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Gordon GSD, Joseph J, Sawyer T, Macfaden AJ, Williams C, Wilkinson TD, Bohndiek SE. Full-field quantitative phase and polarisation-resolved imaging through an optical fibre bundle. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:23929-23947. [PMID: 31510290 PMCID: PMC6825613 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.023929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Flexible optical fibres, used in conventional medical endoscopy and industrial inspection, scramble phase and polarisation information, restricting users to amplitude-only imaging. Here, we exploit the near-diagonality of the multi-core fibre (MCF) transmission matrix in a parallelised fibre characterisation architecture, enabling accurate imaging of quantitative phase (error <0.3 rad) and polarisation-resolved (errors <10%) properties. We first demonstrate accurate recovery of optical amplitude and phase in two polarisations through the MCF by measuring and inverting the transmission matrix, and then present a robust Bayesian inference approach to resolving 5 polarimetric properties of samples. Our method produces high-resolution (9.0±2.6μm amplitude, phase; 36.0±10.4μm polarimetric) full-field images at working distances up to 1mm over a field-of-view up to 750×750μm 2 using an MCF with potential for flexible operation. We demonstrate the potential of using quantitative phase for computational image focusing and polarisation-resolved properties in imaging birefringence.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. D. Gordon
- Now at: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - James Joseph
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Travis Sawyer
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Alexander J. Macfaden
- Now at: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Calum Williams
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Timothy D. Wilkinson
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Sarah E. Bohndiek
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
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Williams C, Rughoobur G, Flewitt AJ, Wilkinson TD. Nanostructured plasmonic metapixels. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7745. [PMID: 28798395 PMCID: PMC5552795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art pixels for high-resolution microdisplays utilize reflective surfaces on top of electrical backplanes. Each pixel is a single fixed color and will usually only modulate the amplitude of light. With the rise of nanophotonics, a pixel's relatively large surface area (~10 μm2), is in effect underutilized. Considering the unique optical phenomena associated with plasmonic nanostructures, the scope for use in reflective pixel technology for increased functionality is vast. Yet in general, low reflectance due to plasmonic losses, and sub-optimal design schemes, have limited the real-world application. Here we demonstrate the plasmonic metapixel; which permits high reflection capability whilst providing vivid, polarization switchable, wide color gamut filtering. Ultra-thin nanostructured metal-insulator-metal geometries result in the excitation of hybridized absorption modes across the visible spectrum. These modes include surface plasmons and quasi-guided modes, and by tailoring the absorption modes to exist either side of target wavelengths, we achieve pixels with polarization dependent multicolor reflection on mirror-like surfaces. Because the target wavelength is not part of a plasmonic process, subtractive color filtering and mirror-like reflection occurs. We demonstrate wide color-range pixels, RGB pixel designs, and in-plane Gaussian profile pixels that have the potential to enable new functionality beyond that of a conventional 'square' pixel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Williams
- Centre of Molecular Materials for Photonics and Electronics, Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, United Kingdom.
| | - Girish Rughoobur
- Electronic Devices and Materials Group, Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Flewitt
- Electronic Devices and Materials Group, Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D Wilkinson
- Centre of Molecular Materials for Photonics and Electronics, Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
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Bartholomew R, Williams C, Khan A, Bowman R, Wilkinson T. Plasmonic nanohole electrodes for active color tunable liquid crystal transmissive pixels. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:2810-2813. [PMID: 28708175 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.002810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic pixels have been shown to offer numerous advantages over pigment-based color filters used in modern commercial liquid crystal (LC) displays. However, wideband dynamic tunability across the visible spectrum remains challenging. We experimentally demonstrate transmissive electrically tunable LC-nanohole pixels operating across the visible spectrum with unpolarized input light. An ultrathin Al nanohole electrode is designed to exhibit a polarized spectral response based on surface plasmon resonances. An output analyzer in combination with a nematic LC layer enables pixel color to be electronically controlled through an applied voltage across the device, where LC reorientation leads to tunable mixing of the relative contributions from the plasmonic color input. The nanostructured Al layer, acting as a combined electrode, polarizer, and functional color filter, is highly promising for electro-optic display applications.
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Song Y, Zhang J, Li D. Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Resistive Pulse Sensing: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E204. [PMID: 30400393 PMCID: PMC6190343 DOI: 10.3390/mi8070204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The resistive pulse sensing (RPS) method based on the Coulter principle is a powerful method for particle counting and sizing in electrolyte solutions. With the advancement of micro- and nano-fabrication technologies, microfluidic and nanofluidic resistive pulse sensing technologies and devices have been developed. Due to the unique advantages of microfluidics and nanofluidics, RPS sensors are enabled with more functions with greatly improved sensitivity and throughput and thus have wide applications in fields of biomedical research, clinical diagnosis, and so on. Firstly, this paper reviews some basic theories of particle sizing and counting. Emphasis is then given to the latest development of microfuidic and nanofluidic RPS technologies within the last 6 years, ranging from some new phenomena, methods of improving the sensitivity and throughput, and their applications, to some popular nanopore or nanochannel fabrication techniques. The future research directions and challenges on microfluidic and nanofluidic RPS are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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