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Sander MY, Zhu X. Infrared neuromodulation-a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:066701. [PMID: 38701769 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) neuromodulation (INM) is an emerging light-based neuromodulation approach that can reversibly control neuronal and muscular activities through the transient and localized deposition of pulsed IR light without requiring any chemical or genetic pre-treatment of the target cells. Though the efficacy and short-term safety of INM have been widely demonstrated in both peripheral and central nervous systems, the investigations of the detailed cellular and biological processes and the underlying biophysical mechanisms are still ongoing. In this review, we discuss the current research progress in the INM field with a focus on the more recently discovered IR nerve inhibition. Major biophysical mechanisms associated with IR nerve stimulation are summarized. As the INM effects are primarily attributed to the spatiotemporal thermal transients induced by water and tissue absorption of pulsed IR light, temperature monitoring techniques and simulation models adopted in INM studies are discussed. Potential translational applications, current limitations, and challenges of the field are elucidated to provide guidance for future INM research and advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Sander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 Saint Mary's Street, Brookline, MA 02446, United States of America
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Xuedong Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
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Sato H, Sugimoto F, Furukawa R, Tateno T. Modulatory Effects on Laminar Neural Activity Induced by Near-Infrared Light Stimulation with a Continuous Waveform to the Mouse Inferior Colliculus In Vivo. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0521-23.2024. [PMID: 38627064 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0521-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is a promising area of interest for the clinical application of a neuromodulation method. This is in part because of its low invasiveness, whereby INS modulates the activity of the neural tissue mainly through temperature changes. Additionally, INS may provide localized brain stimulation with less tissue damage. The inferior colliculus (IC) is a crucial auditory relay nucleus and a potential target for clinical application of INS to treat auditory diseases and develop artificial hearing devices. Here, using continuous INS with low to high-power density, we demonstrate the laminar modulation of neural activity in the mouse IC in the presence and absence of sound. We investigated stimulation parameters of INS to effectively modulate the neural activity in a facilitatory or inhibitory manner. A mathematical model of INS-driven brain tissue was first simulated, temperature distributions were numerically estimated, and stimulus parameters were selected from the simulation results. Subsequently, INS was administered to the IC of anesthetized mice, and the modulation effect on the neural activity was measured using an electrophysiological approach. We found that the modulatory effect of INS on the spontaneous neural activity was bidirectional between facilitatory and inhibitory effects. The modulatory effect on sound-evoked responses produced only an inhibitory effect to all examined stimulus intensities. Thus, this study provides important physiological evidence on the response properties of IC neurons to INS. Overall, INS can be used for the development of new therapies for neurological disorders and functional support devices for auditory central processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Sato
- Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0814, Japan
| | - Futoshi Sugimoto
- Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0814, Japan
| | - Ryo Furukawa
- Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0814, Japan
| | - Takashi Tateno
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0814, Japan
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Coventry BS, Lawlor GL, Bagnati CB, Krogmeier C, Bartlett EL. Characterization and closed-loop control of infrared thalamocortical stimulation produces spatially constrained single-unit responses. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae082. [PMID: 38725532 PMCID: PMC11079674 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a powerful tool for the treatment of circuitopathy-related neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders such as Parkinson's disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder, as well as a critical research tool for perturbing neural circuits and exploring neuroprostheses. Electrically mediated DBS, however, is limited by the spread of stimulus currents into tissue unrelated to disease course and treatment, potentially causing undesirable patient side effects. In this work, we utilize infrared neural stimulation (INS), an optical neuromodulation technique that uses near to midinfrared light to drive graded excitatory and inhibitory responses in nerves and neurons, to facilitate an optical and spatially constrained DBS paradigm. INS has been shown to provide spatially constrained responses in cortical neurons and, unlike other optical techniques, does not require genetic modification of the neural target. We show that INS produces graded, biophysically relevant single-unit responses with robust information transfer in rat thalamocortical circuits. Importantly, we show that cortical spread of activation from thalamic INS produces more spatially constrained response profiles than conventional electrical stimulation. Owing to observed spatial precision of INS, we used deep reinforcement learning (RL) for closed-loop control of thalamocortical circuits, creating real-time representations of stimulus-response dynamics while driving cortical neurons to precise firing patterns. Our data suggest that INS can serve as a targeted and dynamic stimulation paradigm for both open and closed-loop DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Coventry
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Implantable Devices and the Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Georgia L Lawlor
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Implantable Devices and the Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christina B Bagnati
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Claudia Krogmeier
- Department of Computer Graphics Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Edward L Bartlett
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Implantable Devices and the Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Zhuo J, Weidrick CE, Liu Y, Moffitt MA, Jansen ED, Chiel HJ, Jenkins MW. Selective Infrared Neural Inhibition Can Be Reproduced by Resistive Heating. Neuromodulation 2023; 26:1757-1771. [PMID: 36707292 PMCID: PMC10366334 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Small-diameter afferent axons carry various sensory signals that are critical for vital physiological conditions but sometimes contribute to pathologies. Infrared (IR) neural inhibition (INI) can induce selective heat block of small-diameter axons, which holds potential for translational applications such as pain management. Previous research suggested that IR-heating-induced acceleration of voltage-gated potassium channel kinetics is the mechanism for INI. Therefore, we hypothesized that other heating methods, such as resistive heating (RH) in a cuff, could reproduce the selective inhibition observed in INI. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted ex vivo nerve-heating experiments on pleural-abdominal connective nerves of Aplysia californica using both IR and RH. We fabricated a transparent silicone nerve cuff for simultaneous IR heating, RH, and temperature measurements. Temperature elevations (ΔT) on the nerve surface were recorded for both heating modalities, which were tested over a range of power levels that cover a similar ΔT range. We recorded electrically evoked compound action potentials (CAPs) and segmented them into fast and slow subcomponents on the basis of conduction velocity differences between the large and small-diameter axonal subpopulations. We calculated the normalized inhibition strength and inhibition selectivity index on the basis of the rectified area under the curve of each subpopulation. RESULTS INI and RH showed a similar selective inhibition effect on CAP subcomponents for slow-conducting axons, confirmed by the inhibition probability vs ΔT dose-response curve based on approximately 2000 CAP measurements. The inhibition selectivity indexes of the two heating modalities were similar across six nerves. RH only required half the total electrical power required by INI to achieve a similar ΔT. SIGNIFICANCE We show that selective INI can be reproduced by other heating modalities such as RH. RH, because of its high energy efficiency and simple design, can be a good candidate for future implantable neural interface designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Zhuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chloe E Weidrick
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yehe Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Moffitt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E Duco Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hillel J Chiel
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Coventry BS, Lawlor GL, Bagnati CB, Krogmeier C, Bartlett EL. Spatially specific, closed-loop infrared thalamocortical deep brain stimulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.04.560859. [PMID: 37904955 PMCID: PMC10614743 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.04.560859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a powerful tool for the treatment of circuitopathy-related neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders such as Parkinson's disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder, as well as a critical research tool for perturbing neural circuits and exploring neuroprostheses. Electrically-mediated DBS, however, is limited by the spread of stimulus currents into tissue unrelated to disease course and treatment, potentially causing undesirable patient side effects. In this work, we utilize infrared neural stimulation (INS), an optical neuromodulation technique that uses near to mid-infrared light to drive graded excitatory and inhibitory responses in nerves and neurons, to facilitate an optical and spatially constrained DBS paradigm. INS has been shown to provide spatially constrained responses in cortical neurons and, unlike other optical techniques, does not require genetic modification of the neural target. We show that INS produces graded, biophysically relevant single-unit responses with robust information transfer in thalamocortical circuits. Importantly, we show that cortical spread of activation from thalamic INS produces more spatially constrained response profiles than conventional electrical stimulation. Owing to observed spatial precision of INS, we used deep reinforcement learning for closed-loop control of thalamocortical circuits, creating real-time representations of stimulus-response dynamics while driving cortical neurons to precise firing patterns. Our data suggest that INS can serve as a targeted and dynamic stimulation paradigm for both open and closed-loop DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Coventry
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Center for Implantable Devices and the Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Georgia L Lawlor
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Center for Implantable Devices and the Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Christina B Bagnati
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Claudia Krogmeier
- Department of Computer Graphics Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Edward L Bartlett
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Center for Implantable Devices and the Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
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Almasri RM, Ladouceur F, Mawad D, Esrafilzadeh D, Firth J, Lehmann T, Poole-Warren LA, Lovell NH, Al Abed A. Emerging trends in the development of flexible optrode arrays for electrophysiology. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:031503. [PMID: 37692375 PMCID: PMC10491464 DOI: 10.1063/5.0153753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical-electrode (optrode) arrays use light to modulate excitable biological tissues and/or transduce bioelectrical signals into the optical domain. Light offers several advantages over electrical wiring, including the ability to encode multiple data channels within a single beam. This approach is at the forefront of innovation aimed at increasing spatial resolution and channel count in multichannel electrophysiology systems. This review presents an overview of devices and material systems that utilize light for electrophysiology recording and stimulation. The work focuses on the current and emerging methods and their applications, and provides a detailed discussion of the design and fabrication of flexible arrayed devices. Optrode arrays feature components non-existent in conventional multi-electrode arrays, such as waveguides, optical circuitry, light-emitting diodes, and optoelectronic and light-sensitive functional materials, packaged in planar, penetrating, or endoscopic forms. Often these are combined with dielectric and conductive structures and, less frequently, with multi-functional sensors. While creating flexible optrode arrays is feasible and necessary to minimize tissue-device mechanical mismatch, key factors must be considered for regulatory approval and clinical use. These include the biocompatibility of optical and photonic components. Additionally, material selection should match the operating wavelength of the specific electrophysiology application, minimizing light scattering and optical losses under physiologically induced stresses and strains. Flexible and soft variants of traditionally rigid photonic circuitry for passive optical multiplexing should be developed to advance the field. We evaluate fabrication techniques against these requirements. We foresee a future whereby established telecommunications techniques are engineered into flexible optrode arrays to enable unprecedented large-scale high-resolution electrophysiology systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M. Almasri
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Josiah Firth
- Australian National Fabrication Facility, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Torsten Lehmann
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | - Amr Al Abed
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Lee J, Hwang S, Hong N, Kwak J, Jang JE, Chung S, Kang H. High temporal resolution transparent thermoelectric temperature sensors for photothermal effect sensing. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:160-170. [PMID: 36321545 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00813k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose inkjet-printed high-speed and transparent temperature sensors based on the thermoelectric effect for direct monitoring of the photothermal effect. They consist of highly transparent organic thermoelectric materials that allow excellent biocompatibility and sub-ms temporal resolution, simultaneously. Our transparent thermoelectric temperature sensors can be used to advance various photothermal biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seongkwon Hwang
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Nari Hong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Eun Jang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungjun Chung
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea.
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Hongki Kang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
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Zhuo J, Gill JP, Jansen ED, Jenkins MW, Chiel HJ. Use of an invertebrate animal model ( Aplysia californica) to develop novel neural interfaces for neuromodulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1080027. [PMID: 36620467 PMCID: PMC9813496 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1080027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
New tools for monitoring and manipulating neural activity have been developed with steadily improving functionality, specificity, and reliability, which are critical both for mapping neural circuits and treating neurological diseases. This review focuses on the use of an invertebrate animal, the marine mollusk Aplysia californica, in the development of novel neurotechniques. We review the basic physiological properties of Aplysia neurons and discuss the specific aspects that make it advantageous for developing novel neural interfaces: First, Aplysia nerves consist only of unmyelinated axons with various diameters, providing a particularly useful model of the unmyelinated C fibers in vertebrates that are known to carry important sensory information, including those that signal pain. Second, Aplysia's neural tissues can last for a long period in an ex vivo experimental setup. This allows comprehensive tests such as the exploration of parameter space on the same nerve to avoid variability between animals and minimize animal use. Third, nerves in large Aplysia can be many centimeters in length, making it possible to easily discriminate axons with different diameters based on their conduction velocities. Aplysia nerves are a particularly good approximation of the unmyelinated C fibers, which are hard to stimulate, record, and differentiate from other nerve fibers in vertebrate animal models using epineural electrodes. Fourth, neurons in Aplysia are large, uniquely identifiable, and electrically compact. For decades, researchers have used Aplysia for the development of many novel neurotechnologies. Examples include high-frequency alternating current (HFAC), focused ultrasound (FUS), optical neural stimulation, recording, and inhibition, microelectrode arrays, diamond electrodes, carbon fiber microelectrodes, microscopic magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT). We also review a specific example that illustrates the power of Aplysia for accelerating technology development: selective infrared neural inhibition of small-diameter unmyelinated axons, which may lead to a translationally useful treatment in the future. Generally, Aplysia is suitable for testing modalities whose mechanism involves basic biophysics that is likely to be similar across species. As a tractable experimental system, Aplysia californica can help the rapid development of novel neuromodulation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Zhuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Gill
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - E Duco Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hillel J Chiel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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