induction of mitochondrial apoptogenesis and suppression of NF-kappaB activity. Zinc may also play an important role in the maintenance of DNA integrity in normal prostate epithelial cells by modulating DNA repair and damage response proteins, especially p53. In addition, recent findings support the role of zinc transporters as tumor suppressors in the prostate. SUMMARY Although epidemiological studies have shown mixed results, the experimental data strongly suggest a protective role of zinc in the prostate. More in-vivo studies on the effects of zinc on prostate functions are necessary to more clearly delineate the interaction between zinc and prostate function. In humans, sensitive and specific zinc biomarkers significantly impair the ability to design and interpret clinical studies and should be a priority area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ho
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Science, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 103 Milam Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA.
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