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Bhowmik S, Govind Rajan A. Chemical vapor deposition of 2D materials: A review of modeling, simulation, and machine learning studies. iScience 2022; 25:103832. [PMID: 35243221 PMCID: PMC8857588 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is extensively used to produce large-area two-dimensional (2D) materials. Current research is aimed at understanding mechanisms underlying the nucleation and growth of various 2D materials, such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and transition metal dichalcogenides (e.g., MoS2/WSe2). Herein, we survey the vast literature regarding modeling and simulation of the CVD growth of 2D materials and their heterostructures. We also focus on newer materials, such as silicene, phosphorene, and borophene. We discuss how density functional theory, kinetic Monte Carlo, and reactive molecular dynamics simulations can shed light on the thermodynamics and kinetics of vapor-phase synthesis. We explain how machine learning can be used to develop insights into growth mechanisms and outcomes, as well as outline the open knowledge gaps in the literature. Our work provides consolidated theoretical insights into the CVD growth of 2D materials and presents opportunities for further understanding and improving such processes
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Adrian AR, Cerda D, Fernández-Izquierdo L, Segura RA, García-Merino JA, Hevia SA. Tunable Low Crystallinity Carbon Nanotubes/Silicon Schottky Junction Arrays and Their Potential Application for Gas Sensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3040. [PMID: 34835803 PMCID: PMC8623671 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly ordered nanostructure arrays have attracted wide attention due to their wide range of applicability, particularly in fabricating devices containing scalable and controllable junctions. In this work, highly ordered carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays grown directly on Si substrates were fabricated, and their electronic transport properties as a function of wall thickness were explored. The CNTs were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition inside porous alumina membranes, previously fabricated on n-type Si substrates. The morphology of the CNTs, controlled by the synthesis parameters, was characterized by electron microscopies and Raman spectroscopy, revealing that CNTs exhibit low crystallinity (LC). A study of conductance as a function of temperature indicated that the dominant electric transport mechanism is the 3D variable range hopping. The electrical transport explored by I-V curves was approached by an equivalent circuit based on a Schottky diode and resistances related to the morphology of the nanotubes. These junction arrays can be applied in several fields, particularly in this work we explored their performance in gas sensing mode and found a fast and reliable resistive response at room temperature in devices containing LC-CNTs with wall thickness between 0.4 nm and 1.1 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro R. Adrian
- Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile; (A.R.A.); (D.C.); (J.A.G.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile
| | - Daniel Cerda
- Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile; (A.R.A.); (D.C.); (J.A.G.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile
| | - Leunam Fernández-Izquierdo
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA;
| | - Rodrigo A. Segura
- Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - José Antonio García-Merino
- Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile; (A.R.A.); (D.C.); (J.A.G.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile
| | - Samuel A. Hevia
- Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile; (A.R.A.); (D.C.); (J.A.G.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile
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Roslyakov IV, Petukhov DI, Napolskii KS. Permeability of anodic alumina membranes grown on low-index aluminium surfaces. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:33LT01. [PMID: 33962402 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abfeea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) membranes have various practical applications in separation and purification technologies. Numerous approaches have been utilized to tailor the transport properties of porous AAO films, but all of them assume an isotropic nature of anodized aluminium. Here, the impact of aluminium crystallography on the permeability of AAO membranes is disclosed. A comparative study of AAO membranes formed on low-index aluminium surfaces by anodizing in a sulphuric acid electrolyte is presented. Small-angle x-ray scattering is used to quantify the out-of-plane pore arrangement. AAO grown on an Al(100) substrate possesses a porous structure with minimal point defects and pore tortuosity, providing the highest permeability of individual gases in a series of AAO membranes. These findings can also be applied for the fabrication of highly permeable AAO membranes on polycrystalline Al foils.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Roslyakov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - D I Petukhov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - K S Napolskii
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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Luo S, Sun W, Ke J, Wang Y, Liu S, Hong X, Li Y, Chen Y, Xie W, Zheng C. A 3D conductive network of porous carbon nanoparticles interconnected with carbon nanotubes as the sulfur host for long cycle life lithium-sulfur batteries. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:22601-22611. [PMID: 30480697 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06109b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Constructing an interlinked three-dimensional conductive carbon structure as a sulfur host is considered to be an effective strategy for suppressing the capacity decay over long-term cycling and improving the rate performance of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, because it can not only facilitate rapid electronic and ionic transportation in the cathode, but also be conducive to confine lithium polysulfide (LiPS) dissolution and shuttling. In this report, we designed a novel 3D conductive network structure (CNTs/Co-NC), which is composed of Co-NC (cobalt embedded in an N-doped porous carbon composite) derived from ZIF-67 polyhedra and inserted carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and applied it as a sulfur host for Li-S batteries. The CNT/Co-NC network structure is firstly prepared via the in situ nucleation of small ZIF-67 crystals on the surface of CNTs and eventually grown into CNT/ZIF-67 hybrid materials; after subsequent carbonization and infiltration of sulfur procedures, the S@CNT/Co-NC cathode is obtained. Li-S batteries based on the S@CNT/Co-NC cathode show an improved rate capability of 772.6 mA h g-1 at the 2 C rate, enhanced long cycling stability under a large current density with a low capacity decay rate of ∼0.067% per cycle at the 0.5 C rate after 500 cycles and ∼0.072% per cycle at the 1 C rate after 700 cycles and an excellent coulombic efficiency of about 95% up to 500 cycles at 0.5 C and 91% up to 700 cycles at 1 C. The superior performance of S@CNTs/Co-NC should be ascribed to the rapid charge transfer, excellent electron conductivity, improved adsorption capability for LiPSs and enhanced redox kinetics of this 3D conductive network structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Luo
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan, China.
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Nanoporous platinum electrode grown on anodic aluminum oxide membrane: Fabrication, characterization, electrocatalytic activity toward reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1035:44-50. [PMID: 30224143 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A new type of nanoelectrode, nanoporous platinum (NPt) electrode was prepared on aluminum oxide membrane by thermal evaporation deposition. The morphology, conductivity and electrocatalytic activity of NPt electrode were characterized and compared with those of nanofilm-Pt electrode through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques, respectively. SEM images showed that "nanocavities" observed in NPt electrode were actually 2-dimensional enclosures by linked nanoparticles. It was different from the conventional arrays of "nanocavities" formed on homogeneous metal films. EIS data indicated that NPt electrode possesses higher conductivity. Compared with that on nanofilm-Pt electrode (14.05 Ω·cm2), the impedance spectrum on NPt electrode exhibits a semicircle portion with much smaller diameters (1.24 Ω·cm2 for NPt-100, 1.48 Ω·cm2 for NPt-200). Meanwhile, the response sensitivity of NPt electrode to O2 is 0.85 mA cm-2, which is larger than that of nanofilm-Pt electrode (0.54 mA cm-2). The largest catalytic current for nitric oxide (NO) was obtained in buffer with pH value of 9.4 while for Angeli's salt (AS) was obtained in buffer with pH value of 5.4. Additionally, electrocatalytic mechanisms of NPt electrode toward NO and AS were proposed, which indicating it depended on pH value of buffer solution.
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Cui W, Xia Y, Zhang H, Xu F, Zou Y, Xiang C, Chu H, Qiu S, Sun L. Microencapsulation of phase change materials with carbon nanotubes reinforced shell for enhancement of thermal conductivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/182/1/012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Buijnsters JG, Zhong R, Tsyntsaru N, Celis JP. Surface wettability of macroporous anodized aluminum oxide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:3224-3233. [PMID: 23506401 DOI: 10.1021/am4001425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between the structural characteristics and the wetting of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) surfaces with large pore sizes (>100 nm) is discussed. The roughness-induced wettability is systematically examined for oxide films grown by a two-step, high-field anodization in phosphoric acid of three different concentrations using a commercial aluminum alloy. This is done for the as-synthesized AAO layers, after various degrees of pore widening by a wet chemical etching in phosphoric acid solution, and upon surface modification by either Lauric acid or a silane. The as-grown AAO films feature structurally disordered pore architectures with average pore openings in the range 140-190 nm but with similar interpore distances of about 405 nm. The formation of such AAO structures induces a transition from slightly hydrophilic to moderately hydrophobic surfaces up to film thicknesses of about 6 μm. Increased hydrophobicity is obtained by pore opening and a maximum value of the water contact angle (WCA) of about 128° is measured for AAO arrays with a surface porosity close to 60%. Higher surface porosity by prolonged wet chemical etching leads to a rapid decrease in the WCA as a result of the limited pore wall thickness and partial collapse of the dead-end pore structures. Modification of the AAO surfaces by Lauric acid results in 5-30° higher WCA's, whereas near-superhydrophobicity (WCA ~146°) is realized through silane coating. The "rose petal effect" of strongly hydrophobic wetting with high adhesive force on the produced AAO surfaces is explained by a partial penetration of water through capillary action into the dead-end pore cavities which leads to a wetting state in-between the Wenzel and Cassie states. Moreover, practical guidelines for the synthesis of rough, highly porous AAO structures with controlled wettability are provided and the possibility of forming superhydrophobic surfaces is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephus G Buijnsters
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Evaluating the effects of operating conditions on the quantity, quality and catalyzed growth mechanisms of CNTs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hou PX, Yu WJ, Shi C, Zhang LL, Liu C, Tian XJ, Dong ZL, Cheng HM. Template synthesis of ultra-thin and short carbon nanotubes with two open ends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31680c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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