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Bisht P, Belle BD, Aggarwal P, Ghosh A, Xing W, Kaur N, Singh JP, Mehta BR. Gas Sensing Properties of PLD Grown 2D SnS Film: Effect of Film Thickness, Metal Nanoparticle Decoration, and In Situ KPFM Investigation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2307037. [PMID: 38178272 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
This study employs novel growth methodologies and surface sensitization with metal nanoparticles to enhance and manipulate gas sensing behavior of two-dimensional (2D)SnS film. Growth of SnS films is optimized by varying substrate temperature and laser pulses during pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Thereafter, palladium (Pd), gold (Au), and silver (Ag) nanoparticles are decorated on as-grown film using gas-phase synthesis techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) elucidate the growth evolution of SnS and the effect of nanoparticle decoration. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses the chemical state and composition. Pristine SnS, Ag, and Au decorated SnS films are sensitive and selective toward NO2 at room temperature (RT). Ag nanoparticle increases the response of pristine SnS from 48 to 138% toward 2 ppm NO2, which indicates electronic and chemical sensitization effect of Ag. Pd decoration on SnS tunes its selectivity toward H2 gas with a response of 55% toward 70 ppm H2 and limit of detection (LOD) < 1 ppm. In situ Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) maps the work function changes, revealing catalytic effect of Ag toward NO2 in Ag-decorated SnS and direct charge transfer between Pd and SnS during H2 exposure in Pd-decorated SnS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Bisht
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Branson D Belle
- SINTEF INDUSTRY, Materials Physics, Forskningsveien 1, Oslo, NO - 0373, Norway
| | - Pallavi Aggarwal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Abhishek Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Wen Xing
- SINTEF INDUSTRY, Materials Physics, Forskningsveien 1, Oslo, NO - 0373, Norway
| | - Narinder Kaur
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - J P Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - B R Mehta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Directorate of Research, Innovation and Development, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201309, India
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Liu B, Zhu Q, Pan Y, Huang F, Tang L, Liu C, Cheng Z, Wang P, Ma J, Ding M. Single-Atom Tailoring of Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals Enables Highly Efficient Detection and Pattern Recognition of Chemical Vapors. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1533-1543. [PMID: 35546283 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Low-dimensional semiconductor materials, such as single-walled carbon nanotubes, two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals, and organic frameworks, have been widely adapted as ideal platforms to construct various chemo/biosensors with satisfying sensitivity. However, the general drawbacks in chemiresistive devices, including high operation temperatures, low response to low-polarity molecules, and poor selectivity, have limited their real-world applications. In this study, 2D materials (graphene, MoS2, and WSe2) were systematically functionalized with series of monodispersed single atomic sites (Pt, Co, and Ru) through a facile approach to construct single-atom sensors (SASs) for the detection of VOCs at room temperature. The structural and catalytic characteristics of SAs successfully translated into enhanced gas-sensing performance, with a 1-2 orders of magnitude increase in relative response to ethanol (@5 ppm) and acetone (@20 ppm) vapors (in all M-2D SASs as compared to pristine substrates), high selectivity to VOCs against relative humidity (M-WSe2 SASs), and fast response/recovery time (11/58 s for Pt-Graphene and 22/48 s for Pt-MoS2 to 50 ppm ethanol, 9/57 s for Pt-Graphene and 15/75 s for Pt-MoS2 to 200 ppm acetone) that are several times faster than the pristine 2D materials. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the signaling mechanism in SASs, and the data were further trained to build machine learning (ML) models for predicting the adsorption energies and sensing performance using the features of adsorption heights, metal charge, and charge transfer between the adsorbed VOCs and SASs sites. Finally, the rich combination of the metal single atoms and 2D atomic crystal supports were converted to cross-sensitive SA sensor array that allows for detection and identification of different VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanghang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Futao Huang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
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Kajale SN, Yadav S, Cai Y, Joy B, Sarkar D. 2D material based field effect transistors and nanoelectromechanical systems for sensing applications. iScience 2021; 24:103513. [PMID: 34934930 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensors are ubiquitous in modern society because of their wide applications in healthcare, security, forensic industries as well as environmental protection. Specifically, sensors which can be microfabricated employing very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) compatible microfabrication techniques are particularly desirable. This is because they can provide several advantages: small size, low cost, and possibility of mass fabrication. 2D materials are a promising building block for such sensors. Their atomically thin nature, flat surfaces and ability to form van der Waals hetero junctions opens up the pathway for versatile functionalities. Here, we review 2D material-based field-effect-transistors (FETs) and nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMs) for applications in detecting different gases, chemicals, and biomolecules. We will provide insights into the unique advantages of these materials for these sensing applications and discuss the fabrication methods, detection schemes and performance pertaining to these technologies. Finally, we will discuss the current challenges and prospects for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Nitin Kajale
- Media Arts and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shubham Yadav
- Media Arts and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yubin Cai
- Media Arts and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Baju Joy
- Media Arts and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Deblina Sarkar
- Media Arts and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Ye S, Yan X, Husain MK, Saito S, de Groot CHK, Tsuchiya Y. Direct observation of surface charge redistribution in active nanoscale conducting channels by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:325206. [PMID: 33930886 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abfd55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface-exposed uniformly doped silicon-on-insulator channels are fabricated to evaluate the accuracy of Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) measured surface potential and reveals the role of surface charge on the exposed channel operated in the ambient environment. First, the quality of the potential profile probed in the vacuum environment is assessed by the consistency of converted resistivity from KPFM result to the resistivity extracted by the other three methods. Second, in contrast to the simulated and vacuum surface potential profile and image, the ambient surface potential is bent excessively at the terminals of the channel. The excessive bending can be explained by the movement of surface charge under the drive of geometry induced strong local electric field from the channel and results in non-uniform distribution. The dynamic movement of surface charges is proved by the observation of time-dependent potential drift in the ambient measurement. The result suggests the surface charge effect should be taken into account of the measurement of the surface potential in the ambient environment and the design of charge sensitive devices whose surfaces are exposed to air or in ambient conditions in their operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ye
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhao Yan
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Khaled Husain
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Shinichi Saito
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - C H Kees de Groot
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshishige Tsuchiya
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Vishnuraj R, Karuppanan KK, Aleem M, Pullithadathil B. Boosting the performance of NO 2 gas sensors based on n-n type mesoporous ZnO@In 2O 3 heterojunction nanowires: in situ conducting probe atomic force microscopic elucidation of room temperature local electron transport. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:4785-4797. [PMID: 36132937 PMCID: PMC9417526 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, n-n type one dimensional ZnO@In2O3 heterojunction nanowires have been developed and their local electron transport properties during trace-level NO2 gas sensing process have been probed at room-temperature using conducting probe atomic microscopy. Solvothermally synthesized 1D ZnO@In2O3 heterojunction nanowires have been characterized by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, which revealed the mesoporous structure indicating their enhanced sensing properties. The dangling bonds and fraction of metal ions to oxygen ions existing on the exposed crystal facets of the heterojunction nanowires have been visualized by employing crystallographic simulations with TEM analysis, which aided in forecasting the nature of surface adsorption of NO2 gas species. In situ electrical characteristics and Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopic (SSRM) imaging of single ZnO@In2O3 heterojunction nanowires revealed the local charge transport properties in n-n type ZnO@In2O3 heterojunction nanowires. Moreover, the ZnO@In2O3 heterojunction nanowires based sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity (S = 274%), a fast response (4-6 s) and high selectivity towards trace-level concentration (500 ppb) of NO2 gas under ambient conditions with low power consumption. Spatially resolved surface potential (SP) variations in ZnO@In2O3 heterojunction nanowires have been visualized using in situ Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPM) under NO2 gas environment at room temperature, which was further correlated with its energy band structure. The work functions of the material evaluated by SKPM reveal considerable changes in the energy band structure owing to the local electron transport between ZnO and In2O3 at the heterojunctions upon exposure to NO2 gas indicating the charge carrier recombination. A plausible mechanism has been proposed based on the experimental evidences. The results suggest that new insights into complex sensing mechanisms deduced from the present investigation on n-n type MOS based heterojunction nanowires under ambient conditions can pave the way for the novel design and development of affordable and superior real-time gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahaboobbatcha Aleem
- Nanosensor Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies Coimbatore-641 004 India
| | - Biji Pullithadathil
- Nanosensor Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies Coimbatore-641 004 India
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VOC-induced Changes in Surface Properties of Carbonaceous Films Prepared by Radio-frequency Sputtering of Gelatin. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2019.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Meng Z, Stolz RM, Mendecki L, Mirica KA. Electrically-Transduced Chemical Sensors Based on Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2019; 119:478-598. [PMID: 30604969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrically-transduced sensors, with their simplicity and compatibility with standard electronic technologies, produce signals that can be efficiently acquired, processed, stored, and analyzed. Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, including graphene, phosphorene (BP), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and others, have proven to be attractive for the fabrication of high-performance electrically-transduced chemical sensors due to their remarkable electronic and physical properties originating from their 2D structure. This review highlights the advances in electrically-transduced chemical sensing that rely on 2D materials. The structural components of such sensors are described, and the underlying operating principles for different types of architectures are discussed. The structural features, electronic properties, and surface chemistry of 2D nanostructures that dictate their sensing performance are reviewed. Key advances in the application of 2D materials, from both a historical and analytical perspective, are summarized for four different groups of analytes: gases, volatile compounds, ions, and biomolecules. The sensing performance is discussed in the context of the molecular design, structure-property relationships, and device fabrication technology. The outlook of challenges and opportunities for 2D nanomaterials for the future development of electrically-transduced sensors is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Robert M Stolz
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Lukasz Mendecki
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
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8
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Nufer S, Large MJ, King AAK, Ogilvie SP, Brunton A, Dalton AB. Edge-Selective Gas Detection Using Langmuir Films of Graphene Platelets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:21740-21745. [PMID: 29856209 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the large-scale production of graphene have led to the availability of solution-processable platelets on the commercial scale. Langmuir-Schaefer deposition is a scalable process for forming a percolating film of graphene platelets, which can be used for electronic gas sensing. Here, we demonstrate the use of this deposition method to produce functional gas sensors, using a chemiresistor structure from commercially available graphene dispersions. The sensitivity of the devices and the repeatability of the electrical response upon gas exposure have been characterized. Raman spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy show doping of the basal plane using ammonia (n-dopant) and acetone (p-dopant). The resistive signal is increased upon exposure to both gases, showing that sensing originates from the change in the contact resistance between nanosheets. We demonstrate that Arrhenius fitting of desorption response potentially allows measurements of desorption process activation energies for gas molecules adsorbed onto the graphene nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Nufer
- M-Solv Ltd , Oxonian Park, Langford Locks , Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1FP , U.K
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Sussex , Brighton BN1 9RH , U.K
| | - Matthew J Large
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Sussex , Brighton BN1 9RH , U.K
| | - Alice A K King
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Sussex , Brighton BN1 9RH , U.K
| | - Sean P Ogilvie
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Sussex , Brighton BN1 9RH , U.K
| | - Adam Brunton
- M-Solv Ltd , Oxonian Park, Langford Locks , Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1FP , U.K
| | - Alan B Dalton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Sussex , Brighton BN1 9RH , U.K
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Feng Y, Zhang K, Li H, Wang F, Zhou B, Fang M, Wang W, Wei J, Wong HSP. In situ visualization and detection of surface potential variation of mono and multilayer MoS 2 under different humidities using Kelvin probe force microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:295705. [PMID: 28664874 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The surface potential (SP) variations in mono and multilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are visualized in situ and detected using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) in different humidity conditions for the first time. N-type doping, which originates from the SiO2 substrate, is discovered in the exfoliated MoS2 and is accompanied by a screening length of five layers. The influence of water, which serves as an environmental gating for MoS2, is investigated by controlling the relative humidities (RHs) in the environmental chamber. A monotonic decrease in the SP is observed when the threshold concentration is achieved. This corresponds to the Fermi level variation, which is dominated by different processes. The results also indicate that water adsorption could result in MoS2 p-type doping and provide compensation that partially counteracts the substrate effect. Under this condition, the interlayer screening effect is influenced because of the water dipole-induced electric field. Density functional theory calculations are performed to determine the band structure variations and the interactions between water molecules and between water molecules and the MoS2 surface in mono and trilayer MoS2 under different RHs. The calculations are in excellent agreement with the experimental results. We propose that in situ measurements of the SP using KPFM under different environmental regimes is a noninvasive and effective method to provide real-time visualization and detection of electronic property variations in two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Feng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communication Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
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10
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Karimzadeh R, Assar M. Effect of laser irradiation on CO gas detecting response of reduced graphene oxide sensor. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04618e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of laser irradiation on the performance of a carbon monoxide gas sensor was investigated in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Karimzadeh
- Department of Physics
- ShahidBeheshti University
- Tehran 19839
- Iran
| | - M. Assar
- Department of Physics
- ShahidBeheshti University
- Tehran 19839
- Iran
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Recent progress in applications of graphene oxide for gas sensing: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 878:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Graphene-Based Composite Materials for Chemical Sensor Application. ELECTROSPINNING FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE SENSORS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-14406-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Scanning Probe Microscopy Analysis of the Adsorption of Volatile Organic Compounds on Carbonaceous Films with Microcolumnar Structure. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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MacNaughton S, Ammu S, Manohar SK, Sonkusale S. High-throughput heterogeneous integration of diverse nanomaterials on a single chip for sensing applications. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111377. [PMID: 25350279 PMCID: PMC4211725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large variety of nanomaterials each with unique electronic, optical and sensing properties. However, there is currently no paradigm for integration of different nanomaterials on a single chip in a low-cost high-throughput manner. We present a high throughput integration approach based on spatially controlled dielectrophoresis executed sequentially for each nanomaterial type to realize a scalable array of individually addressable assemblies of graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal oxide nanowires and conductive polymers on a single chip. This is a first time where such a diversity of nanomaterials has been assembled on the same layer in a single chip. The resolution of assembly can range from mesoscale to microscale and is limited only by the size and spacing of the underlying electrodes on chip used for assembly. While many applications are possible, the utility of such an array is demonstrated with an example application of a chemical sensor array for detection of volatile organic compounds below parts-per-million sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel MacNaughton
- Nanolab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
| | - Srikanth Ammu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sanjeev K. Manohar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sameer Sonkusale
- Nanolab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Choi SJ, Jang BH, Lee SJ, Min BK, Rothschild A, Kim ID. Selective detection of acetone and hydrogen sulfide for the diagnosis of diabetes and halitosis using SnO(2) nanofibers functionalized with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:2588-97. [PMID: 24456186 DOI: 10.1021/am405088q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of acetone and hydrogen sulfide levels in exhaled human breath, serving as breath markers for some diseases such as diabetes and halitosis, may offer useful information for early diagnosis of these diseases. Exhaled breath analyzers using semiconductor metal oxide (SMO) gas sensors have attracted much attention because they offer low cost fabrication, miniaturization, and integration into portable devices for noninvasive medical diagnosis. However, SMO gas sensors often display cross sensitivity to interfering species. Therefore, selective real-time detection of specific disease markers is a major challenge that must be overcome to ensure reliable breath analysis. In this work, we report on highly sensitive and selective acetone and hydrogen sulfide detection achieved by sensitizing electrospun SnO2 nanofibers with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets. SnO2 nanofibers mixed with a small amount (0.01 wt %) of RGO nanosheets exhibited sensitive response to hydrogen sulfide (Rair/Rgas = 34 at 5 ppm) at 200 °C, whereas sensitive acetone detection (Rair/Rgas = 10 at 5 ppm) was achieved by increasing the RGO loading to 5 wt % and raising the operation temperature to 350 °C. The detection limit of these sensors is predicted to be as low as 1 ppm for hydrogen sulfide and 100 ppb for acetone, respectively. These concentrations are much lower than in the exhaled breath of healthy people. This demonstrates that optimization of the RGO loading and the operation temperature of RGO-SnO2 nanocomposite gas sensors enables highly sensitive and selective detection of breath markers for the diagnosis of diabetes and halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Jin Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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