1
|
Mao D, Chang L, Lee H, Yu AW, Maruca BA, Ullah K, Matthaeus WH, Krainak MA, Dong P, Gu T. Space-qualifying silicon photonic modulators and circuits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi9171. [PMID: 38181074 PMCID: PMC10776012 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi9171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Reducing the form factor while retaining the radiation hardness and performance matrix is the goal of avionics. While a compromise between a transistor's size and its radiation hardness has reached consensus in microelectronics, the size-performance balance for their optical counterparts has not been quested but eventually will limit the spaceborne photonic instruments' capacity to weight ratio. Here, we performed space experiments of photonic integrated circuits (PICs), revealing the critical roles of energetic charged particles. The year-long cosmic radiation exposure does not change carrier mobility but reduces free carrier lifetime, resulting in unchanged electro-optic modulation efficiency and well-expanded optoelectronic bandwidth. The diversity and statistics of the tested PIC modulator indicate the minimal requirement of shielding for PIC transmitters with small footprint modulators and complexed routing waveguides toward lightweight space terminals for terabits communications and intersatellite ranging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dun Mao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- II-VI Incorporated, 48800 Milmont Drive, Milmont, CA 94538, USA
| | - Lorry Chang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Hwaseob Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Anthony W. Yu
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Lasers and Electro-Optics Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Bennett A. Maruca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Kaleem Ullah
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - William H. Matthaeus
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Michael A. Krainak
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Lasers and Electro-Optics Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Po Dong
- II-VI Incorporated, 48800 Milmont Drive, Milmont, CA 94538, USA
| | - Tingyi Gu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Trapped Proton Fluxes Estimation Inside the South Atlantic Anomaly Using the NASA AE9/AP9/SPM Radiation Models along the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite Orbit. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The radiation belts in the Earth’s magnetosphere pose a hazard to satellite systems and spacecraft missions (both manned and unmanned), heavily affecting payload design and resources, thus resulting in an impact on the overall mission performance and final costs. The NASA AE9/AP9/SPM radiation models for energetic electrons, protons, and plasma provide useful information on the near-Earth environment, but they are still incomplete as to some features and, for some energy ranges, their predictions are not based on a statistically sufficient sample of direct measurements. Therefore, it is of the upmost importance to provide new data and direct measurements to improve their output. In this work, the AP9 model is applied to the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01) orbit to estimate the flux of energetic protons over the South Atlantic Anomaly during a short testing period of one day, 1 January 2021. Moreover, a preliminary comparison with proton data obtained from the High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD) on board CSES-01 is carried out. This estimation will serve as the starting ground for a forthcoming complete data analysis, enabling extensive testing and validation of current theoretical and empirical models.
Collapse
|
3
|
Roussos E, Kollmann P, Krupp N, Kotova A, Regoli L, Paranicas C, Mitchell DG, Krimigis SM, Hamilton D, Brandt P, Carbary J, Christon S, Dialynas K, Dandouras I, Hill ME, Ip WH, Jones GH, Livi S, Mauk BH, Palmaerts B, Roelof EC, Rymer A, Sergis N, Smith HT. A radiation belt of energetic protons located between Saturn and its rings. Science 2018; 362:362/6410/eaat1962. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Saturn has a sufficiently strong dipole magnetic field to trap high-energy charged particles and form radiation belts, which have been observed outside its rings. Whether stable radiation belts exist near the planet and inward of the rings was previously unknown. The Cassini spacecraft’s Magnetosphere Imaging Instrument obtained measurements of a radiation belt that lies just above Saturn’s dense atmosphere and is decoupled from the rest of the magnetosphere by the planet’s A- to C-rings. The belt extends across the D-ring and comprises protons produced through cosmic ray albedo neutron decay and multiple charge-exchange reactions. These protons are lost to atmospheric neutrals and D-ring dust. Strong proton depletions that map onto features on the D-ring indicate a highly structured and diverse dust environment near Saturn.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hidding B, Karger O, Königstein T, Pretzler G, Manahan GG, McKenna P, Gray R, Wilson R, Wiggins SM, Welsh GH, Beaton A, Delinikolas P, Jaroszynski DA, Rosenzweig JB, Karmakar A, Ferlet-Cavrois V, Costantino A, Muschitiello M, Daly E. Laser-plasma-based Space Radiation Reproduction in the Laboratory. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42354. [PMID: 28176862 PMCID: PMC5296722 DOI: 10.1038/srep42354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Space radiation is a great danger to electronics and astronauts onboard space vessels. The spectral flux of space electrons, protons and ions for example in the radiation belts is inherently broadband, but this is a feature hard to mimic with conventional radiation sources. Using laser-plasma-accelerators, we reproduced relativistic, broadband radiation belt flux in the laboratory, and used this man-made space radiation to test the radiation hardness of space electronics. Such close mimicking of space radiation in the lab builds on the inherent ability of laser-plasma-accelerators to directly produce broadband Maxwellian-type particle flux, akin to conditions in space. In combination with the established sources, utilisation of the growing number of ever more potent laser-plasma-accelerator facilities worldwide as complementary space radiation sources can help alleviate the shortage of available beamtime and may allow for development of advanced test procedures, paving the way towards higher reliability of space missions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Hidding
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - O Karger
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Königstein
- Institute for Laser and Plasma Physics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - G Pretzler
- Institute for Laser and Plasma Physics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - G G Manahan
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - P McKenna
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Gray
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Wilson
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - S M Wiggins
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - G H Welsh
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Beaton
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - P Delinikolas
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - D A Jaroszynski
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - A Karmakar
- Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, Boltzmannstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | - E Daly
- European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vitale V, Palma F, Sotgiu A. The High-Energy Particle Detector on board of the CSES mission. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201713601007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
6
|
Narici L, Berger T, Matthiä D, Reitz G. Radiation Measurements Performed with Active Detectors Relevant for Human Space Exploration. Front Oncol 2015; 5:273. [PMID: 26697408 PMCID: PMC4672055 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable radiation risk assessment in space is a mandatory step for the development of countermeasures and long-duration mission planning in human spaceflight. Research in radiobiology provides information about possible risks linked to radiation. In addition, for a meaningful risk evaluation, the radiation exposure has to be assessed to a sufficient level of accuracy. Consequently, both the radiation models predicting the risks and the measurements used to validate such models must have an equivalent precision. Corresponding measurements can be performed both with passive and active devices. The former is easier to handle, cheaper, lighter, and smaller but they measure neither the time dependence of the radiation environment nor some of the details useful for a comprehensive radiation risk assessment. Active detectors provide most of these details and have been extensively used in the International Space Station. To easily access such an amount of data, a single point access is becoming essential. This review presents an ongoing work on the development of a tool that allows obtaining information about all relevant measurements performed with active detectors providing reliable inputs for radiation model validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livio Narici
- Department of Physics University of Rome Tor Vergata and INFN-Roma2 , Rome , Italy ; Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Cologne , Germany
| | - Thomas Berger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Cologne , Germany
| | - Daniel Matthiä
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Cologne , Germany
| | - Günther Reitz
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Cologne , Germany
| |
Collapse
|