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Eliades T, Panayi N, Papageorgiou SN. From biomimetics to smart materials and 3D technology: Applications in orthodontic bonding, debonding, and appliance design or fabrication. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2023; 59:403-411. [PMID: 38022388 PMCID: PMC10665594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review covers aspects of orthodontic materials, appliance fabrication and bonding, crossing scientific fields and presenting recent advances in science and technology. Its purpose is to familiarize the reader with developments on these issues, indicate possible future applications of such pioneering approaches, and report the current status in orthodontics. The first section of this review covers shape-memory polymer wires, several misconceptions arising from the recent introduction of novel three-dimensional (3D)-printed aligners (mistakenly termed shape-memory polymers only because they present a certain degree of rebound capacity, as most non-stiff alloys or polymers do), frictionless surfaces enabling resistance-less sliding, self-healing materials for effective handling of fractured plastic/ceramic brackets, self-cleaning materials to minimize microbial attachment or plaque build-up on orthodontic appliances, elastomers with reduced force relaxation and extended stretching capacity to address the problem of inadequate force application during wire-engagement in the bracket slot, biomimetic (non-etching mediated) adhesive attachment to surfaces based on the model of the gecko and the mussel, and command-debond adhesives as options for an atraumatic debonding. This review's second section deals with the recent and largely unsubstantiated application of 3D-printed alloys and polymers in orthodontics and aspects of planning, material fabrication, and appliance design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Eliades
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nearchos Panayi
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- European University Cyprus, School of Dentistry, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Spyridon N. Papageorgiou
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hassan R, Aslam Khan MU, Abdullah AM, Abd Razak SI. A Review on Current Trends of Polymers in Orthodontics: BPA-Free and Smart Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1409. [PMID: 33925332 PMCID: PMC8123702 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials have always established an edge over other classes of materials due to their potential applications in various fields of biomedical engineering. Orthodontics is an emerging field in which polymers have attracted the enormous attention of researchers. In particular, thermoplastic materials have a great future utility in orthodontics, both as aligners and as retainer appliances. In recent years, the use of polycarbonate brackets and base monomers bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (bis-GMA) has been associated with the potential release of bisphenol A (BPA) in the oral environment. BPA is a toxic compound that acts as an endocrine disruptor that can affect human health. Therefore, there is a continuous search for non-BPA materials with satisfactory mechanical properties and an esthetic appearance as an alternative to polycarbonate brackets and conventional bis-GMA compounds. This study aims to review the recent developments of BPA-free monomers in the application of resin dental composites and adhesives. The most promising polymeric smart materials are also discussed for their relevance to future orthodontic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Hassan
- Orthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia;
- Nanoscience and Technology Department (NS & TD), National Center for Physics, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Abdul Manaf Abdullah
- Orthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia;
- Center for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia
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Zakrzewski W, Dobrzynski M, Dobrzynski W, Zawadzka-Knefel A, Janecki M, Kurek K, Lubojanski A, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z, Wiglusz RJ. Nanomaterials Application in Orthodontics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:337. [PMID: 33525572 PMCID: PMC7912679 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has gained importance in recent years due to its ability to enhance material properties, including antimicrobial characteristics. Nanotechnology is applicable in various aspects of orthodontics. This scientific work focuses on the concept of nanotechnology and its applications in the field of orthodontics, including, among others, enhancement of antimicrobial characteristics of orthodontic resins, leading to reduction of enamel demineralization or control of friction force during orthodontic movement. The latter one enables effective orthodontic treatment while using less force. Emphasis is put on antimicrobial and mechanical characteristics of nanomaterials during orthodontic treatment. The manuscript sums up the current knowledge about nanomaterials' influence on orthodontic appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Zakrzewski
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterial Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.Z.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (Z.R.)
| | - Maciej Dobrzynski
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dobrzynski
- Student Scientific Circle at the Department of Dental Materials, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Akademicki Sq. 17, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Anna Zawadzka-Knefel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Janecki
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Mikulicz Radecki’s University Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | | - Adam Lubojanski
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterial Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.Z.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (Z.R.)
| | - Maria Szymonowicz
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterial Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.Z.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zbigniew Rybak
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterial Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.Z.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (Z.R.)
| | - Rafal J. Wiglusz
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11 St., 55–124 Malin, Poland
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
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Eliades T, Koletsi D. Minimizing the aerosol-generating procedures in orthodontics in the era of a pandemic: Current evidence on the reduction of hazardous effects for the treatment team and patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2020; 158:330-342. [PMID: 32682661 PMCID: PMC7364170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this critical review is to list the sources of aerosol production during orthodontic standard procedure, analyze the constituent components of aerosol and their dependency on modes of grinding, the presence of water and type of bur, and suggest a method to minimize the quantity and detrimental characteristics of the particles comprising the solid matter of aerosol. Minimization of water-spray syringe utilization for rinsing is suggested on bonding related procedures, while temporal conditions as represented by seasonal epidemics should be considered for the decision of intervention scheme provided as a preprocedural mouth rinse, in an attempt to reduce the load of aerosolized pathogens. In normal conditions, chlorhexidine 0.2%, preferably under elevated temperature state should be prioritized for reducing bacterial counts. In the presence of oxidation vulnerable viruses within the community, substitute strategies might be represented by the use of povidone iodine 0.2%-1%, or hydrogen peroxide 1%. After debonding, extensive material grinding, as well as aligner related attachment clean-up, should involve the use of carbide tungsten burs under water cooling conditions for cutting efficiency enhancement, duration restriction of the procedure, as well as reduction of aerosolized nanoparticles. In this respect, selection strategies of malocclusions eligible for aligner treatment should be reconsidered and future perspectives may entail careful and more restricted utilization of attachment grips. For more limited clean-up procedures, such as grinding of minimal amounts of adhesive remnants, or individualized bracket debonding in the course of treatment, hand-instruments for remnant removal might well represent an effective strategy. Efforts to minimize the use of rotary instrumentation in orthodontic settings might also lead the way for future solutions. Measures of self-protection for the treatment team should never be neglected. Dressing gowns and facemasks with filter protection layers, appropriate ventilation and fresh air flow within the operating room comprise significant links to the overall picture of practice management. Risk management considerations should be constant, but also updated as new material applications come into play, while being grounded on the best available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Eliades
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Despina Koletsi
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Alibardi L. Review: mapping proteins localized in adhesive setae of the tokay gecko and their possible influence on the mechanism of adhesion. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1785-1797. [PMID: 29881974 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The digital adhesive pads that allow gecko lizards to climb vertical surfaces result from the modification of the oberhautchen layer of the epidermis in normal scales. This produces sticky filaments of 10-100 μm in length, called setae that are composed of various proteins. The prevalent types, termed corneous beta proteins (CBPs), have a low molecular weight (12-20 kDa) and contain a conserved central region of 34 amino acids with a beta-conformation. This determines their polymerization into long beta-filaments that aggregate into corneous beta-bundles that form the framework of setae. Previous studies showed that the prevalent CBPs in the setae of Gekko gecko are cysteine-rich and are distributed from the base to the tip of adhesive setae, called spatulae. The molecular analysis of these proteins, although the three-dimensional structure remains undetermined, indicates that most of them are charged positively and some contain aromatic amino acids. These characteristics may impede adhesion by causing the setae to stick together but may also potentiate the van der Waals interactions responsible for most of the adhesion process on hydrophobic or hydrophilic substrates. The review stresses that not only the nanostructural shape and the high number of setae present in adhesive pads but also the protein composition of setae influence the strength of adhesion to almost any type of substrate. Therefore, formulation of dry materials mimicking gecko adhesiveness should also consider the chemical nature of the polymers utilized to fabricate the future dry adhesives in order to obtain the highest performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padua, Bologna, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Bologna, via Selmi 3, 40126, Universita' di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Bauer CT, Kroner E, Fleck NA, Arzt E. Hierarchical macroscopic fibrillar adhesives: in situ study of buckling and adhesion mechanisms on wavy substrates. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2015; 10:066002. [PMID: 26496128 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/10/6/066002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nature uses hierarchical fibrillar structures to mediate temporary adhesion to arbitrary substrates. Such structures provide high compliance such that the flat fibril tips can be better positioned with respect to asperities of a wavy rough substrate. We investigated the buckling and adhesion of hierarchically structured adhesives in contact with flat smooth, flat rough and wavy rough substrates. A macroscopic model for the structural adhesive was fabricated by molding polydimethylsiloxane into pillars of diameter in the range of 0.3-4.8 mm, with up to three different hierarchy levels. Both flat-ended and mushroom-shaped hierarchical samples buckled at preloads one quarter that of the single level structures. We explain this behavior by a change in the buckling mode; buckling leads to a loss of contact and diminishes adhesion. Our results indicate that hierarchical structures can have a strong influence on the degree of adhesion on both flat and wavy substrates. Strategies are discussed that achieve highly compliant substrates which adhere to rough substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina T Bauer
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. Saarland University, Campus D2 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Eliades T. Orthodontic material applications over the past century: Evolution of research methods to address clinical queries. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015; 147:S224-31. [PMID: 25925652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The advances in the field of materials as they relate to orthodontics can be divided into the actual evolution of materials applied to daily practice and the changes in research methods to study the performance and the biologic properties of the materials. Although it is evident that new materials have saturated the market during the past century, the basic concepts of attaching one appliance to the enamel to use as a grip and inserting wires into that to control the spatial orientation of a tooth are identical to the original concepts. In contrast to that, the numbers of treatises about those subjects and the complexity of instrumentation and analytic tools used in published research have advanced tremendously and at a frenetic pace. This highly specialized pattern of research may effectively raise boundaries across research areas, since the complexity of the issues allows researchers to comprehend the content of journal articles in a narrow spectrum of disciplines. The purposes of this article were to review the advances in the research methods for investigating the various properties of orthodontic materials and to assist the reader in navigating this topic. A synopsis of the materials is also provided, listing future applications that already exist at the experimental stage or are yet unavailable but with the relevant technology already presented in broader scientific disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Eliades
- Professor and director, Clinic of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Immunolocalization of specific keratin associated beta-proteins (beta-keratins) in the adhesive setae of Gekko gecko. Tissue Cell 2013; 45:231-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liao X, Chen G, Jiang M. Hydrogels locked by molecular recognition aiming at responsiveness and functionality. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20693e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sauer RA. Multiscale modelling and simulation of the deformation and adhesion of a single gecko seta. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2010; 12:627-40. [PMID: 19319703 DOI: 10.1080/10255840902802917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A 3D multiscale model is presented which describes the adhesion and deformation of a gecko seta. The multiscale approach combines three models at different length scales: at the top level, on the order of several micrometers, a nonlinear finite element beam model is chosen to capture the branched microstructure of the gecko seta. At the intermediate level, on the order of several nanometers, a second finite element model is used to capture the detailed behaviour of the seta tips, the so-called spatulae. At the lowest level, on the order of a few angstroms, a molecular interaction potential is used to describe the van der Waals adhesion forces between spatulae and substrate. Coarse-graining techiques are used to bridge the scale between the model levels. To illustrate and validate the proposed gecko seta model, numerical pull-off simulations are shown and compared to experimental data from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Sauer
- Institute for Continuum Mechanics, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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