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Kebke A, Samarra F, Derous D. Climate change and cetacean health: impacts and future directions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210249. [PMID: 35574848 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change directly impacts the foraging opportunities of cetaceans (e.g. lower prey availability), leads to habitat loss, and forces cetaceans to move to other feeding grounds. The rise in ocean temperature, low prey availability and loss of habitat can have severe consequences for cetacean survival, particularly those species that are already threatened or those with a limited habitat range. In addition, it is predicted that the concentration of contaminants in aquatic environments will increase owing to Arctic meltwater and increased rainfall events leading to higher rates of land-based runoff in downstream coastal areas. These persistent and mobile contaminants can bioaccumulate in the ecosystem, and lead to ecotoxicity with potentially severe consequences on the reproductive organs, immune system and metabolism of marine mammals. There is a need to measure and assess the cumulative impact of multiple stressors, given that climate change, habitat alteration, low prey availability and contaminants do not act in isolation. Human-caused perturbations to cetacean foraging abilities are becoming a pervasive and prevalent threat to many cetacean species on top of climate change-associated stressors. We need to move to a greater understanding of how multiple stressors impact the metabolism of cetaceans and ultimately their population trajectory. This article is part of the theme issue 'Nurturing resilient marine ecosystems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kebke
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Filipa Samarra
- University of Iceland's Institute of Research Centres, Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland
| | - Davina Derous
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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2
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Derous D, Kebke A, Fair PA, Styczynski M, Bossart GD, Douglas A, Lusseau D. Untargeted plasma metabolomic analysis of wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) indicate protein degradation when in poorer health. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 42:100991. [PMID: 35512616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cumulative exposure to sub-lethal anthropogenic stressors can affect the health and reproduction of coastal cetaceans and hence their population viability. To date, we do not have a clear understanding of the notion of health for cetaceans in an ecological context; that is, how health status affects the ability of individuals to survive and reproduce. Here, we make use of a unique health-monitoring programme of estuarine bottlenose dolphins in South Carolina and Florida to determine de novo changes in biological pathways, using untargeted plasma metabolomics, depending on the health status of individuals obtained from veterinary screening. We found that individuals that were in a poor health state had lower circulating amino acids pointing towards increased involvement of gluconeogenesis (i.e., new formation of glucose). More mechanistic work is needed to disentangle the interconnection between health and energy metabolism in cetaceans to mediate potential metabolic constraints they may face during periods of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina Derous
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | - Anna Kebke
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. https://twitter.com/AnnaKebke
| | - Patricia A Fair
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Mark Styczynski
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Gregory D Bossart
- Animal Health, Research and Conservation, Georgia Aquarium, NW Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alex Douglas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. https://twitter.com/Scedacity
| | - David Lusseau
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Danish Technical University, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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3
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine ecosystems are hosts to a vast array of organisms, being among the most richly biodiverse locations on the planet. The study of these ecosystems is very important, as they are not only a significant source of food for the world but also have, in recent years, become a prolific source of compounds with therapeutic potential. Studies of aspects of marine life have involved diverse fields of marine science, and the use of metabolomics as an experimental approach has increased in recent years. As part of the "omics" technologies, metabolomics has been used to deepen the understanding of interactions between marine organisms and their environment at a metabolic level and to discover new metabolites produced by these organisms. AIM OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of the use of metabolomics in the study of marine organisms. It also explores the use of metabolomics tools common to other fields such as plants and human metabolomics that could potentially contribute to marine organism studies. It deals with the entire process of a metabolomic study, from sample collection considerations, metabolite extraction, analytical techniques, and data analysis. It also includes an overview of recent applications of metabolomics in fields such as marine ecology and drug discovery and future perspectives of its use in the study of marine organisms. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The review covers all the steps involved in metabolomic studies of marine organisms including, collection, extraction methods, analytical tools, statistical analysis, and dereplication. It aims to provide insight into all aspects that a newcomer to the field should consider when undertaking marine metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Bayona
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole J de Voogd
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Marine Biodiversity, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 130-701, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Khoubnasabjafari M, Mogaddam MRA, Rahimpour E, Soleymani J, Saei AA, Jouyban A. Breathomics: Review of Sample Collection and Analysis, Data Modeling and Clinical Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1461-1487. [PMID: 33691552 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1889961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics research is rapidly gaining momentum in disease diagnosis, on top of other Omics technologies. Breathomics, as a branch of metabolomics is developing in various frontiers, for early and noninvasive monitoring of disease. This review starts with a brief introduction to metabolomics and breathomics. A number of important technical issues in exhaled breath collection and factors affecting the sampling procedures are presented. We review the recent progress in metabolomics approaches and a summary of their applications on the respiratory and non-respiratory diseases investigated by breath analysis. Recent reports on breathomics studies retrieved from Scopus and Pubmed were reviewed in this work. We conclude that analyzing breath metabolites (both volatile and nonvolatile) is valuable in disease diagnoses, and therefore believe that breathomics will turn into a promising noninvasive discipline in biomarker discovery and early disease detection in personalized medicine. The problem of wide variations in the reported metabolite concentrations from breathomics studies should be tackled by developing more accurate analytical methods and sophisticated numerical analytical alogorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleymani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Liver and Gastrointestinal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Misra BB, Ruiz-Hernández IM, Hernández-Bolio GI, Hernández-Núñez E, Díaz-Gamboa R, Colli-Dula RC. 1H NMR metabolomic analysis of skin and blubber of bottlenose dolphins reveals a functional metabolic dichotomy. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 30:25-32. [PMID: 30771562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is a carnivorous cetacean that thrives in marine environments, one of the apex predators of the marine food web. They are found in coastal and estuarine ecosystems, which are known to be sensitive to environmental impacts. Dolphins are considered sentinel organisms for monitoring the health of coastal marine ecosystems due to their role as predators that can bioaccumulate contaminants. Although recent studies have focused on capturing the circulating metabolomes of these mammals, and in the context of pollutants and exposures in the marine environment, skin and blubber are important surface and protective tissues that have not been adequately probed for metabolism. Using a proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) based metabolomics approach, we quantified 51 metabolites belonging to 74 different metabolic pathways in the skin and blubber of stranded bottlenose dolphin (n = 4) samples collected at different localities in the Southern Zone coast of Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Results indicate that metabolism of skin and blubber are quantitatively very different. These metabolite abundances could help discriminate the tissue-types using supervised partial least square regression discriminant analysis (PLSDA). Further, using hierarchical clustering analysis and random forest analysis of the metabolite abundances, the results pointed to unique metabolites that are important classifiers of the tissue-type. On one hand, the differential metabolic patterns, mainly linking fatty acid metabolism and ketogenic amino acids, seem to constitute a characteristic of blubber, thus pointing to fat synthesis and deposition. On the other hand, the skin showed several metabolites involved in gluconeogenic pathways, pointing towards an active anabolic energy-generating metabolism. The most notable pathways found in both tissues included: urea cycle, nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism among others. Our 1H NMR metabolomics analysis allowed the quantification of metabolites associated with these two organs, i.e., pyruvic acid, arginine, ornithine, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, and acetic acid, as discriminatory and classifying metabolites. These results would lead to further understanding of the functional and physiological roles of dolphin skin and blubber metabolism for better efforts in their conservation, as well as useful target biopsy tissues for monitoring of dolphin health conditions in marine pollution and ecotoxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswapriya B Misra
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem 27157, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Emanuel Hernández-Núñez
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Cinvestav Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico
| | - Raúl Díaz-Gamboa
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Reyna Cristina Colli-Dula
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Cinvestav Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico.
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Zamuruyev KO, Schmidt AJ, Borras E, McCartney MM, Schivo M, Kenyon NJ, Delplanque JP, Davis CE. Power-efficient self-cleaning hydrophilic condenser surface for portable exhaled breath condensate (EBC) metabolomic sampling. J Breath Res 2018; 12:036020. [PMID: 29771240 PMCID: PMC6015477 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aac5a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a hydrophilic self-cleaning condenser surface for the collection of biological and environmental aerosol samples. The condenser is installed in a battery-operated hand-held breath sampling device. The device performance is characterized by the collection and analysis of exhaled breath samples from a group of volunteers. The exhaled breath condensate is collected on a subcooled condenser surface, transferred into a storage vial, and its chemical content is analyzed using mass spectrometric methods. The engineered surface supports upon it a continuous condensation cycle, and this allows the collection of liquid samples exceeding the saturation mass/area limit of a plain hydrophilic surface. The condenser surface employs two constituent parameters: a low surface energy barrier to enhance nucleation and condensation efficiency, and a network of surface microstructures to create a self-cleaning mechanism for fluid aggregation into a reservoir. Removal of the liquid condensate from the condenser surface prevents the formation of a thick liquid layer, and thus maintains a continuous condensation cycle with a minimum decrease in heat transfer efficiency as condensation occurs on the surface. The self-cleaning condenser surfaces may have a number of applications in the collection of biological, chemical, or environmental aerosol samples. Sample phase conversion to liquid can facilitate sample manipulation and chemical analysis of matrices with low concentrations. Here, we demonstrate the use of a self-cleaning microcondenser for the collection of exhaled breath condensate with a hand-held portable device. All breath collections with the two devices were performed with the same group of volunteers under UC Davis IRB protocol 63701-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin O Zamuruyev
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
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Abstract
Omics technologies have been developed in recent decades and applied to different subjects, although the greatest advancements have been achieved in human biology and disease. Genome sequencing and the exploration of its coding and noncoding regions are rapidly yielding meaningful answers to diverse questions, relating genome information to protein activity to environmental changes. In the past, marine mammal genetic and transcriptional studies have been restricted due to the lack of reference genomes. But the advance of high-throughput sequencing is revolutionizing the life sciences technologies. As long-lived organisms, at the top of the food chain, marine mammals play an important role in marine ecosystems and while their protected status is in favor of conservation of the species, it also complicates the researcher's approach to traditional measurements of health. Omics data generated by high-throughput technologies will represent an important key for improving the scientific basis for understanding both marine mammal and environment health.
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Borras E, Aksenov AA, Baird M, Novick B, Schivo M, Zamuruyev KO, Pasamontes A, Parry C, Foutouhi S, Venn-Watson S, Weimer BC, Davis CE. Exhaled breath condensate methods adapted from human studies using longitudinal metabolomics for predicting early health alterations in dolphins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6523-6536. [PMID: 29063162 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring health conditions is essential to detect early asymptomatic stages of a disease. To achieve this, blood, urine and breath samples are commonly used as a routine clinical diagnostic. These samples offer the opportunity to detect specific metabolites related to diseases and provide a better understanding of their development. Although blood samples are commonly used routinely to monitor health, the implementation of a relatively noninvasive technique, such as exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis, may further benefit the well-being of both humans and other animals. EBC analysis can be used to track possible physical or biochemical alterations caused by common diseases of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), such as infections or inflammatory-mediated processes. We have used an untargeted metabolomic method with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of EBC samples to determine biomarkers related to disease development. In this study, five dolphins under human care were followed up for 1 year. We collected paired blood, physical examination information, and EBC samples. We then statistically correlated this information to predict specific health alterations. Three dolphins provided promising case study information about biomarkers related to cutaneous infections, respiratory infections, dental disease, or hormonal changes (pregnancy). The use of complementary liquid chromatography platforms, with hydrophilic interaction chromatography and reverse-phased columns, allowed us to detect a wide spectrum of EBC biomarker compounds that could be related to these health alterations. Moreover, these two analytical techniques not only provided complementary metabolite information but in both cases they also provided promising diagnostic information for these health conditions. Graphical abstract Collection of the exhaled condensed breath from a bottlenose dolphin from U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program (MMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Borras
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexander A Aksenov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mark Baird
- Translational Medicine and Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, CA, 92106, USA
| | - Brittany Novick
- Translational Medicine and Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, CA, 92106, USA
| | - Michael Schivo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95617, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Konstantin O Zamuruyev
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alberto Pasamontes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Celeste Parry
- Translational Medicine and Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, CA, 92106, USA
| | - Soraya Foutouhi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Stephanie Venn-Watson
- Translational Medicine and Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, CA, 92106, USA
| | - Bart C Weimer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Pasamontes A, Aksenov AA, Schivo M, Rowles T, Smith CR, Schwacke LH, Wells RS, Yeates L, Venn-Watson S, Davis CE. Noninvasive Respiratory Metabolite Analysis Associated with Clinical Disease in Cetaceans: A Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5737-5746. [PMID: 28406294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Health assessments of wild cetaceans can be challenging due to the difficulty of gaining access to conventional diagnostic matrices of blood, serum and others. While the noninvasive detection of metabolites in exhaled breath could potentially help to address this problem, there exists a knowledge gap regarding associations between known disease states and breath metabolite profiles in cetaceans. This technology was applied to the largest marine oil spill in U.S. history (The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico). An accurate analysis was performed to test for associations between the exhaled breath metabolome and sonographic lung abnormalities as well as hematological, serum biochemical, and endocrine hormone parameters. Importantly, metabolites consistent with chronic inflammation, such as products of lung epithelial cellular breakdown and arachidonic acid cascade metabolites were associated with sonographic evidence of lung consolidation. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) metabolite profiles also correlated with serum hormone concentrations (cortisol and aldosterone), hepatobiliary enzyme levels, white blood cell counts, and iron homeostasis. The correlations among breath metabolites and conventional health measures suggest potential application of breath sampling for remotely assessing health of wild cetaceans. This methodology may hold promise for large cetaceans in the wild for which routine collection of blood and respiratory anomalies are not currently feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pasamontes
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alexander A Aksenov
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Michael Schivo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California , 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Teri Rowles
- Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Cynthia R Smith
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92106, United States
| | - Lori H Schwacke
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - Randall S Wells
- Chicago Zoological Society's Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, c/o Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, Florida 34236, United States
| | - Laura Yeates
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92106, United States
| | - Stephanie Venn-Watson
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92106, United States
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Zamuruyev KO, Aksenov AA, Pasamontes A, Brown JF, Pettit DR, Foutouhi S, Weimer BC, Schivo M, Kenyon NJ, Delplanque JP, Davis CE. Human breath metabolomics using an optimized non-invasive exhaled breath condensate sampler. J Breath Res 2016; 11:016001. [PMID: 28004639 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/11/1/016001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis is a developing field with tremendous promise to advance personalized, non-invasive health diagnostics as new analytical instrumentation platforms and detection methods are developed. Multiple commercially-available and researcher-built experimental samplers are reported in the literature. However, there is very limited information available to determine an effective breath sampling approach, especially regarding the dependence of breath sample metabolomic content on the collection device design and sampling methodology. This lack of an optimal standard procedure results in a range of reported results that are sometimes contradictory. Here, we present a design of a portable human EBC sampler optimized for collection and preservation of the rich metabolomic content of breath. The performance of the engineered device is compared to two commercially available breath collection devices: the RTube™ and TurboDECCS. A number of design and performance parameters are considered, including: condenser temperature stability during sampling, collection efficiency, condenser material choice, and saliva contamination in the collected breath samples. The significance of the biological content of breath samples, collected with each device, is evaluated with a set of mass spectrometry methods and was the primary factor for evaluating device performance. The design includes an adjustable mass-size threshold for aerodynamic filtering of saliva droplets from the breath flow. Engineering an inexpensive device that allows efficient collection of metalomic-rich breath samples is intended to aid further advancement in the field of breath analysis for non-invasive health diagnostic. EBC sampling from human volunteers was performed under UC Davis IRB protocol 63701-3 (09/30/2014-07/07/2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin O Zamuruyev
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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