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Thum L, Arztmann M, Zizak I, Grüneberger R, Steigert A, Grimm N, Wallacher D, Schlatmann R, Amkreutz D, Gili A. In situ cell for grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction on thin films in thermal catalysis. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:033904. [PMID: 38446003 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
A cell for synchrotron-based grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction at ambient pressures and moderate temperatures in a controlled gas atmosphere is presented. The cell is suited for the in situ study of thin film samples under catalytically relevant conditions. To some extent, in addition to diffraction, the cell can be simultaneously applied for x-ray reflectometry and fluorescence studies. Different domes enclosing the sample have been studied and selected to ensure minimum contribution to the diffraction patterns. The applicability of the cell is demonstrated using synchrotron radiation by monitoring structural changes of a 3 nm Pd thin film upon interaction with gas-phase hydrogen and during acetylene semihydrogenation at 150 °C. The cell allows investigation of very thin films under catalytically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Thum
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Arztmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivo Zizak
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - René Grüneberger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Steigert
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Grimm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Wallacher
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rutger Schlatmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- HTW Berlin-University of Applied Sciences, 12459 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Amkreutz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Gili
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Pastor E, Lian Z, Xia L, Ecija D, Galán-Mascarós JR, Barja S, Giménez S, Arbiol J, López N, García de Arquer FP. Complementary probes for the electrochemical interface. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:159-178. [PMID: 38388837 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The functions of electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices rely on the dynamic junction between a solid and a fluid: the electrochemical interface (EI). Many experimental techniques have been developed to probe the EI, but they provide only a partial picture. Building a full mechanistic understanding requires combining multiple probes, either successively or simultaneously. However, such combinations lead to important technical and theoretical challenges. In this Review, we focus on complementary optoelectronic probes and modelling to address the EI across different timescales and spatial scales - including mapping surface reconstruction, reactants and reaction modulators during operation. We discuss how combining these probes can facilitate a predictive design of the EI when closely integrated with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Pastor
- CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes), University of Rennes, Rennes, France.
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, DYNACOM (Dynamical Control of Materials Laboratory) - IRL2015, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Zan Lian
- ICIQ-Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lu Xia
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Ecija
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ramón Galán-Mascarós
- ICIQ-Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Barja
- Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials, Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sixto Giménez
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Jordi Arbiol
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria López
- ICIQ-Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Tarragona, Spain
| | - F Pelayo García de Arquer
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Brummel O, Jacobse L, Simanenko A, Deng X, Geile S, Gutowski O, Vonk V, Lykhach Y, Stierle A, Libuda J. Chemical and Structural In-Situ Characterization of Model Electrocatalysts by Combined Infrared Spectroscopy and Surface X-ray Diffraction. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8820-8827. [PMID: 37750826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
New diagnostic approaches are needed to drive progress in the field of electrocatalysis and address the challenges of developing electrocatalytic materials with superior activity, selectivity, and stability. To this end, we developed a versatile experimental setup that combines two complementary in-situ techniques for the simultaneous chemical and structural analysis of planar electrodes under electrochemical conditions: high-energy surface X-ray diffraction (HE-SXRD) and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). We tested the potential of the experimental setup by performing a model study in which we investigated the oxidation of preadsorbed CO on a Pt(111) surface as well as the oxidation of the Pt(111) electrode itself. In a single experiment, we were able to identify the adsorbates, their potential dependent adsorption geometries, the effect of the adsorbates on the surface morphology, and the structural evolution of Pt(111) during surface electro-oxidation. In a broader perspective, the combined setup has a high application potential in the field of energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leon Jacobse
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Simanenko
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xin Deng
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Geile
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olof Gutowski
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vedran Vonk
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yaroslava Lykhach
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstraße 11, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Harlow GS, Pfaff S, Abbondanza G, Hegedüs Z, Lienert U, Lundgren E. HAT: a high-energy surface X-ray diffraction analysis toolkit. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:312-321. [PMID: 36777142 PMCID: PMC9901923 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This work introduces the high-energy surface X-ray diffraction analysis toolkit (HAT), an open-source cross-platform software package written in Python to allow the extraction and processing of high-energy surface X-ray diffraction (HESXRD) data sets. Thousands of large-area detector images are collected in a single HESXRD scan, corresponding to billions of pixels and hence reciprocal space positions. HAT is an optimized reciprocal space binner that implements a graphical user interface to allow the easy and interactive exploration of HESXRD data sets. Regions of reciprocal space can be selected with movable and resizable masks in multiple views and are projected onto different axes to allow the creation of reciprocal space maps and the extraction of crystal truncation rods. Current and future versions of HAT can be downloaded and used free of charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S. Harlow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA,Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden,Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Sebastian Pfaff
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Abbondanza
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Zoltan Hegedüs
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lienert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
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5
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Jacobse L, Schuster R, Pfrommer J, Deng X, Dolling S, Weber T, Gutowski O, Dippel AC, Brummel O, Lykhach Y, Over H, Libuda J, Vonk V, Stierle A. A combined rotating disk electrode-surface x-ray diffraction setup for surface structure characterization in electrocatalysis. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:065111. [PMID: 35777992 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing electrode surface structures under operando conditions is essential for fully understanding structure-activity relationships in electrocatalysis. Here, we combine in a single experiment high-energy surface x-ray diffraction as a characterizing technique with a rotating disk electrode to provide steady state kinetics under electrocatalytic conditions. Using Pt(111) and Pt(100) model electrodes, we show that full crystal truncation rod measurements are readily possible up to rotation rates of 1200 rpm. Furthermore, we discuss possibilities for both potentiostatic as well as potentiodynamic measurements, demonstrating the versatility of this technique. These different modes of operation, combined with the relatively simple experimental setup, make the combined rotating disk electrode-surface x-ray diffraction experiment a powerful technique for studying surface structures under operando electrocatalytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Jacobse
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Schuster
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Pfrommer
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xin Deng
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silvan Dolling
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Olof Gutowski
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yaroslava Lykhach
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Herbert Over
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vedran Vonk
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Jacobse L, Vonk V, McCrum IT, Seitz C, Koper MT, Rost MJ, Stierle A. Electrochemical oxidation of Pt(111) beyond the place-exchange model. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Pfaff S, Larsson A, Orlov D, Harlow GS, Abbondanza G, Linpé W, Rämisch L, Gericke SM, Zetterberg J, Lundgren E. Operando Reflectance Microscopy on Polycrystalline Surfaces in Thermal Catalysis, Electrocatalysis, and Corrosion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19530-19540. [PMID: 33870682 PMCID: PMC8288973 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a microscope with a spatial resolution of 5 μm, which can be used to image the two-dimensional surface optical reflectance (2D-SOR) of polycrystalline samples in operando conditions. Within the field of surface science, operando tools that give information about the surface structure or chemistry of a sample under realistic experimental conditions have proven to be very valuable to understand the intrinsic reaction mechanisms in thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and corrosion science. To study heterogeneous surfaces in situ, the experimental technique must both have spatial resolution and be able to probe through gas or electrolyte. Traditional electron-based surface science techniques are difficult to use under high gas pressure conditions or in an electrolyte due to the short mean free path of electrons. Since it uses visible light, SOR can easily be used under high gas pressure conditions and in the presence of an electrolyte. In this work, we use SOR in combination with a light microscope to gain information about the surface under realistic experimental conditions. We demonstrate this by studying the different grains of three polycrystalline samples: Pd during CO oxidation, Au in electrocatalysis, and duplex stainless steel in corrosion. Optical light-based techniques such as SOR could prove to be a good alternative or addition to more complicated techniques in improving our understanding of complex polycrystalline surfaces with operando measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pfaff
- Combustion
Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alfred Larsson
- Division
of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund
University, Sölvegatan
14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dmytro Orlov
- Materials
Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 1, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gary S. Harlow
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Abbondanza
- Division
of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund
University, Sölvegatan
14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Weronica Linpé
- Division
of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund
University, Sölvegatan
14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa Rämisch
- Combustion
Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sabrina M. Gericke
- Combustion
Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Zetterberg
- Combustion
Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Division
of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund
University, Sölvegatan
14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
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