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Ma S, Dahiya AS, Dahiya R. Out-of-Plane Electronics on Flexible Substrates Using Inorganic Nanowires Grown on High-Aspect-Ratio Printed Gold Micropillars. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2210711. [PMID: 37178312 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Out-of-plane or 3D electronics on flexible substrates are an interesting direction that can enable novel solutions such as efficient bioelectricity generation and artificial retina. However, the development of devices with such architectures is limited by the lack of suitable fabrication techniques. Additive manufacturing (AM) can but often fail to provide high-resolution, sub-micrometer 3D architectures. Herein, the optimization of a drop-on-demand (DoD), high-resolution electrohydrodynamic (EHD)-based jet printing method for generating 3D gold (Au) micropillars is reported. Libraries of Au micropillar electrode arrays (MEAs) reaching a maximum height of 196 µm and a maximum aspect ratio of 52 are printed. Further, by combining AM with the hydrothermal growth method, a seedless synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) on the printed Au MEAs is demonstrated. The developed hybrid approach leads to hierarchical light-sensitive NW-connected networks exhibiting favorable ultraviolet (UV) sensing as demonstrated via fabricating flexible photodetectors (PDs). The 3D PDs exhibit an excellent omnidirectional light-absorption ability and thus, maintain high photocurrents over wide light incidence angles (±90°). Lastly, the PDs are tested under both concave and convex bending at 40 mm, showing excellent mechanical flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihang Ma
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Ravinder Dahiya
- Bendable Electronics and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Group, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Bai X, Hu C, Chen L, Wang J, Li Y, Wan W, Jin Z, Li Y, Xin W, Kang L, Jin H, Yang H, Wang J, Gao S. A Self-Driven Microfluidic Chip for Ricin and Abrin Detection. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093461. [PMID: 35591151 PMCID: PMC9101213 DOI: 10.3390/s22093461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Ricin and abrin are phytotoxins that can be easily used as biowarfare and bioterrorism agents. Therefore, developing a rapid detection method for both toxins is of great significance in the field of biosecurity. In this study, a novel nanoforest silicon microstructure was prepared by the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technique; particularly, a novel microfluidic sensor chip with a capillary self-driven function and large surface area was designed. Through binding with the double antibodies sandwich immunoassay, the proposed sensor chip is confirmed to be a candidate for sensing the aforementioned toxins. Compared with conventional immunochromatographic test strips, the proposed sensor demonstrates significantly enhanced sensitivity (≤10 pg/mL for both toxins) and high specificity against the interference derived from juice or milk, while maintaining good linearity in the range of 10–6250 pg/mL. Owing to the silicon nanoforest microstructure and improved homogeneity of the color signal, short detection time (within 15 min) is evidenced for the sensor chip, which would be helpful for the rapid tracking of ricin and abrin for the field of biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chenyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Wei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhiying Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Wenwen Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Han Jin
- Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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Uesugi K, Mayama H, Morishima K. Proposal of a Water-repellency Model of Water Strider and Its Verification by Considering Directly Measured Strider Leg-rowing Force. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2020. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.33.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Uesugi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University
- Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University
| | | | - Keisuke Morishima
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University
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Pranti AS, Loof D, Kunz S, Zielasek V, Bäumer M, Lang W. Design and Fabrication Challenges of a Highly Sensitive Thermoelectric-Based Hydrogen Gas Sensor. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10100650. [PMID: 31569728 PMCID: PMC6843170 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a highly sensitive thermoelectric sensor for catalytic combustible gas detection. The sensor contains two low-stress (+176 MPa) membranes of a combination of stoichiometric and silicon-rich silicon nitride that makes them chemically and thermally stable. The complete fabrication process with details, especially the challenges and their solutions, is discussed elaborately. In addition, a comprehensive evaluation of design criteria and a comparative analysis of different sensor designs are performed with respect to the homogeneity of the temperature field on the membrane, power consumption, and thermal sensitivity. Evaluating the respective tradeoffs, the best design is selected. The selected sensor has a linear thermal characteristic with a sensitivity of 6.54 mV/K. Additionally, the temperature profile on the membrane is quite homogeneous (20% root mean standard deviation), which is important for the stability of the catalytic layer. Most importantly, the sensor with a ligand (p-Phenylenediamine (PDA))-linked platinum nanoparticles catalyst shows exceptionally high response to hydrogen gas, i.e., 752 mV at 2% concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmona Shabnam Pranti
- IMSAS-Institute for Microsensors, -actuators and -systems, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Loof
- IAPC-Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Kunz
- IAPC-Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Volkmar Zielasek
- IAPC-Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Bäumer
- IAPC-Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Walter Lang
- IMSAS-Institute for Microsensors, -actuators and -systems, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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SF₆ Optimized O₂ Plasma Etching of Parylene C. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9040162. [PMID: 30424096 PMCID: PMC6187533 DOI: 10.3390/mi9040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Parylene C is a widely used polymer material in microfabrication because of its excellent properties such as chemical inertness, biocompatibility and flexibility. It has been commonly adopted as a structural material for a variety of microfluidics and bio-MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical system) applications. However, it is still difficult to achieve a controllable Parylene C pattern, especially on film thicker than a couple of micrometers. Here, we proposed an SF6 optimized O2 plasma etching (SOOE) of Parylene C, with titanium as the etching mask. Without the SF6, noticeable nanoforest residuals were found on the O2 plasma etched Parylene C film, which was supposed to arise from the micro-masking effect of the sputtered titanium metal mask. By introducing a 5-sccm SF6 flow, the residuals were effectively removed during the O2 plasma etching. This optimized etching strategy achieved a 10 μm-thick Parylene C etching with the feature size down to 2 μm. The advanced SOOE recipes will further facilitate the controllable fabrication of Parylene C microstructures for broader applications.
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Humayun MS. Flexible microelectrode array for retinal prosthesis. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:1097-1100. [PMID: 29060066 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
fMEA (flexible microelectrode array) is one of the key implantable components for neural stimulating and recording. For its specific implanted environment, it should be designed and fabricated to meet following requirements such as biocompatibility, high-resolution, flexible and low impedance to ensure safety and long-term effective stimulation. Here we proposed a high resolution (1025-channel) fMEA for artificial retina. The adhesion between its substrate polyimide (PI) and metal was enhanced by using plasma treatment. The stimulation spots were electroplated with Pt-gray, which significantly reduced the electrochemical impedance from 110 kμ to 16 kμ at 1 kHz, and also provided larger charge storage capacity up to 83.2 mC/cm2. It shows a promising application for neural stimulation and recording.
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Chae MS, Kim J, Jeong D, Kim Y, Roh JH, Lee SM, Heo Y, Kang JY, Lee JH, Yoon DS, Kim TG, Chang ST, Hwang KS. Enhancing surface functionality of reduced graphene oxide biosensors by oxygen plasma treatment for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 92:610-617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kharisov BI, Kharissova OV, García BO, Méndez YP, de la Fuente IG. State of the art of nanoforest structures and their applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22738k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest-like nanostructures, their syntheses, properties, and applications are reviewed.
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Ai Y, Huang R, Hao Z, Wang R, Liu C, Fan C, Wang Y. Top-down fabrication of vertical silicon nano-rings based on Poisson diffraction. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:305301. [PMID: 21697584 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/30/305301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vertical Si nano-rings with a uniform thickness of about 100 nm have been fabricated by conventional optical photolithography with a low cost based on Poisson diffraction. Moreover, the roughness of the Si nano-rings can be effectively reduced by sacrificial oxidation. In order to increase the density of the nano-rings, coaxial twin Si nano-rings have been fabricated by the Poisson diffraction method combined with the spacer technique. The thickness of both the inner and outer Si nano-rings is about 60 nm, and the gap between the twin nano-rings is about 100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ai
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zheng J, Yang R, Xie L, Qu J, Liu Y, Li X. Plasma-assisted approaches in inorganic nanostructure fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:1451-73. [PMID: 20349435 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasma is a unique medium for chemical reactions and materials preparations, which also finds its application in the current tide of nanostructure fabrication. Although plasma-assisted approaches have been long used in thin-film deposition and the top-down scheme of micro-/nanofabrication, fabrication of zero- and one-dimensional inorganic nanostructures through the bottom-up scheme is a relatively new focus of plasma application. In this article, recent plasma-assisted techniques in inorganic zero- and one-dimensional nanostructure fabrication are reviewed, which includes four categories of plasma-assisted approaches: plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, thermal plasma sintering with liquid/solid feeding, thermal plasma evaporation and condensation, and plasma treatment of solids. The special effects and the advantages of plasmas on nanostructure fabrication are illustrated with examples, emphasizing on the understandings and ideas for controlling the growth, structure, and properties during plasma-assisted fabrications. This Review provides insight into the utilization of the special properties of plasmas in nanostructure fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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