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Camargo-Herrera V, Castellanos G, Rangel N, Jiménez-Tobón GA, Martínez-Agüero M, Rondón-Lagos M. Patterns of Chromosomal Instability and Clonal Heterogeneity in Luminal B Breast Cancer: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4478. [PMID: 38674062 PMCID: PMC11049937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), defined by variations in the number or structure of chromosomes from cell to cell, is recognized as a distinctive characteristic of cancer associated with the ability of tumors to adapt to challenging environments. CIN has been recognized as a source of genetic variation that leads to clonal heterogeneity (CH). Recent findings suggest a potential association between CIN and CH with the prognosis of BC patients, particularly in tumors expressing the epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+). In fact, information on the role of CIN in other BC subtypes, including luminal B BC, is limited. Additionally, it remains unknown whether CIN in luminal B BC tumors, above a specific threshold, could have a detrimental effect on the growth of human tumors or whether low or intermediate CIN levels could be linked to a more favorable BC patient prognosis when contrasted with elevated levels. Clarifying these relationships could have a substantial impact on risk stratification and the development of future therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting CIN in BC. This study aimed to assess CIN and CH in tumor tissue samples from ten patients with luminal B BC and compare them with established clinicopathological parameters. The results of this study reveal that luminal B BC patients exhibit intermediate CIN and stable aneuploidy, both of which correlate with lymphovascular invasion. Our results also provide valuable preliminary data that could contribute to the understanding of the implications of CIN and CH in risk stratification and the development of future therapeutic strategies in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Camargo-Herrera
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (V.C.-H.).; (G.C.)
| | - Giovanny Castellanos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (V.C.-H.).; (G.C.)
| | - Nelson Rangel
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Guillermo Antonio Jiménez-Tobón
- Laboratorio de Patología, Hospital Universitario Mayor-Méderi, Bogotá 110311, Colombia;
- Grupo BIOmedUR, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - María Martínez-Agüero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (V.C.-H.).; (G.C.)
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Aldana-Salazar F, Rangel N, Rodríguez MJ, Baracaldo C, Martínez-Agüero M, Rondón-Lagos M. Chromosomal Damage, Chromosome Instability, and Polymorphisms in GSTP1 and XRCC1 as Biomarkers of Effect and Susceptibility in Farmers Exposed to Pesticides. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4167. [PMID: 38673753 PMCID: PMC11050655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the department of Boyacá, Colombia, agriculture stands as one of the primary economic activities. However, the escalating utilization of pesticides within this sector has sparked concern regarding its potential correlation with elevated risks of genotoxicity, chromosomal alterations, and carcinogenesis. Furthermore, pesticides have been associated with a broad spectrum of genetic polymorphisms that impact pivotal genes involved in pesticide metabolism and DNA repair, among other processes. Nonetheless, our understanding of the genotoxic effects of pesticides on the chromosomes (as biomarkers of effect) in exposed farmers and the impact of genetic polymorphisms (as susceptibility biomarkers) on the increased risk of chromosomal damage is still limited. The aim of our study was to evaluate chromosomal alterations, chromosomal instability, and clonal heterogeneity, as well as the presence of polymorphic variants in the GSTP1 and XRCC1 genes, in peripheral blood samples of farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides in Aquitania, Colombia, and in an unexposed control group. Our results showed statistically significant differences in the frequency of numerical chromosomal alterations, chromosomal instability, and clonal heterogeneity levels between the exposed and unexposed groups. In addition, we also found a higher frequency of chromosomal instability and clonal heterogeneity in exposed individuals carrying the heterozygous GSTP1 AG and XRCC1 (exon 10) GA genotypes. The evaluation of chromosomal alterations and chromosomal instability resulting from pesticide exposure, combined with the identification of polymorphic variants in the GSTP1 and XRCC1 genes, and further research involving a larger group of individuals exposed to pesticides could enable the identification of effect and susceptibility biomarkers. Such markers could prove valuable for monitoring individuals occupationally exposed to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aldana-Salazar
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (F.A.-S.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Nelson Rangel
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - María José Rodríguez
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (F.A.-S.); (M.J.R.)
| | - César Baracaldo
- Doctoral Program in Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia;
| | - María Martínez-Agüero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (F.A.-S.); (M.J.R.)
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Castellanos G, Valbuena DS, Pérez E, Villegas VE, Rondón-Lagos M. Chromosomal Instability as Enabling Feature and Central Hallmark of Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2023; 15:189-211. [PMID: 36923397 PMCID: PMC10010144 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s383759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) has become a topic of great interest in recent years, not only for its implications in cancer diagnosis and prognosis but also for its role as an enabling feature and central hallmark of cancer. CIN describes cell-to-cell variation in the number or structure of chromosomes in a tumor population. Although extensive research in recent decades has identified some associations between CIN with response to therapy, specific associations with other hallmarks of cancer have not been fully evidenced. Such associations place CIN as an enabling feature of the other hallmarks of cancer and highlight the importance of deepening its knowledge to improve the outcome in cancer. In addition, studies conducted to date have shown paradoxical findings about the implications of CIN for therapeutic response, with some studies showing associations between high CIN and better therapeutic response, and others showing the opposite: associations between high CIN and therapeutic resistance. This evidences the complex relationships between CIN with the prognosis and response to treatment in cancer. Considering the above, this review focuses on recent studies on the role of CIN in cancer, the cellular mechanisms leading to CIN, its relationship with other hallmarks of cancer, and the emerging therapeutic approaches that are being developed to target such instability, with a primary focus on breast cancer. Further understanding of the complexity of CIN and its association with other hallmarks of cancer could provide a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in prognosis and response to treatment in cancer and potentially lead to new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanny Castellanos
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia.,School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Duván Sebastián Valbuena
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Erika Pérez
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Victoria E Villegas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
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Meléndez-Flórez MP, Valbuena DS, Cepeda S, Rangel N, Forero-Castro M, Martínez-Agüero M, Rondón-Lagos M. Profile of Chromosomal Alterations, Chromosomal Instability and Clonal Heterogeneity in Colombian Farmers Exposed to Pesticides. Front Genet 2022; 13:820209. [PMID: 35281828 PMCID: PMC8908452 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.820209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are a group of environmental pollutants widely used in agriculture to protect crops, and their indiscriminate use has led to a growing public awareness about the health hazards associated with exposure to these substances. In fact, exposure to pesticides has been associated with an increased risk of developing diseases, including cancer. In a study previously published by us, we observed the induction of specific chromosomal alterations and, in general, the deleterious effect of pesticides on the chromosomes of five individuals exposed to pesticides. Considering the importance of our previous findings and their implications in the identification of cytogenetic biomarkers for the monitoring of exposed populations, we decided to conduct a new study with a greater number of individuals exposed to pesticides. Considering the above, the aim of this study was to evaluate the type and frequency of chromosomal alterations, chromosomal variants, the level of chromosomal instability and the clonal heterogeneity in a group of thirty-four farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides in the town of Simijacá, Colombia, and in a control group of thirty-four unexposed individuals, by using Banding Cytogenetics and Molecular Cytogenetics (Fluorescence in situ hybridization). Our results showed that farmers exposed to pesticides had significantly increased frequencies of chromosomal alterations, chromosomal variants, chromosomal instability and clonal heterogeneity when compared with controls. Our results confirm the results previously reported by us, and indicate that occupational exposure to pesticides induces not only chromosomal instability but also clonal heterogeneity in the somatic cells of people exposed to pesticides. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first study that reports clonal heterogeneity associated with occupational exposure to pesticides. Chromosomal instability and clonal heterogeneity, in addition to reflecting the instability of the system, could predispose cells to acquire additional instability and, therefore, to an increased risk of developing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duvan Sebastián Valbuena
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Sebastián Cepeda
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Nelson Rangel
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maribel Forero-Castro
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - María Martínez-Agüero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
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Vargas-Rondón N, Villegas VE, Rondón-Lagos M. The Role of Chromosomal Instability in Cancer and Therapeutic Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 10:cancers10010004. [PMID: 29283387 PMCID: PMC5789354 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death, and despite increased research in recent years, control of advanced-stage disease and optimal therapeutic responses remain elusive. Recent technological improvements have increased our understanding of human cancer as a heterogeneous disease. For instance, four hallmarks of cancer have recently been included, which in addition to being involved in cancer development, could be involved in therapeutic responses and resistance. One of these hallmarks is chromosome instability (CIN), a source of genetic variation in either altered chromosome number or structure. CIN has become a hot topic in recent years, not only for its implications in cancer diagnostics and prognostics, but also for its role in therapeutic responses. Chromosomal alterations are mainly used to determine genetic heterogeneity in tumors, but CIN could also reveal treatment efficacy, as many therapies are based on increasing CIN, which causes aberrant cells to undergo apoptosis. However, it should be noted that contradictory findings on the implications of CIN for the therapeutic response have been reported, with some studies associating high CIN with a better therapeutic response and others associating it with therapeutic resistance. Considering these observations, it is necessary to increase our understanding of the role CIN plays not only in tumor development, but also in therapeutic responses. This review focuses on recent studies that suggest possible mechanisms and consequences of CIN in different disease types, with a primary focus on cancer outcomes and therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vargas-Rondón
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia.
| | - Victoria E Villegas
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia.
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New Insights in the Cytogenetic Practice: Karyotypic Chaos, Non-Clonal Chromosomal Alterations and Chromosomal Instability in Human Cancer and Therapy Response. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8060155. [PMID: 28587191 PMCID: PMC5485519 DOI: 10.3390/genes8060155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, non-clonal chromosomal alterations previously unappreciated are being proposed to be included in cytogenetic practice. The aim of this inclusion is to obtain a greater understanding of chromosomal instability (CIN) and tumor heterogeneity and their role in cancer evolution and therapy response. Although several genetic assays have allowed the evaluation of the variation in a population of cancer cells, these assays do not provide information at the level of individual cells, therefore limiting the information of the genomic diversity within tumors (heterogeneity). The karyotype is one of the few available cytogenetic techniques that allow us not only to identify the chromosomal alterations present within a single cell, but also allows us to profile both clonal (CCA) and non-clonal chromosomal alterations (NCCAs). A greater understanding of CIN and tumor heterogeneity in cancer could not only improve existing therapeutic regimens but could also be used as targets for the design of new therapeutic approaches. In this review we indicate the importance and significance of karyotypic chaos, NCCAs and CIN in the prognosis of human cancers.
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Inevitability and containment of replication errors for eukaryotic genome lengths spanning megabase to gigabase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5765-74. [PMID: 27630194 PMCID: PMC5047159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603241113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication of DNA is initiated at particular sites on the genome called replication origins (ROs). Understanding the constraints that regulate the distribution of ROs across different organisms is fundamental for quantifying the degree of replication errors and their downstream consequences. Using a simple probabilistic model, we generate a set of predictions on the extreme sensitivity of error rates to the distribution of ROs, and how this distribution must therefore be tuned for genomes of vastly different sizes. As genome size changes from megabases to gigabases, we predict that regularity of RO spacing is lost, that large gaps between ROs dominate error rates but are heavily constrained by the mean stalling distance of replication forks, and that, for genomes spanning ∼100 megabases to ∼10 gigabases, errors become increasingly inevitable but their number remains very small (three or less). Our theory predicts that the number of errors becomes significantly higher for genome sizes greater than ∼10 gigabases. We test these predictions against datasets in yeast, Arabidopsis, Drosophila, and human, and also through direct experimentation on two different human cell lines. Agreement of theoretical predictions with experiment and datasets is found in all cases, resulting in a picture of great simplicity, whereby the density and positioning of ROs explain the replication error rates for the entire range of eukaryotes for which data are available. The theory highlights three domains of error rates: negligible (yeast), tolerable (metazoan), and high (some plants), with the human genome at the extreme end of the middle domain.
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Rondón-Lagos M, Rangel N, Di Cantogno LV, Annaratone L, Castellano I, Russo R, Manetta T, Marchiò C, Sapino A. Effect of low doses of estradiol and tamoxifen on breast cancer cell karyotypes. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:635-50. [PMID: 27357940 PMCID: PMC5064758 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence supports a role of 17&-estradiol (E2) in carcinogenesis and the large majority of breast carcinomas are dependent on estrogen. The anti-estrogen tamoxifen (TAM) is widely used for both treatment and prevention of breast cancer; however, it is also carcinogenic in human uterus and rat liver, highlighting the profound complexity of its actions. The nature of E2- or TAM-induced chromosomal damage has been explored using relatively high concentrations of these agents, and only some numerical aberrations and chromosomal breaks have been analyzed. This study aimed to determine the effects of low doses of E2 and TAM (10(&8 )mol L(&1) and 10(&6 )mol L(&1) respectively) on karyotypes of MCF7, T47D, BT474, and SKBR3 breast cancer cells by comparing the results of conventional karyotyping and multi-FISH painting with cell proliferation. Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (+) cells showed an increase in cell proliferation after E2 treatment (MCF7, T47D, and BT474) and a decrease after TAM treatment (MCF7 and T47D), whereas in ER& cells (SKBR3), no alterations in cell proliferation were observed, except for a small increase at 96 h. Karyotypes of both ER+ and ER& breast cancer cells increased in complexity after treatments with E2 and TAM leading to specific chromosomal abnormalities, some of which were consistent throughout the treatment duration. This genotoxic effect was higher in HER2+ cells. The ER&/HER2+ SKBR3 cells were found to be sensitive to TAM, exhibiting an increase in chromosomal aberrations. These in vitro results provide insights into the potential role of low doses of E2 and TAM in inducing chromosomal rearrangements in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelson Rangel
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Turin, Turin, Italy Natural and Mathematical Sciences FacultyUniversidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Rosalia Russo
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Tilde Manetta
- Department of Public Health and PediatricsUniversity of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Anna Sapino
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Turin, Turin, Italy Candiolo Cancer InstituteFPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
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Bishnoi SW. Computer assisted spectral karyotyping and its promising clinical application. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/1/2/027001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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