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Vaezzadeh V, Zhong G, Zhang G. Benzene polycarboxylic acids as molecular markers of black carbon: Progresses and challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140112. [PMID: 37689153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is generated as a result of the pyrolysis of biomass and fossil fuels. Different approaches have been taken to analyse BC in the environment, including thermal, optical and chemical methods. The chemical approach which uses benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs) as molecular markers of BC has gained popularity within the scientific community recently. These pyrogenic molecular markers can be used to reconstruct ancient fire history and human presence. Here we review the development of the BPCA protocols for the analysis of BC and the previous studies that have used these methods. Additionally, this review explores the biogeochemical factors that influence the content and composition of BPCAs, which in turn affect the sources attributed to BC. These factors include the generation temperature of char, photodegradation, biodegradation and the interference of non-pyrogenic organic matter (OM) in BPCA-BC analysis. Different combustion temperatures can yield charred BC with varying degrees of aromatic condensation throughout the BC continuum, while aged soot-BC undergoes photochemical degradation, causing the loss of its original condensed aromatic structure. Photodegradation reduces the degree of BC condensation by preferentially breaking down the most condensed forms, whereas biodegradation primarily mineralizes the smaller and more biolabile BC. Non-pyrogenic sources, such as humic acids (HAs), have been found to contribute up to 25% of BPCA-BC in soil, and their presence can lead to overestimations of BC. Future research should focus on calibrating contemporary BPCA protocols using known reference materials and investigating the role of non-pyrogenic OM in BPCA-BC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Vaezzadeh
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Hanke UM, Reddy CM, Braun ALL, Coppola AI, Haghipour N, McIntyre CP, Wacker L, Xu L, McNichol AP, Abiven S, Schmidt MWI, Eglinton TI. What on Earth Have We Been Burning? Deciphering Sedimentary Records of Pyrogenic Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12972-12980. [PMID: 28994589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans have interacted with fire for thousands of years, yet the utilization of fossil fuels marked the beginning of a new era. Ubiquitous in the environment, pyrogenic carbon (PyC) arises from incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels, forming a continuum of condensed aromatic structures. Here, we develop and evaluate 14C records for two complementary PyC molecular markers, benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), preserved in aquatic sediments from a suburban and a remote catchment in the United States (U.S.) from the mid-1700s to 1998. Results show that the majority of PyC stems from local sources and is transferred to aquatic sedimentary archives on subdecadal to millennial time scales. Whereas a small portion stems from near-contemporaneous production and sedimentation, the majority of PyC (∼90%) experiences delayed transmission due to "preaging" on millennial time scales in catchment soils prior to its ultimate deposition. BPCAs (soot) and PAHs (precursors of soot) trace fossil fuel-derived PyC. Both markers parallel historical records of the consumption of fossil fuels in the U.S., yet never account for more than 19% total PyC. This study demonstrates that isotopic characterization of multiple tracers is necessary to constrain histories and inventories of PyC and that sequestration of PyC can markedly lag its production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich M Hanke
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1050, United States
| | - Ana L L Braun
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1050, United States
| | - Alysha I Coppola
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Negar Haghipour
- Geological Institute, ETH Zürich , Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cameron P McIntyre
- Geological Institute, ETH Zürich , Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich , Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre , East Kilbride G75 0QF, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich , Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1050, United States
| | - Ann P McNichol
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1050, United States
| | - Samuel Abiven
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael W I Schmidt
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timothy I Eglinton
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1050, United States
- Geological Institute, ETH Zürich , Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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