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Abd Elhamid AS, Heikal L, Ghareeb DA, Abdulmalek SA, Mady O, Teleb M, Khattab SN, El-Gizawy SA. Engineering Thermo/pH-Responsive Lactoferrin Nanostructured Microbeads for Oral Targeting of Colorectal Cancer. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:4985-5000. [PMID: 39079030 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM Colorectal cancer is an extremely aggressive form of cancer that often leads to death. Lactoferrin shows potential for targeting and treating colorectal cancer; however, oral delivery faces hurdles hampering clinical applications. We engineered dual-responsive lactoferrin nanostructured microbeads to overcome delivery hurdles and enhance drug targeting. METHODS The hydrophobic drug mesalazine (MSZ) was coupled to lactoferrin to form amphiphilic conjugate nanoparticles, dispersed in water. The lipid-soluble polyphenolic drug resveratrol (RSV) was then encapsulated into the hydrophobic core of LF-MSZ nanoparticles. To impart thermoresponsive properties, the dual-payload NPs were coupled with a PNIPAAm shell; finally, to further endow the nanoparticles with gastrointestinal resistance and pH responsiveness, the nanoparticles were microencapsulated into ionically cross-linked pectin-alginate beads. RESULTS The nanoparticles showed enhanced internalization and cytotoxicity against HCT colon cancer cells via LF-receptor-mediated endocytosis. Thermal triggering and tuned release were conferred by the temperature-sensitive polymer. The coatings protected the drugs from degradation. Orally delivered microbeads significantly reduced tumor burden in a mouse colon cancer model, lowering carcinoembryonic antigen and elevating antioxidant enzymes. Apoptotic pathways were stimulated, indicated by heightened Bax/Bcl2 ratio and caspase-3/9 expression. CONCLUSION Overall, we propose the innovative lactoferrin nanostructured microbeads as a paradigm shift in oral colorectal cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Abd Elhamid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Lamia Heikal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Bio-screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
- Center of Excellence for Drug Preclinical Studies (CE-DPS), Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industry Development Center, City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Shaymaa A Abdulmalek
- Bio-screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
- Center of Excellence for Drug Preclinical Studies (CE-DPS), Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industry Development Center, City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Omar Mady
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Sherine N Khattab
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Sanaa A El-Gizawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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R. M. Metawea O, Teleb M, Haiba NS, Elzoghby AO, Khafaga AF, Noreldin AE, Khattab SN, Khalil HH. Folic acid-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-maltodextrin) nanohydrogels a novel thermo-/pH-responsive polymer for resveratrol breast cancer targeted therapy. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Dragan ES, Dinu MV, Ghiorghita CA, Lazar MM, Doroftei F. Preparation and Characterization of Semi-IPN Cryogels Based on Polyacrylamide and Poly( N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate); Functionalization of Carrier with Monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin and Release Kinetics of Curcumin. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226975. [PMID: 34834067 PMCID: PMC8622513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (CCM) is a natural hydrophobic polyphenol known for its numerous applications in the food industry as a colorant or jelly stabilizer, and in the pharmaceutical industry due to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-Alzheimer properties. However, the large application of CCM is limited by its poor solubility in water and low stability. To enhance the bioavailability of CCM, and to protect it against the external degradation agents, a novel strategy, which consists in the preparation of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks, (s-IPNs) based on poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) entrapped in poly(acrylamide) networks, by a cryogelation technique, was developed in this work. All s-IPN cryogels were characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR, and swelling at equilibrium as a function of pH. Functionalization of semi-IPN cryogel with monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCT-β-CD) led to IPN cryogel. The release profile of CCM from the composite cryogels was investigated at 37 °C, in pH 3. It was found that the cumulative release increased with the increase of the carrier hydrophobicity, as a result of increasing the cross-linking degree, the content and the molar mass of PDMAEMA. Fitting Higuchi, Korsmeyer–Peppas, and first order kinetic models on the CCM release profiles indicated the diffusion as the main driving force of drug release from the composite cryogels.
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A novel 'smart' PNIPAM-based copolymer for breast cancer targeted therapy: Synthesis, and characterization of dual pH/temperature-responsive lactoferrin-targeted PNIPAM-co-AA. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 202:111694. [PMID: 33740633 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the active research towards introducing novel anticancer agents, the long-term sequelae and side effects of chemotherapy remain the major obstacle to achieving clinical success. Recent cancer research is now utilizing the medicinal chemistry toolbox to tailor novel 'smart' carrier systems that can reduce the major limitations of chemotherapy ranging from non-specificity and ubiquitous biodistribution to systemic toxicity. In this aspect, various stimuli-responsive polymers have gained considerable interest due to their intrinsic tumor targeting properties. Among these polymers, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) has been chemically modified to tune its thermoresponsivity or even copolymerized to endow new stimulus responsiveness for enhancing tumor targeting. Herein, we set our design rationale to impart additional active targeting entity to pH/temperature-responsive PNIPAM-based polymer for more efficient controlled payloads accumulation at the tumor through cellular internalization via synthesizing novel "super intelligent" lactoferrin conjugated PNIPAM-acrylic acid (LF-PNIPAM-co-AA) copolymer. The synthesized copolymer was physicochemically characterized and evaluated as a smart nanocarrier for targeting breast cancer. In this regard, Honokiol (HK) was utilized as a model anticancer drug and encapsulated in the nanoparticles to overcome its lipophilic nature and allow its parenteral administration, for achieving sustainable drug release with targeting action. Results showed that the developed HK-loaded LF-PNIPAM-co-AA nanohydrogels displayed high drug loading capacity reaching to 18.65 wt.% with excellent physical and serum stability. Moreover, the prepared HK-loaded nanohydrogels exhibited efficient in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities. In vivo, HK-loaded nanohydrogels demonstrated suppression of VEGF-1 and Ki-67 expression levels, besides inducing apoptosis through upregulating the expression level of active caspase-3 in breast cancer-bearing mice. Overall, the developed nanohydrogels (NGs) with pH and temperature responsivity provide a promising nanocarrier for anticancer treatment.
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5
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Dinari A, Abdollahi M, Sadeghizadeh M. Design and fabrication of dual responsive lignin-based nanogel via "grafting from" atom transfer radical polymerization for curcumin loading and release. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1962. [PMID: 33479381 PMCID: PMC7820611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The story of human dreams about curing all diseases, disorders and lesions is as old as human history. In the frontier of medical science, nanomedicine is trying to solve the problem. In this study, inspired by nanotechnology and using "grafting from" approach, a novel lignin-based nanogel was synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method. N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA) comonomers were graft copolymerized from fully brominated lignin as ATRP macroinitiator to synthesize lignin-g-P(NIPAM-co-DMAEMA) nanogel (LNDNG). By controlling the initial comonomer compositions and ATRP conditions, four LNDNG systems with different lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) of 32, 34, 37 and 42 °C were prepared. The LNDNGs were evaluated by GPC, FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV-Vis, DLS, SEM and TEM analyses. The prepared nanogels exhibited an average diameter of 150 nm with dual temperature and pH responsiveness. Curcumin (CUR) loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of the LNDNGs were 49.69% and 92.62% on average, respectively. The cumulative release amount of loaded CUR was observed to be 65.36% after 72 h. The new lignin-based NGs proposed in the present work seems to be a promising, safe and comparable system in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dinari
- Polymer Reaction Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abdollahi
- Polymer Reaction Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Abedi F, Davaran S, Hekmati M, Akbarzadeh A, Baradaran B, Moghaddam SV. An improved method in fabrication of smart dual-responsive nanogels for controlled release of doxorubicin and curcumin in HT-29 colon cancer cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:18. [PMID: 33422062 PMCID: PMC7797119 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination therapy which has been proposed as the strategy for the cancer treatment could achieve a synergistic effect for cancer therapies and reduce the dosage of the applied drugs. On account of the the unique properties as the high absorbed water content, biocompatibility, and flexibility, the targeting nanogels have been considred as a suitable platform. Herein, a non-toxic pH/thermo-responsive hydrogel P(NIPAAm-co-DMAEMA) was synthesized and characterized through the free-radical polymerization and expanded upon an easy process for the preparation of the smart responsive nanogels; that is, the nanogels were used for the efficient and controlled delivery of the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) and chemosensitizer curcumin (CUR) simultaneously like a promising strategy for the cancer treatment. The size of the nanogels, which were made, was about 70 nm which is relatively optimal for the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects. The DOX and CUR co-loaded nanocarriers were prepared by the high encapsulation efficiency (EE). It is important to mention that the controlled drug release behavior of the nanocarriers was also investigated. An enhanced ability of DOX and CUR-loaded nanoformulation to induce the cell apoptosis in the HT-29 colon cancer cells which represented the greater antitumor efficacy than the single-drug formulations or free drugs was resulted through the In vitro cytotoxicity. Overall, according to the data, the simultaneous delivery of the dual drugs through the fabricated nanogels could synergistically potentiate the antitumor effects on the colon cancer (CC). ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abedi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Malak Hekmati
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Najafipour A, Gharieh A, Fassihi A, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Mahdavian AR. MTX-Loaded Dual Thermoresponsive and pH-Responsive Magnetic Hydrogel Nanocomposite Particles for Combined Controlled Drug Delivery and Hyperthermia Therapy of Cancer. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:275-284. [PMID: 33300343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the exploitation of magnetic nanoparticles in smart polymeric matrices have received increased attention in several fields as site-specific drug delivery systems. Here, ultrasonic-assisted emulsion copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and 2-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) methacrylate (DEAEMA) in the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was employed to prepare pH- and temperature-responsive magnetite nanocomposite particles (MNCPs). The obtained MNCPs were fully characterized by TEM, DSC, FT-IR, VSM, and XRD techniques. They had an average particle size of 70 nm with a lower critical solution temperature of 42 °C and superparamagnetic properties. In addition, MNCPs were loaded with methotrexate (MTX) as an anticancer drug, and their in vitro drug release was studied in different pH values and temperatures and in the presence of an alternating magnetic field. Noteworthy that the highest rate of MTX release was observed at pH 5.5 and 42 °C. Cell viability of the treated MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line with free MTX, MNCPs, and MTX-loaded MNCPs or in combination with magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) and water-based hyperthermia was comparatively studied. The obtained results showed about 17% higher antiproliferative activity for the MTX-loaded MNCPs accompanied by MHT relative to that of free MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylar Najafipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Ali Gharieh
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi-Aliabadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Mahdavian
- Polymer Science Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, PO Box 14965/115, Tehran 14967, Iran
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8
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Shetab Boushehri MA, Dietrich D, Lamprecht A. Nanotechnology as a Platform for the Development of Injectable Parenteral Formulations: A Comprehensive Review of the Know-Hows and State of the Art. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060510. [PMID: 32503171 PMCID: PMC7356945 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Within recent decades, the development of nanotechnology has made a significant contribution to the progress of various fields of study, including the domains of medical and pharmaceutical sciences. A substantially transformed arena within the context of the latter is the development and production of various injectable parenteral formulations. Indeed, recent decades have witnessed a rapid growth of the marketed and pipeline nanotechnology-based injectable products, which is a testimony to the remarkability of the aforementioned contribution. Adjunct to the ability of nanomaterials to deliver the incorporated payloads to many different targets of interest, nanotechnology has substantially assisted to the development of many further facets of the art. Such contributions include the enhancement of the drug solubility, development of long-acting locally and systemically injectable formulations, tuning the onset of the drug’s release through the endowment of sensitivity to various internal or external stimuli, as well as adjuvancy and immune activation, which is a desirable component for injectable vaccines and immunotherapeutic formulations. The current work seeks to provide a comprehensive review of all the abovementioned contributions, along with the most recent advances made within each domain. Furthermore, recent developments within the domains of passive and active targeting will be briefly debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam A. Shetab Boushehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-228-736428; Fax: +49-228-735268
| | - Dirk Dietrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
- PEPITE EA4267, Institute of Pharmacy, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
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9
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Yang Z, Fan W, Zou J, Tang W, Li L, He L, Shen Z, Wang Z, Jacobson O, Aronova MA, Rong P, Song J, Wang W, Chen X. Precision Cancer Theranostic Platform by In Situ Polymerization in Perylene Diimide-Hybridized Hollow Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14687-14698. [PMID: 31466436 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phototheranostics refers to advanced photonics-mediated theranostic methods for cancer and includes imaging-guided photothermal/chemotherapy, photothermal/photodynamic therapy, and photodynamic/chemotherapy, which are expected to provide a paradigm of modern precision medicine. In this regard, various phototheranostic drug delivery systems with excellent photonic performance, controlled drug delivery/release, and precise photoimaging guidance have been developed. In this study, we reported a special "in situ framework growth" method to synthesize novel phototheranostic hollow mesoporous nanoparticles by ingenious hybridization of perylene diimide (PDI) within the framework of small-sized hollow mesoporous organosilica (HMO). The marriage of PDI and HMO endowed the phototheranostic silica nanoparticles (HMPDINs) with largely amplified fluorescence and photoacoustic signals, which can be used for enhanced fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. The organosilica shell can be chemically chelated with isotope 64Cu for positron emission tomography imaging. Moreover, in situ polymer growth was introduced in the hollow structure of the HMPDINs to produce thermosensitive polymer (TP) in the cavity of HMPDINs to increase the loading capacity and prevent unexpected leakage of the hydrophobic drug SN38. Furthermore, the framework-hybridized PDI generated heat under near-infrared laser irradiation to trigger the deformation of TP for controlled drug release in the tumor region. The fabricated hybrid nanomedicine with organic-inorganic characteristic not only increases the cancer theranostic efficacy but also offers an attractive solution for designing powerful theranostic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan 410083 , China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pengfei Rong
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan 410083 , China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Xenotransplantation of Hunan Province , Changsha , Hunan 410000 , China
| | - Jibin Song
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350108 , China
| | - Wei Wang
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan 410083 , China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Xenotransplantation of Hunan Province , Changsha , Hunan 410000 , China
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10
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Dual thermo- and pH-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-(2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate)-g-PEG nanoparticle system and its potential in controlled drug release. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02895-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Nemoto R, Fujieda K, Hiruta Y, Hishida M, Ayano E, Maitani Y, Nagase K, Kanazawa H. Liposomes with temperature-responsive reversible surface properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 176:309-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Eswaramma S, Reddy NS, Rao KSVK. Phosphate crosslinked pectin based dual responsive hydrogel networks and nanocomposites: Development, swelling dynamics and drug release characteristics. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:1162-1172. [PMID: 28576553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Potential dual responsive hydrogel networks (PPAD) are fabricated from pectin, poly((2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)) and phosphate crosslinker bis[2-methacryloyloxy] ethyl phosphate (BMEP) by a simple free radical polymerization. These hydrogel networks are successfully utilized for encapsulation of an anti-cancer drug, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and also employed as versatile platforms for production of silver nanoparticles. Fabricated hydrogel networks and silver nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR, SEM, EDX, TEM, DLS, DSC, TGA and XRD. Different polymer network parameters such as MC¯, χ, ξ and υe and diffusion constant (D) were evaluated to assess the drug release profile. The 5FU loaded PPAD hydrogels were used to perform in vitro release studies in both gastric and intestinal conditions of GIT (pH 1.2 & pH 7.4) at two different temperatures (25 and 37°C). On the other hand various kinetic models (zero, first, Higuchi & Koresmeyer-Peppas) have also been employed to fit drug release profile. In addition, the antibacterial activity of PPAD silver nanocomposites were tested against four bacterial species Escherichia coli (-ve), Klebsiella pneumoniae (-ve), Bacillus cereus (+ve) and Staphylococcus aereus (+ve) using zone of inhibition test.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eswaramma
- Polymer Biomaterial Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, 516003, India
| | - N Sivagangi Reddy
- Advanced Nanomaterials Lab, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - K S V Krishna Rao
- Polymer Biomaterial Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, 516003, India.
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Shakoori Z, Ghanbari H, Omidi Y, Pashaiasl M, Akbarzadeh A, Jomeh Farsangi Z, Rezayat SM, Davaran S. Fluorescent multi-responsive cross-linked P(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based nanocomposites for cisplatin delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1283-1291. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1313859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shakoori
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanbari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Pashaiasl
- Women’s Reproductive Health Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Jomeh Farsangi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Rezayat
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Wang J, Ayano E, Maitani Y, Kanazawa H. Tunable Surface Properties of Temperature-Responsive Polymer-Modified Liposomes Induce Faster Cellular Uptake. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:316-325. [PMID: 31457232 PMCID: PMC6640984 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery by nanoparticle carriers has been limited by inefficient intracellular drug delivery. Temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-modified liposomes can release their content following heating. In this study, we synthesized the temperature-responsive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-N,N'-dimethylaminopropylacrylamide (P(NIPAAm-co-DMAPAAm)) and investigated the properties of liposomes modified with P(NIPAAm-co-DMAPAAm) for intracellular drug carriers. The copolymer displayed a thermosensitive transition at a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) that is higher than body temperature. Above the LCST, the temperature-responsive liposomes started to aggregate and release. The liposomes showed a fixed aqueous layer thickness (FALT) at the surface below the LCST, and the FALT decreased with increasing temperature. Above 37 °C, cytosolic release from the temperature-responsive liposomes was higher than that from the PEGylated liposomes, indicating intracellular uptake. Here, we showed that the tunable surface properties of the temperature-responsive polymer-modified liposomes possibly enabled their dehydration by heating, which likely induced a faster cellular uptake and release. Therefore, the liposomes could be highly applicable for improving intracellular drug-delivery carriers.
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15
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Laskar P, Dey J, Banik P, Mandal M, Ghosh SK. In Vitro Drug and Gene Delivery Using Random Cationic Copolymers Forming Stable and pH-Sensitive Polymersomes. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [PMID: 27879056 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-sensitive polymeric vesicles or polymersomes as self-assembled colloidal nanocarriers have received paramount importance for their integral role as delivery system for therapeutics and biotherapeutics. This work describes spontaneous polymersome formation at pH 7, as evidenced by surface tension, steady state fluorescence, dynamic light scattering, and microscopic studies, by three hydrophilic random cationic copolymers synthesized using N,N-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEM) and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate in different mole ratios. The results suggest that methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) chains constitute the bilayer membrane of the polymersomes and DMAEM projects toward water constituting the positively charged surface. The polymersomes have been observed to release their encapsulated guest at acidic pH as a result of transformation into polymeric micelles. All these highly biocompatible cationic polymers show successful gene transfection ability as nonviral vector on human cell line with different potential. Thus these polymers prove their utility as a potential delivery system for hydrophilic model drug as well as genetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Laskar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
| | - Joykrishna Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
| | - Payel Banik
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
| | - Sudip Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
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16
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Multi-stimuli-responsive semi-IPN cryogels with native and anionic potato starch entrapped in poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) matrix and their potential in drug delivery. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Taranejoo S, Dashtimoghadam E, Bahlakeh G, Majedi FS, VanDersarl JJ, Janmaleki M, Sharifi F, Bertsch A, Hourigan K, Tayebi L, Renaud P, Jacob KI. Microfluidic Manipulation of Core/Shell Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Chemotherapeutics: A New Treatment Approach for Colorectal Cancer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:4134-4141. [PMID: 27001745 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidics approach to synthesize core-shell nanocarriers with high pH tunability is described. The sacrificial shell protects the core layer with the drugs and prevents their release in the severe pH conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, while allowing for drug release in the proximity of a tumor. The proposed nanoparticulate drug-delivery system is designed for the oral administration of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Hasani-Sadrabadi
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0295, USA
| | - Shahrouz Taranejoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering/Fluids, Laboratory for Aeronautical and Industrial Research, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Erfan Dashtimoghadam
- Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Ghasem Bahlakeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 49417-15344, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Majedi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jules John VanDersarl
- Laboratoire de Microsystemes (LMIS4), Institute of Microengineering and Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohsen Janmaleki
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19857-17444, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Arnaud Bertsch
- Laboratoire de Microsystemes (LMIS4), Institute of Microengineering and Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kerry Hourigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering/Fluids, Laboratory for Aeronautical and Industrial Research, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Laboratoire de Microsystemes (LMIS4), Institute of Microengineering and Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karl I Jacob
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0295, USA
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18
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Dragan ES, Cocarta AI. Smart Macroporous IPN Hydrogels Responsive to pH, Temperature, and Ionic Strength: Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Controlled Release of Drugs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:12018-30. [PMID: 27115698 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fast responsive macroporous interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels were fabricated in this work by a sequential strategy, as follows: the first network, consisting of poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEM) cross-linked with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (BAAm), was prepared at -18 °C, the second network consisting of poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) cross-linked with BAAm, being also generated by cryogelation technique. Both single network cryogels (SNC) and IPN cryogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and water uptake. The presence of weak polycation PDMAEM endows the SNCs and the IPNs cryogels with sensitivity at numerous external stimuli such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, electric field, among which the first three were investigated in this work. It was found that the initial concentration of monomers in both networks was the key factor in tailoring the properties of IPN cryogels such as swelling kinetics, equilibrium water content (EWC), phase transition temperature and the response at ionic strength. The pore size increased after the formation of the second network, the swelling kinetics in pure water being comparable with that of the SNC, phase transition temperature being situated in the range 35-36 °C for IPN cryogels. The water uptake at equilibrium (WUeq) abruptly increased at pH < 3.0 in the case of SNCs, whereas the response of IPN cryogels at the decrease of pH from 6.0 to 1.0 was strongly dependent on the gel structure, the values of WUeq being lower at a higher concentration of DMAEM in the first network, the monomer concentration in the second network being about 10 wt %. The pH response was very much diminished when the monomer concentration was high in both networks (15 wt % in the first network, and 21 wt % in the second network). The increase of the ionic strength from 0 up to 0.3 M NaCl led to the decrease of the WUeq, for all cryogels, the level of dehydration being higher and faster for the SNC than for the corresponding IPN cryogel. The release of diclofenac sodium (DS), as a model acidic drug, triggered by pH, temperature, and ionic strength from the IPN cryogels was evaluated. A pulsatile release of DS from the IPN cryogels was presented, with a slower release at 34 °C (below VPTT) and a faster release at 37 and 40 °C (above the VPTT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecaterina Stela Dragan
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, Iasi 700487, Romania
| | - Ana Irina Cocarta
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, Iasi 700487, Romania
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19
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Núñez C, Capelo JL, Igrejas G, Alfonso A, Botana LM, Lodeiro C. An overview of the effective combination therapies for the treatment of breast cancer. Biomaterials 2016; 97:34-50. [PMID: 27162073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is generally classified based on the receptors overexpressed on the cell nucleus, which include hormone receptors such as progesterone (PR) and estrogen (ER), and HER2. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of cancer that lacks any of these three types of receptor proteins (ER/PR/HER2). Tumor cells exhibit drug resistant phenotypes that decrease the efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatments. Generally, drug resistance has a genetic basis that is caused by an abnormal gene expression, nevertheless, there are several types of drug resistance: efflux pumps reducing the cellular concentration of the drug, alterations in membrane lipids that reduce cellular uptake, increased or altered drug targets, metabolic alteration of the drug, inhibition of apoptosis, repair of the damaged DNA, and alteration of the cell cycle checkpoints. The use of "combination therapy" is recognized as an efficient solution to treat human diseases, in particular, breast cancer. In this review, we give examples of different nanocarriers used to co-deliver multiple therapeutics (chemotherapeutic agent and nucleic acid) to drug-resistant tumor cells, and lastly, we give our recommendations for the future directions for the co-delivery treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Núñez
- Pharmacology Deparment, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain; C4O Group, Research Unit UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - José Luis Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Group, UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; ProteoMass Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-182, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- C4O Group, Research Unit UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Pharmacology Deparment, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Pharmacology Deparment, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE Group, UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; ProteoMass Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-182, Caparica, Portugal.
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20
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Lee SY, Yang CY, Peng CL, Wei MF, Chen KC, Yao CJ, Shieh MJ. A theranostic micelleplex co-delivering SN-38 and VEGF siRNA for colorectal cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2016; 86:92-105. [PMID: 26896610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of an efficient colorectal cancer therapy is currently a public health priority. In the present work, we proposed a multifunctional theranostic micellar drug delivery system utilizing cationic PDMA-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PDMA-b-PCL) micelles as nanocarriers of SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin), ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO), and small interfering RNA (siRNA) that targets human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The VEGF siRNA was conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG) (siRNA-PEG) before complexation with the micelles in order to improve the siRNA's stability and to prolong its retention time in the blood circulation. To further improve the in vivo biosafety, we prepared mixed micelles using mPEG-PCL together with PDMA-b-PCL copolymer. The SN-38/USPIO-loaded siRNA-PEG mixed micelleplexes passively targeted to tumor regions and synergistically facilitated VEGF silencing and chemotherapy, thus efficiently suppressing tumor growth via a multi-dose therapy regimen. Additionally, the SN-38/USPIO-loaded siRNA-PEG mixed micelleplexes acted as a negative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent in T2-weighted imaging, resulting in a powerful tool for the diagnosis and for tracking of the therapeutic outcomes. In summary, we established a theranostic micellar drug and gene delivery system that not only synergistically combined gene silencing and chemotherapy but also served as a negative MRI contrast agent, which reveal its potential as a novel colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yu Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Peng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, P.O. Box 3-27, Longtan, Taoyuan, 325, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Wei
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jung Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
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21
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Characterization of temperature induced changes in liposomes coated with poly( N -isopropylacrylamide- co -methacrylic acid). J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 450:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Tsai MH, Peng CL, Yao CJ, Shieh MJ. Enhanced efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs against colorectal cancer using ligand-decorated self-breakable agents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16175d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting self-breakable micelles could facilitate Caco2 cancer cells in acidic tumor microenvironment to take up SN38 which the micelle loaded with and trigger drug release in cancer cells, resulting in enhanced drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- College of Medicine and College of Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Peng
- Isotope Application Division
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research
- Taoyuan
- Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jung Yao
- Division of Gastroenterology
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Wan Fang Hospital
- Taipei Medical University
- Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- College of Medicine and College of Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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23
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Novel pH- and temperature-responsive polymer: Tertiary amine starch ether. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 114:530-536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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24
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Kjøniksen A, Calejo MT, Zhu K, Cardoso AMS, de Lima MCP, Jurado AS, Nyström B, Sande SA. Sustained Release of Naltrexone from Poly(N‐Isopropylacrylamide) Microgels. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:227-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Alexander-Bryant AA, Vanden Berg-Foels WS, Wen X. Bioengineering strategies for designing targeted cancer therapies. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 118:1-59. [PMID: 23768509 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407173-5.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The goals of bioengineering strategies for targeted cancer therapies are (1) to deliver a high dose of an anticancer drug directly to a cancer tumor, (2) to enhance drug uptake by malignant cells, and (3) to minimize drug uptake by nonmalignant cells. Effective cancer-targeting therapies will require both passive- and active-targeting strategies and a thorough understanding of physiologic barriers to targeted drug delivery. Designing a targeted therapy includes the selection and optimization of a nanoparticle delivery vehicle for passive accumulation in tumors, a targeting moiety for active receptor-mediated uptake, and stimuli-responsive polymers for control of drug release. The future direction of cancer targeting is a combinatorial approach, in which targeting therapies are designed to use multiple-targeting strategies. The combinatorial approach will enable combination therapy for delivery of multiple drugs and dual ligand targeting to improve targeting specificity. Targeted cancer treatments in development and the new combinatorial approaches show promise for improving targeted anticancer drug delivery and improving treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Alexander-Bryant
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Wendy S Vanden Berg-Foels
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanotechnology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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26
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Torres-Lugo M, Rinaldi C. Thermal potentiation of chemotherapy by magnetic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:1689-707. [PMID: 24074390 PMCID: PMC4001113 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of hyperthermia as an adjuvant for chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, significant clinical challenges have been encountered, such as a broader spectrum of toxicity, lack of patient tolerance, temperature control and significant invasiveness. Hyperthermia induced by magnetic nanoparticles in high-frequency oscillating magnetic fields, commonly termed magnetic fluid hyperthermia, is a promising form of heat delivery in which thermal energy is supplied at the nanoscale to the tumor. This review discusses the mechanisms of heat dissipation of iron oxide-based magnetic nanoparticles, current methods and challenges to deliver heat in the clinic, and the current work related to the use of magnetic nanoparticles for the thermal-chemopotentiation of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Torres-Lugo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, PO BOX 9000, Mayaguez, PR 00681, Puerto Rico.
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27
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McDaniel JR, Dewhirst MW, Chilkoti A. Actively targeting solid tumours with thermoresponsive drug delivery systems that respond to mild hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:501-10. [PMID: 23924317 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.819999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse range of drug delivery vehicles have been developed to specifically target chemotherapeutics to solid tumours while avoiding systemic dose-limiting toxicity. Many of these active targeting strategies display limited efficacy because they rely on subtle differences in expression patterns between pathogenic tissue and healthy tissue. In contrast, drug delivery systems that exploit thermoresponsive behaviour allow a clinician to spatially and temporally control the accumulation and/or release of the toxic agents within tumour tissue by simply applying mild hyperthermia (defined as 39-43 °C) to the desired site. Although thermally sensitive materials comprise a significant portion of the literature on novel drug delivery systems, only a few systems have been methodically tuned to respond within this narrowly defined physiological temperature range in an in vivo environment. This review discusses the materials and strategies developed to control the primary tumour through the combined application of hyperthermia and chemotherapy.
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28
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In vitro evaluation of the thermosensitive and magnetic nanoparticles for the controlled drug delivery of vitamin D3. Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-013-1047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Zhang Y, Xiao C, Li M, Chen J, Ding J, He C, Zhuang X, Chen X. Co-delivery of 10-Hydroxycamptothecin with Doxorubicin Conjugated Prodrugs for Enhanced Anticancer Efficacy. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:584-94. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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30
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Shao Y, Huang W, Shi C, Atkinson ST, Luo J. Reversibly crosslinked nanocarriers for on-demand drug delivery in cancer treatment. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:1409-27. [PMID: 23323559 PMCID: PMC3575096 DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer micelles have proven to be one of the most versatile nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery. However, the in vitro and in vivo stability of micelles remains a challenge due to the dynamic nature of these self-assembled systems, which leads to premature drug release and nonspecific biodistribution in vivo. Recently, reversibly crosslinked micelles have been developed to provide solutions to stabilize nanocarriers in blood circulation. Increased stability allows nanoparticles to accumulate at tumor sites efficiently via passive and/or active tumor targeting, while cleavage of the micelle crosslinkages, through internal or external stimuli, facilitates on-demand drug release. In this review, various crosslinking chemistries as well as the choices for reversible linkages in these nanocarriers will be introduced. Then, the development of reversibly crosslinked micelles for on-demand drug release in response to single or dual stimuli in the tumor microenvironment is discussed, for example, acidic pH, reducing microenvironment, enzymatic microenvironment, photoirradiation and the administration of competitive reagents postmicelle delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Wenzhe Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Changying Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Sean T Atkinson
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Juntao Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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31
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Samal SK, Dash M, Van Vlierberghe S, Kaplan DL, Chiellini E, van Blitterswijk C, Moroni L, Dubruel P. Cationic polymers and their therapeutic potential. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:7147-94. [PMID: 22885409 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35094g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed enormous research focused on cationic polymers. Cationic polymers are the subject of intense research as non-viral gene delivery systems, due to their flexible properties, facile synthesis, robustness and proven gene delivery efficiency. Here, we review the most recent scientific advances in cationic polymers and their derivatives not only for gene delivery purposes but also for various alternative therapeutic applications. An overview of the synthesis and preparation of cationic polymers is provided along with their inherent bioactive and intrinsic therapeutic potential. In addition, cationic polymer based biomedical materials are covered. Major progress in the fields of drug and gene delivery as well as tissue engineering applications is summarized in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram Keshari Samal
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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32
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McQueenie R, Stevenson R, Benson R, MacRitchie N, McInnes I, Maffia P, Faulds K, Graham D, Brewer J, Garside P. Detection of Inflammation in Vivo by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Provides Higher Sensitivity Than Conventional Fluorescence Imaging. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5968-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3006445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross McQueenie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity
and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Stevenson
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology,
WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Benson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity
and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Neil MacRitchie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity
and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Iain McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity
and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Institute of Infection, Immunity
and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Karen Faulds
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology,
WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Graham
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology,
WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - James Brewer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity
and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garside
- Institute of Infection, Immunity
and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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Trinh LTT, Lambermont-Thijs HML, Schubert US, Hoogenboom R, Kjøniksen AL. Thermoresponsive Poly(2-oxazoline) Block Copolymers Exhibiting Two Cloud Points: Complex Multistep Assembly Behavior. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300570j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loan T. T. Trinh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo,
Norway
| | - Hanneke M. L. Lambermont-Thijs
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Macromolecular
Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10,
07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group,
Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna-Lena Kjøniksen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo,
Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, School
of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box
1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Morachis JM, Mahmoud EA, Almutairi A. Physical and chemical strategies for therapeutic delivery by using polymeric nanoparticles. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:505-19. [PMID: 22544864 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant challenge that most therapeutic agents face is their inability to be delivered effectively. Nanotechnology offers a solution to allow for safe, high-dose, specific delivery of pharmaceuticals to the target tissue. Nanoparticles composed of biodegradable polymers can be designed and engineered with various layers of complexity to achieve drug targeting that was unimaginable years ago by offering multiple mechanisms to encapsulate and strategically deliver drugs, proteins, nucleic acids, or vaccines while improving their therapeutic index. Targeting of nanoparticles to diseased tissue and cells assumes two strategies: physical and chemical targeting. Physical targeting is a strategy enabled by nanoparticle fabrication techniques. It includes using size, shape, charge, and stiffness among other parameters to influence tissue accumulation, adhesion, and cell uptake. New methods to measure size, shape, and polydispersity will enable this field to grow and more thorough comparisons to be made. Physical targeting can be more economically viable when certain fabrication techniques are used. Chemical targeting can employ molecular recognition units to decorate the surface of particles or molecular units responsive to diseased environments or remote stimuli. In this review, we describe sophisticated nanoparticles designed for tissue-specific chemical targeting that use conjugation chemistry to attach targeting moieties. Furthermore, we describe chemical targeting using stimuli responsive nanoparticles that can respond to changes in pH, heat, and light.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Morachis
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0600, La Jolla, CA 92093-0600, USA
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35
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Wang H, Shrestha TB, Basel MT, Dani RK, Seo GM, Balivada S, Pyle MM, Prock H, Koper OB, Thapa PS, Moore D, Li P, Chikan V, Troyer DL, Bossmann SH. Magnetic-Fe/Fe(3)O(4)-nanoparticle-bound SN38 as carboxylesterase-cleavable prodrug for the delivery to tumors within monocytes/macrophages. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:444-55. [PMID: 23016149 PMCID: PMC3388369 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of therapeutics to the tumor site is highly desirable in cancer treatment, because it is capable of minimizing collateral damage. Herein, we report the synthesis of a nanoplatform, which is composed of a 15 ± 1 nm diameter core/shell Fe/Fe(3)O(4) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and the topoisomerase I blocker SN38 bound to the surface of the MNPs via a carboxylesterase cleavable linker. This nanoplatform demonstrated high heating ability (SAR = 522 ± 40 W/g) in an AC-magnetic field. For the purpose of targeted delivery, this nanoplatform was loaded into tumor-homing double-stable RAW264.7 cells (mouse monocyte/macrophage-like cells (Mo/Ma)), which have been engineered to express intracellular carboxylesterase (InCE) upon addition of doxycycline by a Tet-On Advanced system. The nanoplatform was taken up efficiently by these tumor-homing cells. They showed low toxicity even at high nanoplatform concentration. SN38 was released successfully by switching on the Tet-On Advanced system. We have demonstrated that this nanoplatform can be potentially used for thermochemotherapy. We will be able to achieve the following goals: (1) Specifically deliver the SN38 prodrug and magnetic nanoparticles to the cancer site as the payload of tumor-homing double-stable RAW264.7 cells; (2) Release of chemotherapeutic SN38 at the cancer site by means of the self-containing Tet-On Advanced system; (3) Provide localized magnetic hyperthermia to enhance the cancer treatment, both by killing cancer cells through magnetic heating and by activating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwang Wang
- Kansas State University, Department of Chemistry, CBC 201, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Tej B Shrestha
- Kansas State University, Anatomy & Physiology, Coles 228, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Matthew T Basel
- Kansas State University, Anatomy & Physiology, Coles 228, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Raj Kumar Dani
- Kansas State University, Department of Chemistry, CBC 201, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Gwi-Moon Seo
- Kansas State University, Anatomy & Physiology, Coles 228, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Sivasai Balivada
- Kansas State University, Anatomy & Physiology, Coles 228, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Marla M Pyle
- Kansas State University, Anatomy & Physiology, Coles 228, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Heidy Prock
- Kansas State University, Department of Chemistry, CBC 201, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Olga B Koper
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201
| | - Prem S Thapa
- University of Kansas, KU Microscopy & Analytical Imaging Laboratory, 1043 Haworth, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - David Moore
- University of Kansas, KU Microscopy & Analytical Imaging Laboratory, 1043 Haworth, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Ping Li
- Kansas State University, Department of Chemistry, CBC 201, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Viktor Chikan
- Kansas State University, Department of Chemistry, CBC 201, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Deryl L Troyer
- Kansas State University, Anatomy & Physiology, Coles 228, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Stefan H Bossmann
- Kansas State University, Department of Chemistry, CBC 201, Manhattan, KS 66506
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36
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Williams CC, Thang SH, Hantke T, Vogel U, Seeberger PH, Tsanaktsidis J, Lepenies B. RAFT-Derived Polymer-Drug Conjugates: Poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (HPMA)-7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) Conjugates. ChemMedChem 2011; 7:281-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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37
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Fan J, Fang G, Wang X, Zeng F, Xiang Y, Wu S. Targeted anticancer prodrug with mesoporous silica nanoparticles as vehicles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:455102. [PMID: 22019849 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/45/455102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A targeted anticancer prodrug system was fabricated with 180 nm mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as carriers. The anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated to the particles through an acid-sensitive carboxylic hydrazone linker which is cleavable under acidic conditions. Moreover, folic acid (FA) was covalently conjugated to the particle surface as the targeting ligand for folate receptors (FRs) overexpressed in some cancer cells. The in vitro release profiles of DOX from the MSN-based prodrug systems showed a strong dependence on the environmental pH values. The fluorescent dye FITC was incorporated in the MSNs so as to trace the cellular uptake on a fluorescence microscope. Cellular uptakes by HeLa, A549 and L929 cell lines were tested for FA-conjugated MSNs and plain MSNs respectively, and a much more efficient uptake by FR-positive cancer cells (HeLa) can be achieved by conjugation of folic acid onto the particles because of the folate-receptor-mediated endocytosis. The cytotoxicities for the FA-conjugated MSN prodrug, the plain MSN prodrug and free DOX against three cell lines were determined, and the result indicates that the FA-conjugated MSN prodrug exhibits higher cytotoxicity to FR-positive cells, and reduced cytotoxicity to FR-negative cells. Thus, with 180 nm MSNs as the carriers for the prodrug system, good drug loading, selective targeting and sustained release of drug molecules within targeted cancer cells can be realized. This study may provide useful insights for designing and improving the applicability of MSNs in targeted anticancer prodrug systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Fan
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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