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Swadling GF, Katz J. Novel design for a polarizing DUV spectrometer using a Wollaston prism and its application as a diagnostic for measuring Thomson scattering data in the presence of strong self-emission backgrounds. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:013501. [PMID: 35104982 DOI: 10.1063/5.0075505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel design for an optical spectrometer for use in ultraviolet Thomson scattering measurements of plasma parameters in high energy density (HED) inertial confinement fusion experiments on large-scale high-energy laser facilities. In experiments investigating high-Z plasmas, the fidelity of measurements is commonly limited by signal/background ratios approaching or exceeding unity. An alpha barium borate Wollaston prism can provide both spectral dispersion and polarization channel separation, allowing simultaneous measurement of both the Thomson scattering signal and plasma self-emission along a single line of sight and in a single experiment, which should greatly improve data quality and reduce the opportunity cost of taking high quality measurements. We present a basic discussion of the design and a worked example of an instrument designed to take fourth harmonic electron plasma wave measurements in HED experiments at the OMEGA laser facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Swadling
- Lawrenece Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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2
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Begishev IA, Brent G, Carey S, Chapman R, Kulagin IA, Romanofsky MH, Shoup MJ, Zuegel JD, Bromage J. High-efficiency, fifth-harmonic generation of a joule-level neodymium laser in a large-aperture ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystal. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:1879-1889. [PMID: 33726392 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-energy deep ultraviolet (UV) sources are required for high-density plasma diagnostics. The fifth-harmonic generation of large-aperture neodymium lasers in ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) can significantly increase UV energies due to the availability of large ADP crystals. Noncritical phase matching in ADP for (ω + 4ω) was achieved by cooling a 65 × 65-mm crystal in a two-chamber cryostat to 200 K. The crystal chamber used helium as the thermally conductive medium between the crystal and the crystal chamber, which was surrounded by a high-vacuum chamber with a liquid nitrogen reservoir. A temperature variation of 0.2 K across the crystal aperture was obtained. The total conversion efficiency from the fundamental to the fifth harmonic at 211 nm was 26%.
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3
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Zhao H, Li Z, Yang D, Jiang X, Liu Y, Wang F, Zhou W, Yan Y, He J, Li S, Guo L, Peng X, Xu T, Liu S, Wang F, Yang J, Jiang S, Zheng W, Zhang B, Ding Y. Implementation of ultraviolet Thomson scattering on SG-III laser facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:093505. [PMID: 30278718 DOI: 10.1063/1.5046837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An ultraviolet Thomson-scattering system has been designed and implemented on the Shenguang-III laser facility, a 48-beam, 3ω (351 nm), 180 kJ-level laser driver for high energy density physics and inertial confinement fusion researches. The 4ω (263.3 nm) probe beam of the Thomson-scattering system is injected from the north pole (top) of the target chamber, with an assistant beam-pointing monitor to achieve high pointing accuracy. The Thomson-scattered light is collected by a double-Cassegrain optical transmission system, which provides an achromatic image over a wide wavelength range of 200-800 nm. A novel on-line alignment method is developed and applied to the diagnostic system, ensuring a volumetric positioning accuracy of ∼30 μm for the scattering volume. An online calibration is also conducted to provide the wavelength benchmark and the spectral resolution of the system. This Thomson-scattering system has been tested in a complicated experimental environment with gas-filled hohlraums, and a high-quality ion feature of the scattered light has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Yang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Yan
- Xian Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Xian, Shanxi 710068, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua He
- Xian Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Xian, Shanxi 710068, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanwei Li
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Guo
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshi Peng
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenye Liu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Yang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoen Jiang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanguo Zheng
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohan Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkun Ding
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, People's Republic of China
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4
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Goyon C, Datte PS, Buscho JG, Butler NJ, Hernandez JE, Hohenberger M, Lechleiter BL, Michel P, Ross JS, Bell PM, Moody JD. Time resolved detection of two-plasmon decay using three-halves harmonic emission on the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:083504. [PMID: 30184717 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Supra-thermal (>100 keV) electrons generated by laser plasma interactions can be detrimental to the performance of ignition experiments conducted on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). On a NIF shot, the amount of electrons is estimated by measuring the hard X-rays passing through the hohlraum wall. The primary sources of hot electrons in a hohlraum are Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) and two plasmon decay (TPD). While SRS is well diagnosed on the NIF, there has been no diagnosis of TPD. We have designed and implemented a new diagnostic to characterize the time history of TPD on the NIF. The instrument provides a time resolved measurement of the 3/2 ω harmonic emission which is indicative of the presence of TPD. We describe the diagnostic setup, calibration, and the preliminary results obtained on NIF hohlraum experiments. We find evidence of a correlation between measured hard X-rays generated from the hot electron bremsstrahlung and the TPD emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goyon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P S Datte
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J G Buscho
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - N J Butler
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J E Hernandez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B L Lechleiter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P M Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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5
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Begishev IA, Bromage J, Yang ST, Datte PS, Patankar S, Zuegel JD. Record fifth-harmonic-generation efficiency producing 211 nm, joule-level pulses using cesium lithium borate. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2462-2465. [PMID: 29856404 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fifth harmonic of a pulsed Nd:YLF laser has been realized in a cascade of nonlinear crystals with a record efficiency of 30%. Cesium lithium borate is used in a Type-I configuration for sum-frequency mixing of 1053 and 266 nm, producing 211 nm pulses. Flat-topped beam profiles and pulse shapes optimize efficiency. The energies of the fifth harmonic up to 335 mJ in 2.4 ns pulses were demonstrated.
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Rosenberg MJ, Solodov AA, Myatt JF, Seka W, Michel P, Hohenberger M, Short RW, Epstein R, Regan SP, Campbell EM, Chapman T, Goyon C, Ralph JE, Barrios MA, Moody JD, Bates JW. Origins and Scaling of Hot-Electron Preheat in Ignition-Scale Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:055001. [PMID: 29481170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Planar laser-plasma interaction (LPI) experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have allowed access for the first time to regimes of electron density scale length (∼500 to 700 μm), electron temperature (∼3 to 5 keV), and laser intensity (6 to 16×10^{14} W/cm^{2}) that are relevant to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion ignition. Unlike in shorter-scale-length plasmas on OMEGA, scattered-light data on the NIF show that the near-quarter-critical LPI physics is dominated by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) rather than by two-plasmon decay (TPD). This difference in regime is explained based on absolute SRS and TPD threshold considerations. SRS sidescatter tangential to density contours and other SRS mechanisms are observed. The fraction of laser energy converted to hot electrons is ∼0.7% to 2.9%, consistent with observed levels of SRS. The intensity threshold for hot-electron production is assessed, and the use of a Si ablator slightly increases this threshold from ∼4×10^{14} to ∼6×10^{14} W/cm^{2}. These results have significant implications for mitigation of LPI hot-electron preheat in direct-drive ignition designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A A Solodov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J F Myatt
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R W Short
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Epstein
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - E M Campbell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T Chapman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Goyon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J E Ralph
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J W Bates
- U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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7
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Ross JS, Datte P, Divol L, Galbraith J, Froula DH, Glenzer SH, Hatch B, Katz J, Kilkenny J, Landen O, Manuel AM, Molander W, Montgomery DS, Moody JD, Swadling G, Weaver J. Simulated performance of the optical Thomson scattering diagnostic designed for the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11E510. [PMID: 27910648 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An optical Thomson scattering diagnostic has been designed for the National Ignition Facility to characterize under-dense plasmas. We report on the design of the system and the expected performance for different target configurations. The diagnostic is designed to spatially and temporally resolve the Thomson scattered light from laser driven targets. The diagnostic will collect scattered light from a 50 × 50 × 200 μm volume. The optical design allows operation with different probe laser wavelengths. A deep-UV probe beam (λ0 = 210 nm) will be used to Thomson scatter from electron plasma densities of ∼5 × 1020 cm-3 while a 3ω probe will be used for plasma densities of ∼1 × 1019 cm-3. The diagnostic package contains two spectrometers: the first to resolve Thomson scattering from ion acoustic wave fluctuations and the second to resolve scattering from electron plasma wave fluctuations. Expected signal levels relative to background will be presented for typical target configurations (hohlraums and a planar foil).
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P Datte
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Galbraith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B Hatch
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - O Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A M Manuel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - W Molander
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D S Montgomery
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - G Swadling
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Weaver
- Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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8
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Datte PS, Ross JS, Froula DH, Daub KD, Galbraith J, Glenzer S, Hatch B, Katz J, Kilkenny J, Landen O, Manha D, Manuel AM, Molander W, Montgomery D, Moody J, Swadling GF, Weaver J. The design of the optical Thomson scattering diagnostic for the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11E549. [PMID: 27910656 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a 192 laser beam facility designed to support the Stockpile Stewardship, High Energy Density and Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) programs. We report on the design of an Optical Thomson Scattering (OTS) diagnostic that has the potential to transform the community's understanding of NIF hohlraum physics by providing first principle, local, time-resolved measurements of under-dense plasma conditions. The system design allows operation with different probe laser wavelengths by manual selection of the appropriate beam splitter and gratings before the shot. A deep-UV probe beam (λ0-210 nm) will be used to optimize the scattered signal for plasma densities of 5 × 1020 electrons/cm3 while a 3ω probe will be used for experiments investigating lower density plasmas of 1 × 1019 electrons/cm3. We report the phase I design of a two phase design strategy. Phase I includes the OTS telescope, spectrometer, and streak camera; these will be used to assess the background levels at NIF. Phase II will include the design and installation of a probe laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Datte
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - K D Daub
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Galbraith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B Hatch
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Kilkenny
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Manha
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A M Manuel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W Molander
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Montgomery
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G F Swadling
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Weaver
- Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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