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Sangare A, Rohaut B, Borden A, Zyss J, Velazquez A, Doyle K, Naccache L, Claassen J. A Novel Approach to Screen for Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Critical Care. Neurocrit Care 2024; 40:237-250. [PMID: 36991177 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-023-01710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) help prognostication, particularly in patients with diffuse brain injury. However, use of SSEP is limited in critical care. We propose a novel, low-cost approach allowing acquisition of screening SSEP using widely available intensive care unit (ICU) equipment, specifically a peripheral "train-of-four" stimulator and standard electroencephalograph. METHODS The median nerve was stimulated using a train-of-four stimulator, and a standard 21-channel electroencephalograph was recorded to generate the screening SSEP. Generation of the SSEP was supported by visual inspection, univariate event-related potentials statistics, and a multivariate support vector machine (SVM) decoding algorithm. This approach was validated in 15 healthy volunteers and validated against standard SSEPs in 10 ICU patients. The ability of this approach to predict poor neurological outcome, defined as death, vegetative state, or severe disability at 6 months, was tested in an additional set of 39 ICU patients. RESULTS In each of the healthy volunteers, both the univariate and the SVM methods reliably detected SSEP responses. In patients, when compared against the standard SSEP method, the univariate event-related potentials method matched in nine of ten patients (sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 100%), and the SVM had 100% sensitivity and specificity when compared with the standard method. For the 49 ICU patients, we performed both the univariate and the SVM methods: a bilateral absence of short latency responses (n = 8) predicted poor neurological outcome with 0% FPR (sensitivity = 21%, specificity = 100%). CONCLUSIONS Somatosensory evoked potentials can reliably be recorded using the proposed approach. Given the very good but slightly lower sensitivity of absent SSEPs in the proposed screening approach, confirmation of absent SSEP responses using standard SSEP recordings is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Sangare
- Brain Institute, ICM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, UMR 7225, Paris, France.
- Department of Neurophysiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
| | - Benjamin Rohaut
- Brain Institute, ICM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Department of Neurophysiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alaina Borden
- Department of Neurophysiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Julie Zyss
- Department of Neurophysiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Kevin Doyle
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lionel Naccache
- Brain Institute, ICM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Department of Neurophysiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Jan Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Séguin P, Maby E, Fouillen M, Otman A, Luauté J, Giraux P, Morlet D, Mattout J. The challenge of controlling an auditory BCI in the case of severe motor disability. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:9. [PMID: 38238759 PMCID: PMC10795353 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The locked-in syndrome (LIS), due to a lesion in the pons, impedes communication. This situation can also be met after some severe brain injury or in advanced Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). In the most severe condition, the persons cannot communicate at all because of a complete oculomotor paralysis (Complete LIS or CLIS). This even prevents the detection of consciousness. Some studies suggest that auditory brain-computer interface (BCI) could restore a communication through a « yes-no» code. METHODS We developed an auditory EEG-based interface which makes use of voluntary modulations of attention, to restore a yes-no communication code in non-responding persons. This binary BCI uses repeated speech sounds (alternating "yes" on the right ear and "no" on the left ear) corresponding to either frequent (short) or rare (long) stimuli. Users are instructed to pay attention to the relevant stimuli only. We tested this BCI with 18 healthy subjects, and 7 people with severe motor disability (3 "classical" persons with locked-in syndrome and 4 persons with ALS). RESULTS We report online BCI performance and offline event-related potential analysis. On average in healthy subjects, online BCI accuracy reached 86% based on 50 questions. Only one out of 18 subjects could not perform above chance level. Ten subjects had an accuracy above 90%. However, most patients could not produce online performance above chance level, except for two people with ALS who obtained 100% accuracy. We report individual event-related potentials and their modulation by attention. In addition to the classical P3b, we observed a signature of sustained attention on responses to frequent sounds, but in healthy subjects and patients with good BCI control only. CONCLUSIONS Auditory BCI can be very well controlled by healthy subjects, but it is not a guarantee that it can be readily used by the target population of persons in LIS or CLIS. A conclusion that is supported by a few previous findings in BCI and should now trigger research to assess the reasons of such a gap in order to propose new and efficient solutions. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONS No. NCT02567201 (2015) and NCT03233282 (2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Séguin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
- University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42000, Saint-Etienne, France
- Jean Monnet University, 42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Emmanuel Maby
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Mélodie Fouillen
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Anatole Otman
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques Luauté
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Giraux
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
- University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42000, Saint-Etienne, France
- Jean Monnet University, 42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Dominique Morlet
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Jérémie Mattout
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.
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Canny E, Vansteensel MJ, van der Salm SMA, Müller-Putz GR, Berezutskaya J. Boosting brain-computer interfaces with functional electrical stimulation: potential applications in people with locked-in syndrome. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2023; 20:157. [PMID: 37980536 PMCID: PMC10656959 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with a locked-in state live with severe whole-body paralysis that limits their ability to communicate with family and loved ones. Recent advances in brain-computer interface (BCI) technology have presented a potential alternative for these people to communicate by detecting neural activity associated with attempted hand or speech movements and translating the decoded intended movements to a control signal for a computer. A technique that could potentially enrich the communication capacity of BCIs is functional electrical stimulation (FES) of paralyzed limbs and face to restore body and facial movements of paralyzed individuals, allowing to add body language and facial expression to communication BCI utterances. Here, we review the current state of the art of existing BCI and FES work in people with paralysis of body and face and propose that a combined BCI-FES approach, which has already proved successful in several applications in stroke and spinal cord injury, can provide a novel promising mode of communication for locked-in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Canny
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska J Vansteensel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra M A van der Salm
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gernot R Müller-Putz
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Berezutskaya
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Lugo ZR, Cinel C, Jeunet C, Pichiorri F, Riccio A, Wriessnegger SC. Editorial: Women in brain-computer interfaces. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1260479. [PMID: 37674934 PMCID: PMC10478244 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1260479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zulay R. Lugo
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
- Civil Association-Clinic Dispensary Padre Machado, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Camille Jeunet
- UMR5287, Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience (INCIA), Bordeaux, France
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Milanés-Hermosilla D, Trujillo-Codorniú R, Lamar-Carbonell S, Sagaró-Zamora R, Tamayo-Pacheco JJ, Villarejo-Mayor JJ, Delisle-Rodriguez D. Robust Motor Imagery Tasks Classification Approach Using Bayesian Neural Network. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:703. [PMID: 36679501 PMCID: PMC9862912 DOI: 10.3390/s23020703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of Brain-Computer Interfaces based on Motor Imagery (MI) tasks is a relevant research topic worldwide. The design of accurate and reliable BCI systems remains a challenge, mainly in terms of increasing performance and usability. Classifiers based on Bayesian Neural Networks are proposed in this work by using the variational inference, aiming to analyze the uncertainty during the MI prediction. An adaptive threshold scheme is proposed here for MI classification with a reject option, and its performance on both datasets 2a and 2b from BCI Competition IV is compared with other approaches based on thresholds. The results using subject-specific and non-subject-specific training strategies are encouraging. From the uncertainty analysis, considerations for reducing computational cost are proposed for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Trujillo-Codorniú
- Department of Automatic Engineering, University of Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90500, Cuba
- Electronics, Communications and Computing Services Company for the Nickel Industry, Holguín 80100, Cuba
| | | | - Roberto Sagaró-Zamora
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90500, Cuba
| | | | - John Jairo Villarejo-Mayor
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Denis Delisle-Rodriguez
- Postgraduate Program in Neuroengineering, Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neurosciences, Santos Dumont Institute, Macaiba 59280-000, RN, Brazil
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Schnetzer L, McCoy M, Bergmann J, Kunz A, Leis S, Trinka E. Locked-in syndrome revisited. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2023; 16:17562864231160873. [PMID: 37006459 PMCID: PMC10064471 DOI: 10.1177/17562864231160873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The locked-in syndrome (LiS) is characterized by quadriplegia with preserved vertical eye and eyelid movements and retained cognitive abilities. Subcategorization, aetiologies and the anatomical foundation of LiS are discussed. The damage of different structures in the pons, mesencephalon and thalamus are attributed to symptoms of classical, complete and incomplete LiS and the locked-in plus syndrome, which is characterized by additional impairments of consciousness, making the clinical distinction to other chronic disorders of consciousness at times difficult. Other differential diagnoses are cognitive motor dissociation (CMD) and akinetic mutism. Treatment options are reviewed and an early, interdisciplinary and aggressive approach, including the provision of psychological support and coping strategies is favoured. The establishment of communication is a main goal of rehabilitation. Finally, the quality of life of LiS patients and ethical implications are considered. While patients with LiS report a high quality of life and well-being, medical professionals and caregivers have largely pessimistic perceptions. The negative view on life with LiS must be overthought and the autonomy and dignity of LiS patients prioritized. Knowledge has to be disseminated, diagnostics accelerated and technical support system development promoted. More well-designed research but also more awareness of the needs of LiS patients and their perception as individual persons is needed to enable a life with LiS that is worth living.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark McCoy
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Intensive Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jürgen Bergmann
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Intensive Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Kunz
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Intensive Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Space Neurology, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Leis
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Intensive Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Intensive Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- MRI Research Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Neurorehabilitation and Space Neurology, Salzburg, Austria
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Peters B, Eddy B, Galvin-McLaughlin D, Betz G, Oken B, Fried-Oken M. A systematic review of research on augmentative and alternative communication brain-computer interface systems for individuals with disabilities. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:952380. [PMID: 35966988 PMCID: PMC9374067 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.952380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Augmentative and alternative communication brain-computer interface (AAC-BCI) systems are intended to offer communication access to people with severe speech and physical impairment (SSPI) without requiring volitional movement. As the field moves toward clinical implementation of AAC-BCI systems, research involving participants with SSPI is essential. Research has demonstrated variability in AAC-BCI system performance across users, and mixed results for comparisons of performance for users with and without disabilities. The aims of this systematic review were to (1) describe study, system, and participant characteristics reported in BCI research, (2) summarize the communication task performance of participants with disabilities using AAC-BCI systems, and (3) explore any differences in performance for participants with and without disabilities. Electronic databases were searched in May, 2018, and March, 2021, identifying 6065 records, of which 73 met inclusion criteria. Non-experimental study designs were common and sample sizes were typically small, with approximately half of studies involving five or fewer participants with disabilities. There was considerable variability in participant characteristics, and in how those characteristics were reported. Over 60% of studies reported an average selection accuracy ≤70% for participants with disabilities in at least one tested condition. However, some studies excluded participants who did not reach a specific system performance criterion, and others did not state whether any participants were excluded based on performance. Twenty-nine studies included participants both with and without disabilities, but few reported statistical analyses comparing performance between the two groups. Results suggest that AAC-BCI systems show promise for supporting communication for people with SSPI, but they remain ineffective for some individuals. The lack of standards in reporting outcome measures makes it difficult to synthesize data across studies. Further research is needed to demonstrate efficacy of AAC-BCI systems for people who experience SSPI of varying etiologies and severity levels, and these individuals should be included in system design and testing. Consensus in terminology and consistent participant, protocol, and performance description will facilitate the exploration of user and system characteristics that positively or negatively affect AAC-BCI use, and support innovations that will make this technology more useful to a broader group of people. Clinical trial registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42018095345, PROSPERO: CRD42018095345.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betts Peters
- Consortium for Accessible Multimodal Brain-Body Interfaces, United States
- REKNEW Projects, Institute on Development and Disability, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brandon Eddy
- Consortium for Accessible Multimodal Brain-Body Interfaces, United States
- REKNEW Projects, Institute on Development and Disability, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Speech and Hearing Sciences Department, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Deirdre Galvin-McLaughlin
- Consortium for Accessible Multimodal Brain-Body Interfaces, United States
- REKNEW Projects, Institute on Development and Disability, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Gail Betz
- Health Sciences and Human Services Library, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Barry Oken
- Consortium for Accessible Multimodal Brain-Body Interfaces, United States
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Melanie Fried-Oken
- Consortium for Accessible Multimodal Brain-Body Interfaces, United States
- REKNEW Projects, Institute on Development and Disability, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Jeong JH, Cho JH, Lee YE, Lee SH, Shin GH, Kweon YS, Millán JDR, Müller KR, Lee SW. 2020 International brain-computer interface competition: A review. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:898300. [PMID: 35937679 PMCID: PMC9354666 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.898300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain-computer interface (BCI) has been investigated as a form of communication tool between the brain and external devices. BCIs have been extended beyond communication and control over the years. The 2020 international BCI competition aimed to provide high-quality neuroscientific data for open access that could be used to evaluate the current degree of technical advances in BCI. Although there are a variety of remaining challenges for future BCI advances, we discuss some of more recent application directions: (i) few-shot EEG learning, (ii) micro-sleep detection (iii) imagined speech decoding, (iv) cross-session classification, and (v) EEG(+ear-EEG) detection in an ambulatory environment. Not only did scientists from the BCI field compete, but scholars with a broad variety of backgrounds and nationalities participated in the competition to address these challenges. Each dataset was prepared and separated into three data that were released to the competitors in the form of training and validation sets followed by a test set. Remarkable BCI advances were identified through the 2020 competition and indicated some trends of interest to BCI researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Jeong
- School of Computer Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Eun Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seo-Hyun Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gi-Hwan Shin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Seok Kweon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - José del R. Millán
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Klaus-Robert Müller
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Machine Learning Group, Department of Computer Science, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrucken, Germany
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Whan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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An SSVEP-based BCI with LEDs visual stimuli using dynamic window CCA algorithm. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Luo S, Rabbani Q, Crone NE. Brain-Computer Interface: Applications to Speech Decoding and Synthesis to Augment Communication. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:263-273. [PMID: 35099768 PMCID: PMC9130409 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage or degeneration of motor pathways necessary for speech and other movements, as in brainstem strokes or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), can interfere with efficient communication without affecting brain structures responsible for language or cognition. In the worst-case scenario, this can result in the locked in syndrome (LIS), a condition in which individuals cannot initiate communication and can only express themselves by answering yes/no questions with eye blinks or other rudimentary movements. Existing augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices that rely on eye tracking can improve the quality of life for people with this condition, but brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are also increasingly being investigated as AAC devices, particularly when eye tracking is too slow or unreliable. Moreover, with recent and ongoing advances in machine learning and neural recording technologies, BCIs may offer the only means to go beyond cursor control and text generation on a computer, to allow real-time synthesis of speech, which would arguably offer the most efficient and expressive channel for communication. The potential for BCI speech synthesis has only recently been realized because of seminal studies of the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological underpinnings of speech production using intracranial electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. These studies have shown that cortical areas responsible for vocalization and articulation are distributed over a large area of ventral sensorimotor cortex, and that it is possible to decode speech and reconstruct its acoustics from ECoG if these areas are recorded with sufficiently dense and comprehensive electrode arrays. In this article, we review these advances, including the latest neural decoding strategies that range from deep learning models to the direct concatenation of speech units. We also discuss state-of-the-art vocoders that are integral in constructing natural-sounding audio waveforms for speech BCIs. Finally, this review outlines some of the challenges ahead in directly synthesizing speech for patients with LIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Qinwan Rabbani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nathan E Crone
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Adama S, Bogdan M. Yes/No Classification of EEG data from CLIS patients. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:5727-5732. [PMID: 34892421 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this research is to evaluate the usability of new features to classify EEG data from several completely locked-in patients (CLIS), and eventually build a more reliable communication system for them. Patients in such state are completely paralyzed, preventing them to be able to talk, but they retain their cognitive abilities.The data were obtained from four CLIS patients and recorded during an auditory paradigm task during which they were asked yes/no questions. Spectral measures such as the relative power of δ, θ, α, β and γ frequency bands, spectral edge frequencies (SEF50 and SEF95), complexity measure obtained from Poincaré plots and connectivity measures such as the imaginary part of coherency and the weighted Symbolic Mutual Information (wSMI) were used as features. The data was classified using Random Forest and Support Vector Machine, two methods successfully used to classify mental states in both healthy subjects and patients. Additionally, two cases were studied. The first case uses data recorded when the patient is answering questions, while in the second case it also includes data recorded when the experimenter is asking the questions.The classification accuracy during training varies between 51.73 to 67.72% in the first case, and from 50.41 to 67.94% for the second case. Overall, wSMI with a time lag of 64 ms gave the best classification accuracy and in general, Random Forest appears to be the best classification method.Clinical relevance This case study investigates the usability of new features based on EEG complexity and connectivity to classify CLIS patients brain signal, what results in a further step toward the demand of more effective EEG-based Brain-Computer Interface communication systems for CLIS patients.
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Salahuddin U, Gao PX. Signal Generation, Acquisition, and Processing in Brain Machine Interfaces: A Unified Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:728178. [PMID: 34588951 PMCID: PMC8475516 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.728178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain machine interfaces (BMIs), or brain computer interfaces (BCIs), are devices that act as a medium for communications between the brain and the computer. It is an emerging field with numerous applications in domains of prosthetic devices, robotics, communication technology, gaming, education, and security. It is noted in such a multidisciplinary field, many reviews have surveyed on various focused subfields of interest, such as neural signaling, microelectrode fabrication, and signal classification algorithms. A unified review is lacking to cover and link all the relevant areas in this field. Herein, this review intends to connect on the relevant areas that circumscribe BMIs to present a unified script that may help enhance our understanding of BMIs. Specifically, this article discusses signal generation within the cortex, signal acquisition using invasive, non-invasive, or hybrid techniques, and the signal processing domain. The latest development is surveyed in this field, particularly in the last decade, with discussions regarding the challenges and possible solutions to allow swift disruption of BMI products in the commercial market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Salahuddin
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Pu-Xian Gao
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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13
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Zhou X, Xu M, Xiao X, Wang Y, Jung TP, Ming D. Detection of fixation points using a small visual landmark for brain-computer interfaces. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34130268 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac0b51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.The speed of visual brain-computer interfaces (v-BCIs) has been greatly improved in recent years. However, the traditional v-BCI paradigms require users to directly gaze at the intensive flickering items, which would cause severe problems such as visual fatigue and excessive visual resource consumption in practical applications. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a user-friendly v-BCI.Approach.According to the retina-cortical relationship, this study developed a novel BCI paradigm to detect the fixation point of eyes using a small visual stimulus that subtended only 0.6° in visual angle and was out of the central visual field. Specifically, the visual stimulus was treated as a landmark to judge the eccentricity and polar angle of the fixation point. Sixteen different fixation points were selected around the visual landmark, i.e. different combinations of two eccentricities (2° and 4°) and eight polar angles (0,π4,π2,3π4,π,5π4,3π2and7π4). Twelve subjects participated in this study, and they were asked to gaze at one out of the 16 points for each trial. A multi-class discriminative canonical pattern matching (Multi-DCPM) algorithm was proposed to decode the user's fixation point.Main results.We found the visual stimulation landmark elicited different spatial event-related potential patterns for different fixation points. Multi-DCPM could achieve an average accuracy of 66.2% with a standard deviation of 15.8% for the classification of the sixteen fixation points, which was significantly higher than traditional algorithms (p⩽0.001). Experimental results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of using a small visual stimulus as a landmark to track the relative position of the fixation point.Significance.The proposed new paradigm provides a potential approach to alleviate the problem of irritating stimuli in v-BCIs, which can broaden the applications of BCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhou
- The Laboratory of Neural Engineering & Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Minpeng Xu
- The Laboratory of Neural Engineering & Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,The Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Xiao
- The Laboratory of Neural Engineering & Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,The Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tzyy-Ping Jung
- The Laboratory of Neural Engineering & Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,The Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Dong Ming
- The Laboratory of Neural Engineering & Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,The Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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14
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Jafar MR, Nagesh DS. Literature review on assistive devices available for quadriplegic people: Indian context. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2021; 18:1-13. [PMID: 34176416 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2021.1938708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This literature review aims to find the current state of the art in self-help devices (SHD) available for people with quadriplegia. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched original articles, technical and case studies, conference articles, and literature reviews published between 2014 to 2019 with the keywords ("Self-help devices" OR "Assistive Devices" OR "Assistive Product" OR "Assistive Technology") AND "Quadriplegia" in Science Direct, Pubmed, IEEE Xplore digital library and Web of Science. RESULTS Total 222 articles were found. After removing duplicates and screening these articles based on their title and abstracts 80 articles remained. After this, we reviewed the full text, and articles unrelated to SHD development or about the patients who require mechanical ventilation or where the upper limb is functional (C2 or above and T2 or below injuries) were discarded. After the exclusion of articles using the above-mentioned criterion 75 articles were used for further review. CONCLUSION The abandonment rate of SHD currently available in the literature is very high. The major requirement of the people was independence and improved quality of life. The situation in India is very bad as compared to the developed countries. The people with spinal cord injury in India are uneducated and very poor, with an average income of 3000 ₹ (41$). They require SHDs and training specially designed for them, keeping their needs in mind.Implications for rehabilitationPeople with quadriplegia are totally dependent on caregivers. Assistive devices not only help these people to do day-to-day tasks but also provides them self-confidence.Even though there are a lot of self-help devices currently available, still they are not able to fulfil the requirements of people with quadriplegia, hence there is a very high abandonment rate of such devices.This study provides an evidence that developing devices after understanding the functional and non-functional requirements of these subjects will decrease the abandonment rate and increase the effectiveness of the device.The results of this study can be used for planning and developing assistive devices which are more focussed on fulfilling the requirements of people with quadriplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rizwan Jafar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - D S Nagesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
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15
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Secco A, Tonin A, Rana A, Jaramillo-Gonzalez A, Khalili-Ardali M, Birbaumer N, Chaudhary U. EEG power spectral density in locked-in and completely locked-in state patients: a longitudinal study. Cogn Neurodyn 2021; 15:473-480. [PMID: 34035865 PMCID: PMC8131474 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Persons with their eye closed and without any means of communication is said to be in a completely locked-in state (CLIS) while when they could still open their eyes actively or passively and have some means of communication are said to be in locked-in state (LIS). Two patients in CLIS without any means of communication, and one patient in the transition from LIS to CLIS with means of communication, who have Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis were followed at a regular interval for more than 1 year. During each visit, resting-state EEG was recorded before the brain-computer interface (BCI) based communication sessions. The resting-state EEG of the patients was analyzed to elucidate the evolution of their EEG spectrum over time with the disease's progression to provide future BCI-research with the relevant information to classify changes in EEG evolution. Comparison of power spectral density (PSD) of these patients revealed a significant difference in the PSD's of patients in CLIS without any means of communication and the patient in the transition from LIS to CLIS with means of communication. The EEG of patients without any means of communication is devoid of alpha, beta, and higher frequencies than the patient in transition who still had means of communication. The results show that the change in the EEG frequency spectrum may serve as an indicator of the communication ability of such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Secco
- Department of Information Engineering, Bioengineering, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tonin
- Wyss-Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering, Chemin de Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aygul Rana
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andres Jaramillo-Gonzalez
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Majid Khalili-Ardali
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ujwal Chaudhary
- Wyss-Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering, Chemin de Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Chen Y, Yang C, Chen X, Wang Y, Gao X. A novel training-free recognition method for SSVEP-based BCIs using dynamic window strategy. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab914e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Randolph AB, Petter SC, Storey VC, Jackson MM. Context‐aware
user profiles to improve media synchronicity for individuals with severe motor disabilities. INFORMATION SYSTEMS JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/isj.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriane B. Randolph
- Information Systems and Security Kennesaw State University Kennesaw Georgia USA
| | | | - Veda C. Storey
- Computer Information Systems Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Melody M. Jackson
- College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
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18
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Wittevrongel B, Khachatryan E, Carrette E, Boon P, Meurs A, Van Roost D, Van Hulle MM. High-gamma oscillations precede visual steady-state responses: A human electrocorticography study. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:5341-5355. [PMID: 32885895 PMCID: PMC7670637 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The robust steady-state cortical activation elicited by flickering visual stimulation has been exploited by a wide range of scientific studies. As the fundamental neural response inherits the spectral properties of the gazed flickering, the paradigm has been used to chart cortical characteristics and their relation to pathologies. However, despite its widespread adoption, the underlying neural mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we show that the fundamental response is preceded by high-gamma (55-125 Hz) oscillations which are also synchronised to the gazed frequency. Using a subdural recording of the primary and associative visual cortices of one human subject, we demonstrate that the latencies of the high-gamma and fundamental components are highly correlated on a single-trial basis albeit that the latter is consistently delayed by approximately 55 ms. These results corroborate previous reports that top-down feedback projections are involved in the generation of the fundamental response, but, in addition, we show that trial-to-trial variability in fundamental latency is paralleled by a highly similar variability in high-gamma latency. Pathology- or paradigm-induced alterations in steady-state responses could thus originate either from deviating visual gamma responses or from aberrations in the neural feedback mechanism. Experiments designed to tease apart the two processes are expected to provide deeper insights into the studied paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evelien Carrette
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental NeurophysiologyGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
| | - Paul Boon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental NeurophysiologyGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
| | - Alfred Meurs
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental NeurophysiologyGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
| | - Dirk Van Roost
- Department of NeurosurgeryGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
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19
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Pan J, Xie Q, Qin P, Chen Y, He Y, Huang H, Wang F, Ni X, Cichocki A, Yu R, Li Y. Prognosis for patients with cognitive motor dissociation identified by brain-computer interface. Brain 2020; 143:1177-1189. [PMID: 32101603 PMCID: PMC7174053 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive motor dissociation describes a subset of patients with disorders of consciousness who show neuroimaging evidence of consciousness but no detectable command-following behaviours. Although essential for family counselling, decision-making, and the design of rehabilitation programmes, the prognosis for patients with cognitive motor dissociation remains under-investigated. The current study included 78 patients with disorders of consciousness who showed no detectable command-following behaviours. These patients included 45 patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome and 33 patients in a minimally conscious state, as diagnosed using the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised. Each patient underwent an EEG-based brain-computer interface experiment, in which he or she was instructed to perform an item-selection task (i.e. select a photograph or a number from two candidates). Patients who achieved statistically significant brain-computer interface accuracies were identified as cognitive motor dissociation. Two evaluations using the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised, one before the experiment and the other 3 months later, were carried out to measure the patients’ behavioural improvements. Among the 78 patients with disorders of consciousness, our results showed that within the unresponsive wakefulness syndrome patient group, 15 of 18 patients with cognitive motor dissociation (83.33%) regained consciousness, while only five of the other 27 unresponsive wakefulness syndrome patients without significant brain-computer interface accuracies (18.52%) regained consciousness. Furthermore, within the minimally conscious state patient group, 14 of 16 patients with cognitive motor dissociation (87.5%) showed improvements in their Coma Recovery Scale-Revised scores, whereas only four of the other 17 minimally conscious state patients without significant brain-computer interface accuracies (23.53%) had improved Coma Recovery Scale-Revised scores. Our results suggest that patients with cognitive motor dissociation have a better outcome than other patients. Our findings extend current knowledge of the prognosis for patients with cognitive motor dissociation and have important implications for brain-computer interface-based clinical diagnosis and prognosis for patients with disorders of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Pan
- Center for Brain-Computer Interfaces and Brain Information Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,School of Software, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyou Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Centre for Hyperbaric Oxygen and Neurorehabilitation, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengmin Qin
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Centre for Hyperbaric Oxygen and Neurorehabilitation, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbin He
- Centre for Hyperbaric Oxygen and Neurorehabilitation, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation and Severe Rehabilitation, Guangdong Work Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyun Huang
- Center for Brain-Computer Interfaces and Brain Information Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Brain-Computer Interfaces and Brain Information Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,School of Software, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ni
- Centre for Hyperbaric Oxygen and Neurorehabilitation, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andrzej Cichocki
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow 143026, Russia.,Nicolaus Copernicus University (UMK), Torun 87-100, Poland
| | - Ronghao Yu
- Centre for Hyperbaric Oxygen and Neurorehabilitation, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Li
- Center for Brain-Computer Interfaces and Brain Information Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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20
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de'Sperati C, Roatta S, Zovetti N, Baroni T. Decoding overt shifts of attention in depth through pupillary and cortical frequency tagging. J Neural Eng 2020; 18. [PMID: 32348980 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab8e8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have recently developed a prototype of a novel human-computer interface for assistive communication based on voluntary shifts of attention (gaze) from a far target to a near target associated with a decrease of pupil size (Pupillary Accommodative Response, PAR), an automatic vegetative response that can be easily recorded. We report here an extension of that approach based on pupillary and cortical frequency tagging. APPROACH In 18 healthy volunteers, we investigated the possibility of decoding attention shifts in depth by exploiting the evoked oscillatory responses of the pupil (Pupillary Oscillatory Response, POR, recorded through a low-cost device) and visual cortex (Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials, SSVEP, recorded from 4 scalp electrodes). With a simple binary communication protocol (focusing on a far target meaning "No", focusing on the near target meaning "Yes"), we aimed at discriminating when observer's overt attention (gaze) shifted from the far to the near target, which were flickering at different frequencies. MAIN RESULTS By applying a binary linear classifier (Support Vector Machine, SVM, with leave-one-out cross validation) to POR and SSVEP signals, we found that, with only twenty trials and no subjects' behavioural training, the offline median decoding accuracy was 75% and 80% with POR and SSVEP signals, respectively. When the two signals were combined together, accuracy reached 83%. The number of observers for whom accuracy was higher than 70% was 11/18, 12/18 and 14/18 with POR, SVVEP and combined features, respectively. A signal detection analysis confirmed these results. SIGNIFICANCE The present findings suggest that exploiting frequency tagging with pupillary or cortical responses during an attention shift in the depth plane, either separately or combined together, is a promising approach to realize a device for communicating with Complete Locked-In Syndrome (CLIS) patients when oculomotor control is unreliable and traditional assistive communication, even based on PAR, is unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio de'Sperati
- Laboratory of Action, Perception and COgnition, Faculty of Psychology, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, ITALY
| | - Silvestro Roatta
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Piemonte, ITALY
| | - Niccolò Zovetti
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Veneto, ITALY
| | - Tatiana Baroni
- Psychology, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, ITALY
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21
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Ravi A, Beni NH, Manuel J, Jiang N. Comparing user-dependent and user-independent training of CNN for SSVEP BCI. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:026028. [PMID: 31923910 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab6a67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We presented a comparative study on the training methodologies of a convolutional neural network (CNN) for the detection of steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEP). Two training scenarios were also compared: user-independent (UI) training and user-dependent (UD) training. APPROACH The CNN was trained in both UD and UI scenarios on two types of features for SSVEP classification: magnitude spectrum features (M-CNN) and complex spectrum features (C-CNN). The canonical correlation analysis (CCA), widely used in SSVEP processing, was used as the baseline. Additional comparisons were performed with task-related components analysis (TRCA) and filter-bank canonical correlation analysis (FBCCA). The performance of the proposed CNN pipelines, CCA, FBCCA and TRCA were evaluated with two datasets: a seven-class SSVEP dataset collected on 21 healthy participants and a twelve-class publicly available SSVEP dataset collected on ten healthy participants. MAIN RESULTS The UD based training methods consistently outperformed the UI methods when all other conditions were the same, as one would expect. However, the proposed UI-C-CNN approach performed similarly to the UD-M-CNN across all cases investigated on both datasets. On Dataset 1, the average accuracies of the different methods for 1 s window length were: CCA: 69.1% ± 10.8%, TRCA: 13.4% ± 1.5%, FBCCA: 64.8% ± 15.6%, UI-M-CNN: 73.5% ± 16.1%, UI-C-CNN: 81.6% ± 12.3%, UD-M-CNN: 87.8% ± 7.6% and UD-C-CNN: 92.5% ± 5%. On Dataset 2, the average accuracies of the different methods for data length of 1 s were: UD-C-CNN: 92.33% ± 11.1%, UD-M-CNN: 82.77% ± 16.7%, UI-C-CNN: 81.6% ± 18%, UI-M-CNN: 70.5% ± 22%, FBCCA: 67.1% ± 21%, CCA: 62.7% ± 21.5%, TRCA: 40.4% ± 14%. Using t-SNE, visualizing the features extracted by the CNN pipelines further revealed that the C-CNN method likely learned both the amplitude and phase related information from the SSVEP data for classification, resulting in superior performance than the M-CNN methods. The results suggested that UI-C-CNN method proposed in this study offers a good balance between performance and cost of training data. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed C-CNN based method is a suitable candidate for SSVEP-based BCIs and provides an improved performance in both UD and UI training scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Ravi
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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22
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Floriano A, Delisle-Rodriguez D, Diez PF, Bastos-Filho TF. Assessment of high-frequency steady-state visual evoked potentials from below-the-hairline areas for a brain-computer interface based on Depth-of-Field. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 184:105271. [PMID: 31881401 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Recently, a promising Brain-Computer Interface based on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP-BCI) was proposed, which composed of two stimuli presented together in the center of the subject's field of view, but at different depth planes (Depth-of-Field setup). Thus, users were easily able to select one of them by shifting their eye focus. However, in that work, EEG signals were collected through electrodes placed on occipital and parietal regions (hair-covered areas), which demanded a long preparation time. Also, that work used low-frequency stimuli, which can produce visual fatigue and increase the risk of photosensitive epileptic seizures. In order to improve the practicality and visual comfort, this work proposes a BCI based on Depth-of-Field using the high-frequency SSVEP response measured from below-the-hairline areas (behind-the-ears). METHODS Two high-frequency stimuli (31 Hz and 32 Hz) were used in a Depth-of-Field setup to study the SSVEP response from behind-the-ears (TP9 and TP10). Multivariate Spectral F-test (MSFT) method was used to verify the elicited response. Afterwards, a BCI was proposed to command a mobile robot in a virtual reality environment. The commands were recognized through Temporally Local Multivariate Synchronization Index (TMSI) method. RESULTS The data analysis reveal that the focused stimuli elicit distinguishable SSVEP response when measured from hairless areas, in spite of the fact that the non-focused stimulus is also present in the field of view. Also, our BCI shows a satisfactory result, reaching average accuracy of 91.6% and Information Transfer Rate (ITR) of 5.3 bits/min. CONCLUSION These findings contribute to the development of more safe and practical BCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Floriano
- Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.
| | - Denis Delisle-Rodriguez
- Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.
| | - Pablo F Diez
- Gabinete de Tecnologia Medica (GATEME), Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina.
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Annen J, Laureys S, Gosseries O. Brain-computer interfaces for consciousness assessment and communication in severely brain-injured patients. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2020; 168:137-152. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63934-9.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is characterized by an inability to move or speak in the presence of intact cognition and can be caused by brainstem trauma or neuromuscular disease. Quality of life (QoL) in LIS is strongly impaired by the inability to communicate, which cannot always be remedied by traditional augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) solutions if residual muscle activity is insufficient to control the AAC device. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) may offer a solution by employing the person's neural signals instead of relying on muscle activity. Here, we review the latest communication BCI research using noninvasive signal acquisition approaches (electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional near-infrared spectroscopy) and subdural and intracortical implanted electrodes, and we discuss current efforts to translate research knowledge into usable BCI-enabled communication solutions that aim to improve the QoL of individuals with LIS.
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25
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Shi N, Wang L, Chen Y, Yan X, Yang C, Wang Y, Gao X. Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain–computer interface (BCI) of Chinese speller for a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A case report. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.26599/jnr.2020.9040003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study applied a steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) based brain–computer interface (BCI) to a patient in lock-in state with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and validated its feasibility for communication. The developed calibration-free and asynchronous spelling system provided a natural and efficient communication experience for the patient, achieving a maximum free-spelling accuracy above 90% and an information transfer rate of over 22.203 bits/min. A set of standard frequency scanning and task spelling data were also acquired to evaluate the patient’s SSVEP response and to facilitate further personalized BCI design. The results demonstrated that the proposed SSVEP-based BCI system was practical and efficient enough to provide daily life communication for ALS patients.
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26
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Sharma K, Jain N, Pal PK. Detection of eye closing/opening from EOG and its application in robotic arm control. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Tarafdar KK, Pradhan BK, Nayak SK, Khasnobish A, Chakravarty S, Ray SS, Pal K. Data mining based approach to study the effect of consumption of caffeinated coffee on the generation of the steady-state visual evoked potential signals. Comput Biol Med 2019; 115:103526. [PMID: 31731073 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP), are elicited at the parieto-occipital region of the cortex when a light source (3.5-75 Hz), flickering at a constant frequency, stimulates the retinal cells. In the last few decades, researchers have reported that caffeine enhances the vigilance and the executive control of visual attention. However, no study has investigated the effect of caffeinated coffee on the SSVEP response, which is used for controlling the brain-computer interface (BCI) devices for rehabilitative applications. The current work proposes a data mining-based approach to gain insight into the alterations in the SSVEP signals after the consumption of caffeinated coffee. Recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals was employed for this purpose. The EEG signals were acquired at seven frequencies of photic stimuli. The stimuli frequencies were chosen such that they were distributed throughout the EEG frequency bands. The prominent SSVEP signals were identified using the Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) method. Several statistical features were extracted from the recurrence plot of the SSVEP signals. Statistical analyses using the t-test and decision tree-based methods helped to select the most relevant features, which were then classified using Automated Neural Network (ANN). The relevant features could be classified with a maximum accuracy of 97%. This supports our hypothesis that the consumption of caffeinated coffee can alter the SSVEP response. In conclusion, utmost care should be taken in selecting the features for designing BCI devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore K Tarafdar
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Bikash K Pradhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Suraj K Nayak
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India
| | | | - Sumit Chakravarty
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA, 30060
| | - Sirsendu S Ray
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India.
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Comparison of Visual Stimuli for Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces in Virtual Reality Environment in terms of Classification Accuracy and Visual Comfort. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 2019:9680697. [PMID: 31354804 PMCID: PMC6636533 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9680697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) based on the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) have demonstrated their use to control objects or generate commands in virtual reality (VR) environments. However, most SSVEP-based BCI studies performed in VR environments have adopted visual stimuli that are typically used in conventional LCD environments without considering the differences in the rendering devices (head-mounted displays (HMDs) used in the VR environments). The proximity between the visual stimuli and the eyes in HMDs can readily cause eyestrain, degrading the overall performance of SSVEP-based BCIs. Therefore, in the present study, we have tested two different types of visual stimuli—pattern-reversal checkerboard stimulus (PRCS) and grow/shrink stimulus (GSS)—on young healthy participants wearing HMDs. Preliminary experiments were conducted to investigate the visual comfort of each participant during the presentation of the visual stimuli. In subsequent online avatar control experiments, we observed considerable differences in the classification accuracy of individual participants based on the type of visual stimuli used to elicit SSVEP. Interestingly, there was a close relationship between the subjective visual comfort score and the online performance of the SSVEP-based BCI: most participants showed better classification accuracy under visual stimulus they were more comfortable with. Our experimental results suggest the importance of an appropriate visual stimulus to enhance the overall performance of the SSVEP-based BCIs in VR environments. In addition, it is expected that the appropriate visual stimulus for a certain user might be readily selected by surveying the user's visual comfort for different visual stimuli, without the need for the actual BCI experiments.
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Okahara Y, Takano K, Nagao M, Kondo K, Iwadate Y, Birbaumer N, Kansaku K. Long-term use of a neural prosthesis in progressive paralysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16787. [PMID: 30429511 PMCID: PMC6235856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) enable communication with others and allow machines or computers to be controlled in the absence of motor activity. Clinical studies evaluating neural prostheses in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients have been performed; however, to date, no study has reported that ALS patients who progressed from locked-in syndrome (LIS), which has very limited voluntary movement, to a completely locked-in state (CLIS), characterized by complete loss of voluntary movements, were able to continue controlling neural prostheses. To clarify this, we used a BCI system to evaluate three late-stage ALS patients over 27 months. We employed steady-state visual evoked brain potentials elicited by flickering green and blue light-emitting diodes to control the BCI system. All participants reliably controlled the system throughout the entire period (median accuracy: 83.3%). One patient who progressed to CLIS was able to continue operating the system with high accuracy. Furthermore, this patient successfully used the system to respond to yes/no questions. Thus, this CLIS patient was able to operate a neuroprosthetic device, suggesting that the BCI system confers advantages for patients with severe paralysis, including those exhibiting complete loss of muscle movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Okahara
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kouji Takano
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagao
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuo Iwadate
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengeneering, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Kansaku
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, Japan. .,Department of Physiology and Biological Information, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan. .,Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan.
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Walter U, Fernández-Torre JL, Kirschstein T, Laureys S. When is “brainstem death” brain death? The case for ancillary testing in primary infratentorial brain lesion. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:2451-2465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Vanhaudenhuyse A, Charland-Verville V, Thibaut A, Chatelle C, Tshibanda JFL, Maudoux A, Faymonville ME, Laureys S, Gosseries O. Conscious While Being Considered in an Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome for 20 Years. Front Neurol 2018; 9:671. [PMID: 30233480 PMCID: PMC6127614 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in our understanding of consciousness disorders, accurate diagnosis of severely brain-damaged patients is still a major clinical challenge. We here present the case of a patient who was considered in an unresponsive wakefulness syndrome/vegetative state for 20 years. Repeated standardized behavioral examinations combined to neuroimaging assessments allowed us to show that this patient was in fact fully conscious and was able to functionally communicate. We thus revised the diagnosis into an incomplete locked-in syndrome, notably because the main brain lesion was located in the brainstem. Clinical examinations of severe brain injured patients suffering from serious motor impairment should systematically include repeated standardized behavioral assessments and, when possible, neuroimaging evaluations encompassing magnetic resonance imaging and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse
- Department of Algology and Palliative Care, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,GIGA-Consciousness, Sensation & Perception Research Group, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Charland-Verville
- GIGA-Consciousness, Coma Science Group & Neurology Department, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Aurore Thibaut
- GIGA-Consciousness, Coma Science Group & Neurology Department, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Camille Chatelle
- GIGA-Consciousness, Coma Science Group & Neurology Department, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Laboratory for NeuroImaging of Coma and Consciousness-Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jean-Flory L Tshibanda
- GIGA-Consciousness, Coma Science Group & Neurology Department, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Liege and University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Audrey Maudoux
- GIGA-Consciousness, Sensation & Perception Research Group, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie-Elisabeth Faymonville
- Department of Algology and Palliative Care, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,GIGA-Consciousness, Sensation & Perception Research Group, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Steven Laureys
- GIGA-Consciousness, Coma Science Group & Neurology Department, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Olivia Gosseries
- GIGA-Consciousness, Coma Science Group & Neurology Department, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Peters B, Higger M, Quivira F, Bedrick S, Dudy S, Eddy B, Kinsella M, Memmott T, Wiedrick J, Fried-Oken M, Erdogmus D, Oken B. Effects of simulated visual acuity and ocular motility impairments on SSVEP brain-computer interface performance: An experiment with Shuffle Speller. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2018; 5:58-72. [PMID: 30895198 DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2018.1504662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with severe speech and physical impairments may have concomitant visual acuity impairments (VAI) or ocular motility impairments (OMI) impacting visual BCI use. We report on the use of the Shuffle Speller typing interface for an SSVEP BCI copy-spelling task under three conditions: simulated VAI, simulated OMI, and unimpaired vision. To mitigate the effect of visual impairments, we introduce a method that adaptively selects a user-specific trial length to maximize expected information transfer rate (ITR); expected ITR is shown to closely approximate the rate of correct letter selections. All participants could type under the unimpaired and simulated VAI conditions, with no significant differences in typing accuracy or speed. Most participants (31 of 37) could not type under the simulated OMI condition; some achieved high accuracy but with slower typing speeds. Reported workload and discomfort were low, and satisfaction high, under the unimpaired and simulated VAI conditions. Implications and future directions to examine effect of visual impairment on BCI use is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betts Peters
- Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Matt Higger
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Electrical & Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Fernando Quivira
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Steven Bedrick
- Center for Spoken Language Understanding, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Shiran Dudy
- Center for Spoken Language Understanding, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Brandon Eddy
- Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Michelle Kinsella
- Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Tab Memmott
- Departments of Neurology, Behavioral Neuroscience, and Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Jack Wiedrick
- Biostatistics & Design Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Melanie Fried-Oken
- Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Deniz Erdogmus
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Barry Oken
- Departments of Neurology, Behavioral Neuroscience, and Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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Khalaf A, Sejdic E, Akcakaya M. Towards optimal visual presentation design for hybrid EEG-fTCD brain-computer interfaces. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:056019. [PMID: 30021931 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aad46f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this paper, we introduce a novel hybrid brain-computer interface (BCI) system that measures electrical brain activity as well as cerebral blood velocity using electroencephalography (EEG) and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) respectively in response to flickering mental rotation (MR) and flickering word generation (WG) cognitive tasks as well as a fixation cross that represents the baseline. This work extends our previous approach, in which we showed that motor imagery induces simultaneous changes in EEG and fTCD to enable task discrimination; and hence, provides a design approach for a hybrid BCI. Here, we show that instead of using motor imagery, the proposed visual stimulation technique enables the design of an EEG-fTCD based BCI with higher accuracy. APPROACH Features based on the power spectrum of EEG and fTCD signals were calculated. Mutual information and support vector machines were used for feature selection and classification purposes. MAIN RESULTS EEG-fTCD combination outperformed EEG by 4.05% accuracy for MR versus baseline problem and by 5.81% accuracy for WG versus baseline problem. An average accuracy of 92.38% was achieved for MR versus WG problem using the hybrid combination. Average transmission rates of 4.39, 3.92, and 5.60 bits min-1 were obtained for MR versus baseline, WG versus baseline, and MR versus WG problems respectively. SIGNIFICANCE In terms of accuracy, the current visual presentation outperforms the motor imagery visual presentation we designed before for the EEG-fTCD system by 10% accuracy for task versus task problem. Moreover, the proposed system outperforms the state of the art hybrid EEG-fNIRS BCIs in terms of accuracy and/or information transfer rate. Even though there are still limitations of the proposed system, such promising results show that the proposed hybrid system is a feasible candidate for real-time BCIs.
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Norton JJS, Mullins J, Alitz BE, Bretl T. The performance of 9-11-year-old children using an SSVEP-based BCI for target selection. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:056012. [PMID: 29952751 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aacfdd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this paper, we report the performance of 9-11-year-old children using a steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) and provide control data collected from adults for comparison. Children in our study achieved a much higher performance (79% accuracy; average age 9.64 years old) than the only previous investigation of children using an SSVEP-based BCI (∼50% accuracy; average age 9.86 years old). APPROACH Experiments were conducted in two phases, a short calibration phase and a longer experimental phase. An offline analysis of the data collected during the calibration phase was used to set two parameters for a classifier and to screen participants who did not achieve a minimum accuracy of 85%. MAIN RESULTS Eleven of the 14 children and all 11 of the adults who completed the calibration phase met the minimum accuracy requirement. During the experimental phase, children selected targets with a similar accuracy (79% for children versus 78% for adults), latency (2.1 s for children versus 1.9 s for adults), and bitrate (0.50 bits s-1 for children and 0.56 bits s-1 for adults) as adults. SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that children can use an SSVEP-based BCI with higher performance than previously believed and is the first to report the performance of children using an SSVEP-based BCI in terms of latency and bitrate. The results of this study imply that children with severe motor disabilities (such as locked-in syndrome) may use an SSVEP-based BCI to restore/replace the ability to communicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J S Norton
- National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, PO Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201, United States of America. Department of Neurology, Stratton VA Medical Center, 113 Holland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States of America. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, 306 N Wright St, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
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Lesenfants D, Habbal D, Chatelle C, Soddu A, Laureys S, Noirhomme Q. Toward an Attention-Based Diagnostic Tool for Patients With Locked-in Syndrome. Clin EEG Neurosci 2018; 49:122-135. [PMID: 27821482 DOI: 10.1177/1550059416674842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) has been proposed as a supplemental tool for reducing clinical misdiagnosis in severely brain-injured populations helping to distinguish conscious from unconscious patients. We studied the use of spectral entropy as a measure of focal attention in order to develop a motor-independent, portable, and objective diagnostic tool for patients with locked-in syndrome (LIS), answering the issues of accuracy and training requirement. Data from 20 healthy volunteers, 6 LIS patients, and 10 patients with a vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS) were included. Spectral entropy was computed during a gaze-independent 2-class (attention vs rest) paradigm, and compared with EEG rhythms (delta, theta, alpha, and beta) classification. Spectral entropy classification during the attention-rest paradigm showed 93% and 91% accuracy in healthy volunteers and LIS patients respectively. VS/UWS patients were at chance level. EEG rhythms classification reached a lower accuracy than spectral entropy. Resting-state EEG spectral entropy could not distinguish individual VS/UWS patients from LIS patients. The present study provides evidence that an EEG-based measure of attention could detect command-following in patients with severe motor disabilities. The entropy system could detect a response to command in all healthy subjects and LIS patients, while none of the VS/UWS patients showed a response to command using this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lesenfants
- 1 Coma Science Group, GIGA-Research, CHU University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,2 School of Engineering and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,3 Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dina Habbal
- 1 Coma Science Group, GIGA-Research, CHU University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Camille Chatelle
- 1 Coma Science Group, GIGA-Research, CHU University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,4 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Soddu
- 1 Coma Science Group, GIGA-Research, CHU University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,5 Brain and Mind Institute, Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Laureys
- 1 Coma Science Group, GIGA-Research, CHU University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Quentin Noirhomme
- 1 Coma Science Group, GIGA-Research, CHU University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,6 Brain Innovation B.V., Maastricht, the Netherlands.,7 Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Zhao Y, Tang J, Cao Y, Jiao X, Xu M, Zhou P, Ming D, Qi H. Effects of Distracting Task with Different Mental Workload on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential Based Brain Computer Interfaces-an Offline Study. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:79. [PMID: 29497360 PMCID: PMC5818426 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), independent of the brain's normal output pathways, are attracting an increasing amount of attention as devices that extract neural information. As a typical type of BCI system, the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based BCIs possess a high signal-to-noise ratio and information transfer rate. However, the current high speed SSVEP-BCIs were implemented with subjects concentrating on stimuli, and intentionally avoided additional tasks as distractors. This paper aimed to investigate how a distracting simultaneous task, a verbal n-back task with different mental workload, would affect the performance of SSVEP-BCI. The results from fifteen subjects revealed that the recognition accuracy of SSVEP-BCI was significantly impaired by the distracting task, especially under a high mental workload. The average classification accuracy across all subjects dropped by 8.67% at most from 1- to 4-back, and there was a significant negative correlation (maximum r = −0.48, p < 0.001) between accuracy and subjective mental workload evaluation of the distracting task. This study suggests a potential hindrance for the SSVEP-BCI daily use, and then improvements should be investigated in the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiabei Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Minpeng Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongzhi Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Brumberg JS, Nguyen A, Pitt KM, Lorenz SD. Examining sensory ability, feature matching and assessment-based adaptation for a brain-computer interface using the steady-state visually evoked potential. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2018; 14:241-249. [PMID: 29385839 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2018.1428369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated how overt visual attention and oculomotor control influence successful use of a visual feedback brain-computer interface (BCI) for accessing augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices in a heterogeneous population of individuals with profound neuromotor impairments. BCIs are often tested within a single patient population limiting generalization of results. This study focuses on examining individual sensory abilities with an eye toward possible interface adaptations to improve device performance. METHODS Five individuals with a range of neuromotor disorders participated in four-choice BCI control task involving the steady state visually evoked potential. The BCI graphical interface was designed to simulate a commercial AAC device to examine whether an integrated device could be used successfully by individuals with neuromotor impairment. RESULTS All participants were able to interact with the BCI and highest performance was found for participants able to employ an overt visual attention strategy. For participants with visual deficits to due to impaired oculomotor control, effective performance increased after accounting for mismatches between the graphical layout and participant visual capabilities. CONCLUSION As BCIs are translated from research environments to clinical applications, the assessment of BCI-related skills will help facilitate proper device selection and provide individuals who use BCI the greatest likelihood of immediate and long term communicative success. Overall, our results indicate that adaptations can be an effective strategy to reduce barriers and increase access to BCI technology. These efforts should be directed by comprehensive assessments for matching individuals to the most appropriate device to support their complex communication needs. Implications for Rehabilitation Brain computer interfaces using the steady state visually evoked potential can be integrated with an augmentative and alternative communication device to provide access to language and literacy for individuals with neuromotor impairment. Comprehensive assessments are needed to fully understand the sensory, motor, and cognitive abilities of individuals who may use brain-computer interfaces for proper feature matching as selection of the most appropriate device including optimization device layouts and control paradigms. Oculomotor impairments negatively impact brain-computer interfaces that use the steady state visually evoked potential, but modifications to place interface stimuli and communication items in the intact visual field can improve successful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Brumberg
- a Department of Speech-Language-Hearing: Sciences & Disorders , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - Anh Nguyen
- b Department of Speech Language & Hearing Sciences , College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College, Boston University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Kevin M Pitt
- a Department of Speech-Language-Hearing: Sciences & Disorders , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - Sean D Lorenz
- c Center for Computational Neuroscience and Neural Technology , Boston University , Boston , MA , USA
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Lazarou I, Nikolopoulos S, Petrantonakis PC, Kompatsiaris I, Tsolaki M. EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Rehabilitation of People with Motor Impairment: A Novel Approach of the 21 st Century. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:14. [PMID: 29472849 PMCID: PMC5810272 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
People with severe neurological impairments face many challenges in sensorimotor functions and communication with the environment; therefore they have increased demand for advanced, adaptive and personalized rehabilitation. During the last several decades, numerous studies have developed brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) with the goals ranging from providing means of communication to functional rehabilitation. Here we review the research on non-invasive, electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCI systems for communication and rehabilitation. We focus on the approaches intended to help severely paralyzed and locked-in patients regain communication using three different BCI modalities: slow cortical potentials, sensorimotor rhythms and P300 potentials, as operational mechanisms. We also review BCI systems for restoration of motor function in patients with spinal cord injury and chronic stroke. We discuss the advantages and limitations of these approaches and the challenges that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioulietta Lazarou
- Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,1st Department of Neurology, University Hospital "AHEPA", School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spiros Nikolopoulos
- Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Kompatsiaris
- Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,1st Department of Neurology, University Hospital "AHEPA", School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Onishi A, Takano K, Kawase T, Ora H, Kansaku K. Affective Stimuli for an Auditory P300 Brain-Computer Interface. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:522. [PMID: 28983235 PMCID: PMC5613193 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaze-independent brain computer interfaces (BCIs) are a potential communication tool for persons with paralysis. This study applies affective auditory stimuli to investigate their effects using a P300 BCI. Fifteen able-bodied participants operated the P300 BCI, with positive and negative affective sounds (PA: a meowing cat sound, NA: a screaming cat sound). Permuted stimuli of the positive and negative affective sounds (permuted-PA, permuted-NA) were also used for comparison. Electroencephalography data was collected, and offline classification accuracies were compared. We used a visual analog scale (VAS) to measure positive and negative affective feelings in the participants. The mean classification accuracies were 84.7% for PA and 67.3% for permuted-PA, while the VAS scores were 58.5 for PA and −12.1 for permuted-PA. The positive affective stimulus showed significantly higher accuracy and VAS scores than the negative affective stimulus. In contrast, mean classification accuracies were 77.3% for NA and 76.0% for permuted-NA, while the VAS scores were −50.0 for NA and −39.2 for permuted NA, which are not significantly different. We determined that a positive affective stimulus with accompanying positive affective feelings significantly improved BCI accuracy. Additionally, an ALS patient achieved 90% online classification accuracy. These results suggest that affective stimuli may be useful for preparing a practical auditory BCI system for patients with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinari Onishi
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Function, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with DisabilitiesTokorozawa, Japan.,Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba UniversityInage, Japan
| | - Kouji Takano
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Function, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with DisabilitiesTokorozawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kawase
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Function, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with DisabilitiesTokorozawa, Japan.,Biointerfaces Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ora
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Function, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with DisabilitiesTokorozawa, Japan.,Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, The University of Electro-CommunicationsChofu, Japan
| | - Kenji Kansaku
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Function, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with DisabilitiesTokorozawa, Japan.,Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, The University of Electro-CommunicationsChofu, Japan
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41
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Hong KS, Khan MJ. Hybrid Brain-Computer Interface Techniques for Improved Classification Accuracy and Increased Number of Commands: A Review. Front Neurorobot 2017; 11:35. [PMID: 28790910 PMCID: PMC5522881 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2017.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, non-invasive hybrid brain-computer interface (hBCI) technologies for improving classification accuracy and increasing the number of commands are reviewed. Hybridization combining more than two modalities is a new trend in brain imaging and prosthesis control. Electroencephalography (EEG), due to its easy use and fast temporal resolution, is most widely utilized in combination with other brain/non-brain signal acquisition modalities, for instance, functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), electromyography (EMG), electrooculography (EOG), and eye tracker. Three main purposes of hybridization are to increase the number of control commands, improve classification accuracy and reduce the signal detection time. Currently, such combinations of EEG + fNIRS and EEG + EOG are most commonly employed. Four principal components (i.e., hardware, paradigm, classifiers, and features) relevant to accuracy improvement are discussed. In the case of brain signals, motor imagination/movement tasks are combined with cognitive tasks to increase active brain-computer interface (BCI) accuracy. Active and reactive tasks sometimes are combined: motor imagination with steady-state evoked visual potentials (SSVEP) and motor imagination with P300. In the case of reactive tasks, SSVEP is most widely combined with P300 to increase the number of commands. Passive BCIs, however, are rare. After discussing the hardware and strategies involved in the development of hBCI, the second part examines the approaches used to increase the number of control commands and to enhance classification accuracy. The future prospects and the extension of hBCI in real-time applications for daily life scenarios are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum-Shik Hong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Jawad Khan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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42
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Cotrina A, Benevides AB, Castillo-Garcia J, Benevides AB, Rojas-Vigo D, Ferreira A, Bastos-Filho TF. A SSVEP-BCI Setup Based on Depth-of-Field. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2017; 25:1047-1057. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2017.2673242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Lebedev MA, Nicolelis MAL. Brain-Machine Interfaces: From Basic Science to Neuroprostheses and Neurorehabilitation. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:767-837. [PMID: 28275048 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) combine methods, approaches, and concepts derived from neurophysiology, computer science, and engineering in an effort to establish real-time bidirectional links between living brains and artificial actuators. Although theoretical propositions and some proof of concept experiments on directly linking the brains with machines date back to the early 1960s, BMI research only took off in earnest at the end of the 1990s, when this approach became intimately linked to new neurophysiological methods for sampling large-scale brain activity. The classic goals of BMIs are 1) to unveil and utilize principles of operation and plastic properties of the distributed and dynamic circuits of the brain and 2) to create new therapies to restore mobility and sensations to severely disabled patients. Over the past decade, a wide range of BMI applications have emerged, which considerably expanded these original goals. BMI studies have shown neural control over the movements of robotic and virtual actuators that enact both upper and lower limb functions. Furthermore, BMIs have also incorporated ways to deliver sensory feedback, generated from external actuators, back to the brain. BMI research has been at the forefront of many neurophysiological discoveries, including the demonstration that, through continuous use, artificial tools can be assimilated by the primate brain's body schema. Work on BMIs has also led to the introduction of novel neurorehabilitation strategies. As a result of these efforts, long-term continuous BMI use has been recently implicated with the induction of partial neurological recovery in spinal cord injury patients.
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A Novel Hybrid Mental Spelling Application Based on Eye Tracking and SSVEP-Based BCI. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7040035. [PMID: 28379187 PMCID: PMC5406692 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Steady state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs)-based Brain-Computer interfaces (BCIs), as well as eyetracking devices, provide a pathway for re-establishing communication for people with severe disabilities. We fused these control techniques into a novel eyetracking/SSVEP hybrid system, which utilizes eye tracking for initial rough selection and the SSVEP technology for fine target activation. Based on our previous studies, only four stimuli were used for the SSVEP aspect, granting sufficient control for most BCI users. As Eye tracking data is not used for activation of letters, false positives due to inappropriate dwell times are avoided. This novel approach combines the high speed of eye tracking systems and the high classification accuracies of low target SSVEP-based BCIs, leading to an optimal combination of both methods. We evaluated accuracy and speed of the proposed hybrid system with a 30-target spelling application implementing all three control approaches (pure eye tracking, SSVEP and the hybrid system) with 32 participants. Although the highest information transfer rates (ITRs) were achieved with pure eye tracking, a considerable amount of subjects was not able to gain sufficient control over the stand-alone eye-tracking device or the pure SSVEP system (78.13% and 75% of the participants reached reliable control, respectively). In this respect, the proposed hybrid was most universal (over 90% of users achieved reliable control), and outperformed the pure SSVEP system in terms of speed and user friendliness. The presented hybrid system might offer communication to a wider range of users in comparison to the standard techniques.
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45
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Ryu S, Higashi H, Tanaka T, Nakauchi S, Minami T. Spatial smoothing of canonical correlation analysis for steady state visual evoked potential based brain computer interfaces. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2016:1516-1519. [PMID: 28268614 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7590998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Brain computer interface (BCI) is a system for communication between people and computers via brain activity. Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs), a brain response observed in EEG, are evoked by flickering stimuli. SSVEP is one of the promising paradigms for BCI. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is widely used for EEG signal processing in SSVEP-based BCIs. However, the classification accuracy of CCA with short signal length is low. In order to solve the problem, we propose a regularization which works in such a way that the CCA spatial filter becomes spatially smooth to give robustness in short signal length condition. The spatial filter is designed in a parameter space spanned by a spatially smooth basis which are given by a graph Fourier transform of three dimensional electrode coordinates. We compared the classification accuracy of the proposed regularized CCA with the standard CCA. The result shows that the proposed CCA outperforms the standard CCA in short signal length condition.
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Hwang HJ, Han CH, Lim JH, Kim YW, Choi SI, An KO, Lee JH, Cha HS, Hyun Kim S, Im CH. Clinical feasibility of brain-computer interface based on steady-state visual evoked potential in patients with locked-in syndrome: Case studies. Psychophysiology 2016; 54:444-451. [PMID: 27914171 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the feasibility of brain-computer interface (BCI) systems based on steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) has been extensively investigated, only a few studies have evaluated its clinical feasibility in patients with locked-in syndrome (LIS), who are the main targets of BCI technology. The main objective of this case report was to share our experiences of SSVEP-based BCI experiments involving five patients with LIS, thereby providing researchers with useful information that can potentially help them to design BCI experiments for patients with LIS. In our experiments, a four-class online SSVEP-based BCI system was implemented and applied to four of five patients repeatedly on multiple days to investigate its test-retest reliability. In the last experiments with two of the four patients, the practical usability of our BCI system was tested using a questionnaire survey. All five patients showed clear and distinct SSVEP responses at all four fundamental stimulation frequencies (6, 6.66, 7.5, 10 Hz), and responses at harmonic frequencies were also observed in three patients. Mean classification accuracy was 76.99% (chance level = 25%). The test-retest reliability experiments demonstrated stable performance of our BCI system over different days even when the initial experimental settings (e.g., electrode configuration, fixation time, visual angle) used in the first experiment were used without significant modifications. Our results suggest that SSVEP-based BCI paradigms might be successfully used to implement clinically feasible BCI systems for severely paralyzed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jeong Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-In Choi
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Korea
| | - Kwang-Ok An
- Department of Rehabilitative Assistive Technology, National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Hak Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Seung Cha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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47
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Xu M, Wang Y, Nakanishi M, Wang YT, Qi H, Jung TP, Ming D. Fast detection of covert visuospatial attention using hybrid N2pc and SSVEP features. J Neural Eng 2016; 13:066003. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/6/066003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Halder S, Takano K, Ora H, Onishi A, Utsumi K, Kansaku K. An Evaluation of Training with an Auditory P300 Brain-Computer Interface for the Japanese Hiragana Syllabary. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:446. [PMID: 27746716 PMCID: PMC5043244 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaze-independent brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are a possible communication channel for persons with paralysis. We investigated if it is possible to use auditory stimuli to create a BCI for the Japanese Hiragana syllabary, which has 46 Hiragana characters. Additionally, we investigated if training has an effect on accuracy despite the high amount of different stimuli involved. Able-bodied participants (N = 6) were asked to select 25 syllables (out of fifty possible choices) using a two step procedure: First the consonant (ten choices) and then the vowel (five choices). This was repeated on 3 separate days. Additionally, a person with spinal cord injury (SCI) participated in the experiment. Four out of six healthy participants reached Hiragana syllable accuracies above 70% and the information transfer rate increased from 1.7 bits/min in the first session to 3.2 bits/min in the third session. The accuracy of the participant with SCI increased from 12% (0.2 bits/min) to 56% (2 bits/min) in session three. Reliable selections from a 10 × 5 matrix using auditory stimuli were possible and performance is increased by training. We were able to show that auditory P300 BCIs can be used for communication with up to fifty symbols. This enables the use of the technology of auditory P300 BCIs with a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Halder
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with DisabilitiesTokorozawa, Japan
- Department of Psychology I, Institute of Psychology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Kouji Takano
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with DisabilitiesTokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ora
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with DisabilitiesTokorozawa, Japan
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-CommunicationsChofu, Japan
| | - Akinari Onishi
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with DisabilitiesTokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kota Utsumi
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with DisabilitiesTokorozawa, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Kenji Kansaku
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with DisabilitiesTokorozawa, Japan
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-CommunicationsChofu, Japan
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49
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Chaudhary U, Birbaumer N, Ramos-Murguialday A. Brain-computer interfaces for communication and rehabilitation. Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12:513-25. [PMID: 27539560 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) use brain activity to control external devices, thereby enabling severely disabled patients to interact with the environment. A variety of invasive and noninvasive techniques for controlling BCIs have been explored, most notably EEG, and more recently, near-infrared spectroscopy. Assistive BCIs are designed to enable paralyzed patients to communicate or control external robotic devices, such as prosthetics; rehabilitative BCIs are designed to facilitate recovery of neural function. In this Review, we provide an overview of the development of BCIs and the current technology available before discussing experimental and clinical studies of BCIs. We first consider the use of BCIs for communication in patients who are paralyzed, particularly those with locked-in syndrome or complete locked-in syndrome as a result of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We then discuss the use of BCIs for motor rehabilitation after severe stroke and spinal cord injury. We also describe the possible neurophysiological and learning mechanisms that underlie the clinical efficacy of BCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujwal Chaudhary
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Silcherstrasse 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Silcherstrasse 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Wyss-Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering, Chenin de Mines 9, Ch 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ander Ramos-Murguialday
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Silcherstrasse 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,TECNALIA, Health Department, Neural Engineering Laboratory, San Sebastian, Paseo Mikeletegi 1, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
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50
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Ordikhani-Seyedlar M, Lebedev MA, Sorensen HBD, Puthusserypady S. Neurofeedback Therapy for Enhancing Visual Attention: State-of-the-Art and Challenges. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:352. [PMID: 27536212 PMCID: PMC4971093 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have witnessed a rapid development of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) linking the brain to external devices. BCIs can be utilized to treat neurological conditions and even to augment brain functions. BCIs offer a promising treatment for mental disorders, including disorders of attention. Here we review the current state of the art and challenges of attention-based BCIs, with a focus on visual attention. Attention-based BCIs utilize electroencephalograms (EEGs) or other recording techniques to generate neurofeedback, which patients use to improve their attention, a complex cognitive function. Although progress has been made in the studies of neural mechanisms of attention, extraction of attention-related neural signals needed for BCI operations is a difficult problem. To attain good BCI performance, it is important to select the features of neural activity that represent attentional signals. BCI decoding of attention-related activity may be hindered by the presence of different neural signals. Therefore, BCI accuracy can be improved by signal processing algorithms that dissociate signals of interest from irrelevant activities. Notwithstanding recent progress, optimal processing of attentional neural signals remains a fundamental challenge for the development of efficient therapies for disorders of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikhail A Lebedev
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA; Center for Neuroengineering, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
| | - Helge B D Sorensen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sadasivan Puthusserypady
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby, Denmark
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