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Rossenkhan R, MacLeod IJ, Brumme ZL, Magaret CA, Sebunya TK, Musonda R, Gashe BA, Edlefsen PT, Novitsky V, Essex M. Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Subtype C Viruses Show Distinctive Signature Patterns in Vif, Vpr, and Vpu That Are Under Subsequent Immune Pressure During Early Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:1031-1045. [PMID: 27349335 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral variants that predominate during early infection may exhibit constrained diversity compared with those found during chronic infection and could contain amino acid signature patterns that may enhance transmission, establish productive infection, and influence early events that modulate the infection course. We compared amino acid distributions in 17 patients recently infected with HIV-1C with patients with chronic infection. We found significantly lower entropy in inferred transmitted/founder (t/f) compared with chronic viruses and identified signature patterns in Vif and Vpr from inferred t/f viruses. We investigated sequence evolution longitudinally up to 500 days postseroconversion and compared the impact of selected substitutions on predicted human leukocyte antigen (HLA) binding affinities of published and predicted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes. Polymorphisms in Vif and Vpr during early infection occurred more frequently at epitope-HLA anchor residues and significantly decreased predicted epitope-HLA binding. Transmission-associated sequence signatures may have implications for novel strategies to prevent HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raabya Rossenkhan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Iain J. MacLeod
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Zabrina L. Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Theresa K. Sebunya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Rosemary Musonda
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Berhanu A. Gashe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Vlad Novitsky
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - M. Essex
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
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Kiwelu IE, Novitsky V, Kituma E, Margolin L, Baca J, Manongi R, Sam N, Shao J, McLane MF, Kapiga SH, Essex M. HIV-1 pol diversity among female bar and hotel workers in Northern Tanzania. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102258. [PMID: 25003939 PMCID: PMC4087014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A national ART program was launched in Tanzania in October 2004. Due to the existence of multiple HIV-1 subtypes and recombinant viruses co-circulating in Tanzania, it is important to monitor rates of drug resistance. The present study determined the prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among ART-naive female bar and hotel workers, a high-risk population for HIV-1 infection in Moshi, Tanzania. A partial HIV-1 pol gene was analyzed by single-genome amplification and sequencing in 45 subjects (622 pol sequences total; median number of sequences per subject, 13; IQR 5-20) in samples collected in 2005. The prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes A1, C, and D, and inter-subtype recombinant viruses, was 36%, 29%, 9% and 27%, respectively. Thirteen different recombination patterns included D/A1/D, C/A1, A1/C/A1, A1/U/A1, C/U/A1, C/A1, U/D/U, D/A1/D, A1/C, A1/C, A2/C/A2, CRF10_CD/C/CRF10_CD and CRF35_AD/A1/CRF35_AD. CRF35_AD was identified in Tanzania for the first time. All recombinant viruses in this study were unique, suggesting ongoing recombination processes among circulating HIV-1 variants. The prevalence of multiple infections in this population was 16% (n = 7). Primary HIV-1 drug resistance mutations to RT inhibitors were identified in three (7%) subjects (K65R plus Y181C; N60D; and V106M). In some subjects, polymorphisms were observed at the RT positions 41, 69, 75, 98, 101, 179, 190, and 215. Secondary mutations associated with NNRTIs were observed at the RT positions 90 (7%) and 138 (6%). In the protease gene, three subjects (7%) had M46I/L mutations. All subjects in this study had HIV-1 subtype-specific natural polymorphisms at positions 36, 69, 89 and 93 that are associated with drug resistance in HIV-1 subtype B. These results suggested that HIV-1 drug resistance mutations and natural polymorphisms existed in this population before the initiation of the national ART program. With increasing use of ARV, these results highlight the importance of drug resistance monitoring in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireen E. Kiwelu
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Novitsky
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elimsaada Kituma
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Reproductive Health Program, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Lauren Margolin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeannie Baca
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel Manongi
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Reproductive Health Program, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Noel Sam
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Reproductive Health Program, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - John Shao
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Mary F. McLane
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Saidi H. Kapiga
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Reproductive Health Program, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - M. Essex
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants in Northern Tanzania: distribution of viral quasispecies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47605. [PMID: 23118882 PMCID: PMC3485255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the distribution and prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes, multiplicity of HIV-1 infection, and frequency of inter-subtype recombination among HIV-1-infected female bar and hotel workers in Moshi, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania, from 2004 to 2007. The HIV-1 viral sequences spanning the V1-C5 region of HIV-1 env gp120 were analyzed from 50 subjects by single genome amplification and sequencing (SGA/S) technique. A total of 1740 sequences were amplified and sequenced from the HIV-1 proviral DNA template. The median env sequences analyzed per subject per two time points was 38 (IQR 28–50) over one year of HIV infection. In a subset of 14 subjects, a total of 239 sequences were obtained from HIV-1 RNA template at the baseline visit. The most prevalent HIV-1 subtypes were A1 (56%) and C (30%), while HIV-1 subtype D and inter-subtype recombinant viruses were found in 6% and 8% of subjects respectively. Transmission of multiple HIV-1 variants was evident in 27% of the subjects infected with pure HIV-1 subtypes A1, C, or D. The HIV-1 inter-subtype recombinants were found in 8% including HIV-1 C/A, D/A, and complex mosaic recombinants. Multiple viral variants were found in two subjects infected with inter-subtype recombinants. One subject harbored quasispecies of both pure HIV-1 A1 and C/A recombinant. The other subject was infected with two complex mosaic inter-subtype recombinant variants belonging to subtype D. HIV-1 multiple infections and ongoing recombination contribute significantly to the genetic diversity of circulating HIV-1 in Tanzania and have important implications for vaccine design and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Harris ME, Serwadda D, Sewankambo N, Kim B, Kigozi G, Kiwanuka N, Phillips JB, Wabwire F, Meehen M, Lutalo T, Lane JR, Merling R, Gray R, Wawer M, Birx DL, Robb ML, McCutchan FE. Among 46 near full length HIV type 1 genome sequences from Rakai District, Uganda, subtype D and AD recombinants predominate. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:1281-90. [PMID: 12487816 DOI: 10.1089/088922202320886325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of HIV-1 genetic diversity on candidate vaccines is uncertain. To minimize genetic diversity in the evaluation of HIV-1 vaccines, vaccine products must be matched to the predominant subtype in a vaccine cohort. To that end, full genome sequencing was used to detect and characterize HIV-1 subtypes and recombinant strains from individuals in Rakai District, Uganda. DNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) was PCR amplified using primers in the long terminal repeats (LTRs) to generate nearly full length genomes. Amplicons were directly sequenced with dye terminators and automated sequencers. Sequences were phylogenetically analyzed and recombinants were detected and mapped with distance scan and bootscan. Among 46 sequences, 54% were subtype D, 15% were subtype A, and 30% were recombinant. All recombinants were individually unique, and most combined subtypes A and D. Subtype D comprised more than 70% of all the HIV-1 genomes in Rakai when both pure subtypes and recombinants were considered. Candidate vaccines based on HIV-1 subtype D would be appropriate for evaluation in Rakai District, Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Harris
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA.
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Koulinska IN, Msamanga G, Mwakagile D, Essex M, Renjifo B. Common genetic arrangements among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype A and D recombinant genomes vertically transmitted in Tanzania. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:947-56. [PMID: 12230937 DOI: 10.1089/088922202760265614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes A, C, and D are cocirculating in Tanzania, and large numbers of recombinant genomes have been reported from this region. Here we describe full-length sequences of six unlinked HIV-1 subtype A and D recombinants. The samples came from newborns, indicating that the recombination patterns were vertically transmitted and were functionally competent. All six genomes had different recombination patterns with one to eight cross-over points frequently located at the beginning or end of functionally defined regions. In five of the six viruses most of gag, pol, tat, and rev and the intracytoplasmic domain of gp41 were classified as subtype D. In all but one genome, the external domain of gp41 and the majority of gp120 belonged to subtype A. A recombination site common to four of the six genomes was located at the transmembrane domain of gp41, at the end of the rev response element. The identification of subtype patterns among intersubtype recombinant genomes from recently infected individuals may reveal genetic determinants of improved viral fitness or advantage for transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene N Koulinska
- Harvard AIDS Institute and Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Hoelscher M, Kim B, Maboko L, Mhalu F, von Sonnenburg F, Birx DL, McCutchan FE. High proportion of unrelated HIV-1 intersubtype recombinants in the Mbeya region of southwest Tanzania. AIDS 2001; 15:1461-70. [PMID: 11504977 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200108170-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Mbeya, a rural region of southwest Tanzania, HIV-1 subtypes A, C and D have been co-circulating since the early 1990s. OBJECTIVE To define to what extent the co-existence of subtypes has led to recombinant HIV-1 strains and whether there is evidence for epidemic spread of any circulating recombinant form. METHODS Nine HIV-1-seropositive young adults from Mbeya Town with no evident high-risk behaviour contributed peripheral blood mononuclear cells for this study. Nine virtually full-length-genome-sequences were amplified from this DNA and phylogenetically analysed. RESULTS Out of the nine samples, two were subtype A (22%), two were subtype C (22%) and five were recombinants (56%): four A/C recombinants and one C/D recombinant. None of the recombinants were related to each other; all of them had different mosaic structures. Most of the genome in the recombinants was subtype C. CONCLUSION A high proportion of unrelated intersubtype recombinants, none of them apparently spreading in the population, may be present in southwest Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hoelscher
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Koulinska IN, Ndung'u T, Mwakagile D, Msamanga G, Kagoma C, Fawzi W, Essex M, Renjifo B. A new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 circulating recombinant form from Tanzania. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:423-31. [PMID: 11282011 DOI: 10.1089/088922201750102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly important to identify and to study human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) with evidence of epidemic spread, since mosaic strains arise frequently, especially in populations where multiple subtypes cocirculate. We describe the almost complete nucleotide sequence of 3 subtype C and D recombinant viruses, selected from a pool of 13 D(gag)-D/C/D(env) perinatally infected infants from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. All three genomes had cross-over points with approximately the same genomic localization. The subtype C-like sequences were located within pol, vif, vpr, vpu, the first exons of rev and tat, V3, and the U3-R regions of the LTR. Phylogenetic analyses of the full-length genomic sequences from these viruses showed the formation of a distinct subcluster on the HIV-1 subtype D branch. The pattern of recombination of genomes belonging to this new CRF, named CRF10_CD, might have resulted from independent recombination events occurring at high frequency or from a single source that originated earlier in this population. Future surveys will be needed to determine the potential of this CRF for epidemic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Koulinska
- Harvard AIDS Institute and Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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8
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Kiwelu IE, Nakkestad HL, Shao J, Sommerfelt MA. Evidence of subtype B-like sequences in the V3 loop region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:1191-5. [PMID: 10954896 DOI: 10.1089/088922200415054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the third variable (V3) domain of HIV-1 gp120 from strains circulating in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. DNA from this region was amplified from patient peripheral blood lymphocytes using polymerase chain reaction and then subjected to automated DNA sequencing. Subtype A, B, C, and D-like sequences were identified. Subtype B has not previously been described in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Kiwelu
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway
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9
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Ellenberger DL, Pieniazek D, Nkengasong J, Luo CC, Devare S, Maurice C, Janini M, Ramos A, Fridlund C, Hu DJ, Coulibaly IM, Ekpini E, Wiktor SZ, Greenberg AE, Schochetman G, Rayfield MA. Genetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus in Abidjan, Ivory Coast reveals predominance of HIV type 1 subtype A and introduction of subtype G. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:3-9. [PMID: 10024047 DOI: 10.1089/088922299311655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the molecular epidemiology of HIV genetic diversity in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, we performed a genetic analysis of 170 HIV-1-seropositive specimens representing newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients (n = 143) and women monitored in a mother-to-child transmission cohort study (n = 27). Preliminary screening with RFLP presumptively classified 162 (95.3%) of these as subtype A. The envelope region of 108 specimens was subtyped by sequence analysis: 102 (94.4%) were subtype A, 2 (1.9%) were subtype D, and 4 (3.7%) were subtype G. Subtyping gag and env regions of the genome suggested that five of the six nonsubtype A isolates exhibited a potentially mosaic structure. A comparative phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 subtype A C2V3 from 27 Ivory Coast and 21 Ugandan sequences revealed a striking clustering among Ivory Coast variants, and an independent segregation from Ugandan subtype A. Despite independent clustering with other subtype A specimens, limited variability of the V3 loop apex was observed; the globally predominant V3 motif, GPGQ, represented 90.1% of the HIV-1 strains. This study demonstrates that clade A is the predominant HIV-1 subtype in HIV-seropositive individuals in Abidjan, Ivory Coast and that these strains are phylogenetically distinct from other subtype A strains observed in East Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Ellenberger
- HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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10
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Renjifo B, Chaplin B, Mwakagile D, Shah P, Vannberg F, Msamanga G, Hunter D, Fawzi W, Essex M. Epidemic expansion of HIV type 1 subtype C and recombinant genotypes in Tanzania. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:635-8. [PMID: 9591718 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B Renjifo
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Lyamuya E, Bredberg-Rådén U, Albert J, Grankvist O, Msangi V, Kagoma C, Mhalu F, Biberfeld G. Comparison of in-house and commercial sample preparation and PCR amplification systems for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA in blood samples from Tanzanian adults. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:278-80. [PMID: 8968925 PMCID: PMC229556 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.1.278-280.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the performance of several in-house nested PCR systems and the Amplicor human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) PCR kit in the detection of HIV-1 DNA in Tanzanian samples prepared by two different methods. All six of the in-house primer sets evaluated had a higher sensitivity for HIV DNA detection in samples prepared by the Amplicor PCR sample preparation method than in those prepared by the Ficoll-Isopaque (FIP) density gradient centrifugation method. A sensitivity of 100% was achieved by combining two in-house primer sets. The sensitivity of the standard Amplicor HIV-1 PCR kit was only 59%, whereas a modified Amplicor HIV-1 PCR test had a sensitivity of 98%. Our data show that Tanzanian samples prepared by the Amplicor preparation method are more suitable for HIV-1 PCR testing than samples prepared by the FIP method. The modified, but not the standard, Amplicor HIV-1 PCR kit provides an alternative to the nested in-house PCR technique for the diagnosis of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lyamuya
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Robbins KE, Bandea CI, Levin A, Goedert JJ, Blattner WA, Brubaker G, Brown TM, Schochetman G, Kalish ML, Shao J, O'Brien TR. Genetic variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in rural northwest Tanzania. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:1389-91. [PMID: 8891120 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K E Robbins
- Division of AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Klasse PJ, Boyd MT, Weiss RA, Schulz TF. Mutations in the vpu, env, and nef genes of a syncytium-inducing variant of HIV type 1 JR-CSF that infects a range of T cell lines. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:347-50. [PMID: 8906996 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P J Klasse
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Liitsola K, Laukkanen T, Denisova A, Grishkevichius A, Smolskaja T, Ustina V, Vlasov N, Leinikki P, Salminen MO. Genetic characterization of HIV-1 strains in the Baltic countries and Russia. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1996; 28:537-41. [PMID: 9060052 DOI: 10.3109/00365549609037956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Proviral nucleotide sequences from the p7 region of the gag gene were compared among 40 Baltic and Russian HIV-1 strains. 33 of the infected persons carried a virus belonging to subtype B. Thus subtype B, which is most prevalent in Western Europe, was the most common subtype in all 3 Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and Russia, and was associated with homosexual transmission. It also seemed that viruses of the same origin have been circulating in these countries; most of the subtype B viruses studied (n = 22) belonged to a closely related virus pool with average inter-nucleotide sequence distances of 2.7%. In 7 cases, viruses of non-B subtypes were found (1 subtype D from Estonia, 1 subtype C from Latvia, 1 subtype A from Lithuania and 1 subtype G from Russia). Three closely related viruses (1 from Lithuania and 2 from Russia) remained unclassified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Liitsola
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Helsinki, Finland
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