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Mohapatra AN, Netser S, Wagner S. Modular Electrode Array for Multi-site Extracellular Recordings from Brains of Freely Moving Rodents. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e399. [PMID: 35536117 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Multi-site extracellular recordings from awake, freely moving rodents are an insightful technique that allows deduction of the dynamics of neural activity within a network of brain regions. Multiple advances in the design and materials of recording setups are available in the literature. However, most of these designs require several skill sets to assemble the electrodes and are expensive. Here, we explain in detail a custom design to build a multi-site (16 sites) electrode array (EA) and record extracellular electrical signals (local field potential and multi-unit spiking activity) at variable depths in freely behaving rodents. This EA weighs ∼3.0 g and costs less than $30. It provides mesoscopic neural activity maps (at millimeter scale) at low spatial resolution, thus enabling the experimenting group to further target specific regions with more expensive high-density probes at the resolution of an individual neuron. The article outlines the processes of building and implanting the array and recording neural activity during a behavior task. We also highlight the limitations of our design and the necessary steps to troubleshoot common issues faced during the initial implementation of the protocols. Finally, we explain the specific data one would obtain while using the probes during social interactions between rodents. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of the electrode array Basic Protocol 2: Surgical implantation of the electrode array Basic Protocol 3: Recording of neural activity from the electrode array while a mouse performs social investigation of a novel conspecific Basic Protocol 4: Histology and electrode registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Nath Mohapatra
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shai Netser
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shlomo Wagner
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Garcia-Etxarri A, Yuste R. Time for NanoNeuro. Nat Methods 2021; 18:1287-1293. [PMID: 34663955 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The study of electronic properties of materials at the nanoscale has unveiled physical laws and generated materials such as nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanodiamonds, nanoelectrodes, and nanoprobes. Independently, large-scale public and private neuroscience programs have been launched to develop methods to measure and manipulate neural circuits in living animals and humans. Here, we review an upcoming field, NanoNeuro, defined as the intersection of nanoscience and neuroscience, that aims to develop nanoscale methods to record and stimulate neuronal activity. Because of their unique physical properties, nanomaterials have intrinsic advantages as biosensors and actuators, and they may be applicable to humans without the need for genetic modifications. Thus, nanoscience could make major methodological contributions to the future of neuroscience and, more generally, to biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitzol Garcia-Etxarri
- Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain. .,IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain. .,IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain. .,Kavli Institute of Brain Sciences, Dept. Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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A very large-scale microelectrode array for cellular-resolution electrophysiology. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1802. [PMID: 29176752 PMCID: PMC5702607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In traditional electrophysiology, spatially inefficient electronics and the need for tissue-to-electrode proximity defy non-invasive interfaces at scales of more than a thousand low noise, simultaneously recording channels. Using compressed sensing concepts and silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS), we demonstrate a platform with 65,536 simultaneously recording and stimulating electrodes in which the per-electrode electronics consume an area of 25.5 μm by 25.5 μm. Application of this platform to mouse retinal studies is achieved with a high-performance processing pipeline with a 1 GB/s data rate. The platform records from 65,536 electrodes concurrently with a ~10 µV r.m.s. noise; senses spikes from more than 34,000 electrodes when recording across the entire retina; automatically sorts and classifies greater than 1700 neurons following visual stimulation; and stimulates individual neurons using any number of the 65,536 electrodes while observing spikes over the entire retina. The approaches developed here are applicable to other electrophysiological systems and electrode configurations. Large electronics limit low-noise, non-invasive electrophysiological measurements to a thousand simultaneously recording channels. Here the authors build an array of 65k simultaneously recording and stimulating electrodes and use it to sort and classify single neurons across the entire mouse retina.
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Abstract
For over a century, the neuron doctrine--which states that the neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system--has provided a conceptual foundation for neuroscience. This viewpoint reflects its origins in a time when the use of single-neuron anatomical and physiological techniques was prominent. However, newer multineuronal recording methods have revealed that ensembles of neurons, rather than individual cells, can form physiological units and generate emergent functional properties and states. As a new paradigm for neuroscience, neural network models have the potential to incorporate knowledge acquired with single-neuron approaches to help us understand how emergent functional states generate behaviour, cognition and mental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Yuste
- Neurotechnology Center and Kavli Institute of Brain Sciences, Departments of Biological Sciences and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Buzsáki G, Stark E, Berényi A, Khodagholy D, Kipke DR, Yoon E, Wise KD. Tools for probing local circuits: high-density silicon probes combined with optogenetics. Neuron 2015; 86:92-105. [PMID: 25856489 PMCID: PMC4392339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To understand how function arises from the interactions between neurons, it is necessary to use methods that allow the monitoring of brain activity at the single-neuron, single-spike level and the targeted manipulation of the diverse neuron types selectively in a closed-loop manner. Large-scale recordings of neuronal spiking combined with optogenetic perturbation of identified individual neurons has emerged as a suitable method for such tasks in behaving animals. To fully exploit the potential power of these methods, multiple steps of technical innovation are needed. We highlight the current state of the art in electrophysiological recording methods, combined with optogenetics, and discuss directions for progress. In addition, we point to areas where rapid development is in progress and discuss topics where near-term improvements are possible and needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Buzsáki
- The Neuroscience Institute, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Eran Stark
- The Neuroscience Institute, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Antal Berényi
- The Neuroscience Institute, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Oscillatory Neural Networks Research Group, University of Szeged, Department of Physiology, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Dion Khodagholy
- The Neuroscience Institute, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daryl R Kipke
- NeuroNexus Technologies, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Euisik Yoon
- Center for Wireless Integrated Microsensing and Systems, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, USA
| | - Kensall D Wise
- Center for Wireless Integrated Microsensing and Systems, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, USA
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Obien MEJ, Deligkaris K, Bullmann T, Bakkum DJ, Frey U. Revealing neuronal function through microelectrode array recordings. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:423. [PMID: 25610364 PMCID: PMC4285113 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays and microprobes have been widely utilized to measure neuronal activity, both in vitro and in vivo. The key advantage is the capability to record and stimulate neurons at multiple sites simultaneously. However, unlike the single-cell or single-channel resolution of intracellular recording, microelectrodes detect signals from all possible sources around every sensor. Here, we review the current understanding of microelectrode signals and the techniques for analyzing them. We introduce the ongoing advancements in microelectrode technology, with focus on achieving higher resolution and quality of recordings by means of monolithic integration with on-chip circuitry. We show how recent advanced microelectrode array measurement methods facilitate the understanding of single neurons as well as network function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kosmas Deligkaris
- RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN Kobe, Japan ; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Douglas J Bakkum
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN Kobe, Japan ; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan ; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich Basel, Switzerland
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Bakkum DJ, Frey U, Radivojevic M, Russell TL, Müller J, Fiscella M, Takahashi H, Hierlemann A. Tracking axonal action potential propagation on a high-density microelectrode array across hundreds of sites. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2181. [PMID: 23867868 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons are traditionally considered stable transmission cables, but evidence of the regulation of action potential propagation demonstrates that axons may have more important roles. However, their small diameters render intracellular recordings challenging, and low-magnitude extracellular signals are difficult to detect and assign. Better experimental access to axonal function would help to advance this field. Here we report methods to electrically visualize action potential propagation and network topology in cortical neurons grown over custom arrays, which contain 11,011 microelectrodes and are fabricated using complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. Any neuron lying on the array can be recorded at high spatio-temporal resolution, and simultaneously precisely stimulated with little artifact. We find substantial velocity differences occurring locally within single axons, suggesting that the temporal control of a neuron's output may contribute to neuronal information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Bakkum
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.
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Robinson JT, Jorgolli M, Park H. Nanowire electrodes for high-density stimulation and measurement of neural circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:38. [PMID: 23486552 PMCID: PMC3594763 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) that can precisely monitor and control neural activity will likely require new hardware with improved resolution and specificity. New nanofabricated electrodes with feature sizes and densities comparable to neural circuits may lead to such improvements. In this perspective, we review the recent development of vertical nanowire (NW) electrodes that could provide highly parallel single-cell recording and stimulation for future BMIs. We compare the advantages of these devices and discuss some of the technical challenges that must be overcome for this technology to become a platform for next-generation closed-loop BMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Robinson
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Bioengineering, Rice University Houston, TX, USA
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Franke F, Jäckel D, Dragas J, Müller J, Radivojevic M, Bakkum D, Hierlemann A. High-density microelectrode array recordings and real-time spike sorting for closed-loop experiments: an emerging technology to study neural plasticity. Front Neural Circuits 2012; 6:105. [PMID: 23267316 PMCID: PMC3526803 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2012.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding plasticity of neural networks is a key to comprehending their development and function. A powerful technique to study neural plasticity includes recording and control of pre- and post-synaptic neural activity, e.g., by using simultaneous intracellular recording and stimulation of several neurons. Intracellular recording is, however, a demanding technique and has its limitations in that only a small number of neurons can be stimulated and recorded from at the same time. Extracellular techniques offer the possibility to simultaneously record from larger numbers of neurons with relative ease, at the expenses of increased efforts to sort out single neuronal activities from the recorded mixture, which is a time consuming and error prone step, referred to as spike sorting. In this mini-review, we describe recent technological developments in two separate fields, namely CMOS-based high-density microelectrode arrays, which also allow for extracellular stimulation of neurons, and real-time spike sorting. We argue that these techniques, when combined, will provide a powerful tool to study plasticity in neural networks consisting of several thousand neurons in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Franke
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich Basle, Switzerland
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