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Poloni C, Schonhofer C, Ivison S, Levings MK, Steiner TS, Cook L. T-cell activation-induced marker assays in health and disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:491-503. [PMID: 36825901 PMCID: PMC10952637 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Activation-induced marker (AIM) assays have proven to be an accessible and rapid means of antigen-specific T-cell detection. The method typically involves short-term incubation of whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells with antigens of interest, where autologous antigen-presenting cells process and present peptides in complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Recognition of peptide-MHC complexes by T-cell receptors then induces upregulation of activation markers on the T cells that can be detected by flow cytometry. In this review, we highlight the most widely used activation markers for assays in the literature while identifying nuances and potential downfalls associated with the technique. We provide a summary of how AIM assays have been used in both discovery science and clinical studies, including studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunity. This review primarily focuses on AIM assays using human blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples, with some considerations noted for tissue-derived T cells and nonhuman samples. AIM assays are a powerful tool that enables detailed analysis of antigen-specific T-cell frequency, phenotype and function without needing to know the precise antigenic peptides and their MHC restriction elements, enabling a wider analysis of immunity generated following infection and/or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Poloni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- BC Children's Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
| | - Cole Schonhofer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- BC Children's Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
| | - Sabine Ivison
- BC Children's Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Megan K Levings
- BC Children's Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Theodore S Steiner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- BC Children's Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
| | - Laura Cook
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical SchoolUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
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Cook L, Zaunders JJ, Kelleher AD. Comment on "A Cytokine-Independent Approach To Identify Antigen-Specific Human Germinal Center T Follicular Helper Cells and Rare Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells in Blood". THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2557-8. [PMID: 27638935 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cook
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada; Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada;
| | - John J Zaunders
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; and Immunovirology Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; and Immunovirology Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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van Lelyveld SFL, Drylewicz J, Krikke M, Veel EM, Otto SA, Richter C, Soetekouw R, Prins JM, Brinkman K, Mulder JW, Kroon F, Middel A, Symons J, Wensing AMJ, Nijhuis M, Borghans JAM, Tesselaar K, Hoepelman AIM. Maraviroc Intensification of cART in Patients with Suboptimal Immunological Recovery: A 48-Week, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132430. [PMID: 26208341 PMCID: PMC4514679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The immunomodulatory effects of the CCR5-antagonist maraviroc might be beneficial in patients with a suboptimal immunological response, but results of different cART (combination antiretroviral therapy) intensification studies are conflicting. Therefore, we performed a 48-week placebo-controlled trial to determine the effect of maraviroc intensification on CD4+ T-cell counts and immune activation in these patients. DESIGN Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. METHODS Major inclusion criteria were 1. CD4+ T-cell count <350 cells/μL while at least two years on cART or CD4+ T-cell count <200 cells/μL while at least one year on cART, and 2. viral suppression for at least the previous 6 months. HIV-infected patients were randomized to add maraviroc (41 patients) or placebo (44 patients) to their cART regimen for 48 weeks. Changes in CD4+ T-cell counts (primary endpoint) and other immunological parameters were modeled using linear mixed effects models. RESULTS No significant differences for the modelled increase in CD4+ T-cell count (placebo 15.3 CD4+ T cells/μL (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.0, 29.5] versus maraviroc arm 22.9 CD4+ T cells/μL (95% CI [7.4, 38.5] p = 0.51) or alterations in the expression of markers for T-cell activation, proliferation and microbial translocation were found between the arms. However, maraviroc intensification did increase the percentage of CCR5 expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, and the plasma levels of the CCR5 ligand MIP-1β. In contrast, the percentage of ex-vivo apoptotic CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells decreased in the maraviroc arm. CONCLUSIONS Maraviroc intensification of cART did not increase CD4+ T-cell restoration or decrease immune activation as compared to placebo. However, ex-vivo T-cell apoptosis was decreased in the maraviroc arm. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00875368.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F. L. van Lelyveld
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine & Gastroenterology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Drylewicz
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Krikke
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen M. Veel
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid A. Otto
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Richter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Soetekouw
- Department of Internal Medicine & Gastroenterology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M. Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Brinkman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Kroon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ananja Middel
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jori Symons
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M. J. Wensing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andy I. M. Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sierra-Madero JG, Ellenberg SS, Rassool MS, Tierney A, Belaunzarán-Zamudio PF, López-Martínez A, Piñeirúa-Menéndez A, Montaner LJ, Azzoni L, Benítez CR, Sereti I, Andrade-Villanueva J, Mosqueda-Gómez JL, Rodriguez B, Sanne I, Lederman MM. Effect of the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc on the occurrence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV (CADIRIS): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet HIV 2014; 1:e60-7. [PMID: 26423989 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(14)70027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a common complication of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients with HIV. IRIS is associated with an increased risk of admission to hospital and death. We assessed whether CCR5 blockade with maraviroc reduces the risk of IRIS. METHODS The CADIRIS study was a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial that recruited participants from five clinical sites in Mexico and one in South Africa and followed them for 1 year. Patients were eligible if they were adults with HIV, who were naive to ART, had CD4 count lower than 100 cells per μL and HIV RNA greater than 1000 copies per mL. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) by permuted block randomisation to receive either maraviroc (600 mg twice daily) or placebo in addition to an ART regimen that included tenofovir, emtricitabine, and efavirenz for 48 weeks. Patients, care providers, and members of the research team were masked to treatment allocation. Clinical and laboratory evaluations were done at baseline, and weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48, and 60. The primary outcome was time to an IRIS event by 24 weeks. All patients who were randomly assigned contributed to the primary time-to-event analysis from the date of ART initiation until week 24, the time of an IRIS event or death. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00988780. FINDINGS Between Dec 10, 2009, and Jan 17, 2012, we screened 362 patients; of whom 279 met the inclusion criteria and three refused to participate; thus 276 participants were randomly assigned (140 to receive maraviroc and 136 to receive placebo). 64 (23%) patients had IRIS events, 33 (24%) in the maraviroc group and 31 (23%) in the placebo group (p=0·74). No difference in the time to IRIS events was noted between the treatment groups (HR 1·08, 95% CI 0·66-1·77; log-rank test p=0·74). 37 participants (26%) in the maraviroc group had grade 3 or 4 adverse events compared with 24 (18%) in placebo group; p=0·072); 25 (18%) in the maraviroc group and 21 (15%) in the placebo group had serious treatment emergent adverse events (p=0·63). INTERPRETATION Maraviroc had no significant effect on development of IRIS after ART initiation. Inclusion of this CCR5 inhibitor in an initial treatment regimen does not confer a meaningful protection from the occurrence of IRIS in people with advanced HIV infection. FUNDING Pfizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan G Sierra-Madero
- Departmento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", México DF, México
| | - Susan S Ellenberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohammed S Rassool
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ann Tierney
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pablo F Belaunzarán-Zamudio
- Departmento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", México DF, México.
| | - Alondra López-Martínez
- Departmento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", México DF, México
| | - Alicia Piñeirúa-Menéndez
- Departmento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", México DF, México
| | - Luis J Montaner
- HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Livio Azzoni
- HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Irini Sereti
- HIV Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Juan L Mosqueda-Gómez
- Centro Ambulatorio para la Prevención y Atención del SIDA e Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Benigno Rodriguez
- Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ian Sanne
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Seddiki N, Cook L, Hsu DC, Phetsouphanh C, Brown K, Xu Y, Kerr SJ, Cooper DA, Munier CML, Pett S, Ananworanich J, Zaunders J, Kelleher AD. Human antigen-specific CD4+CD25+CD134+CD39+T cells are enriched for regulatory T cells and comprise a substantial proportion of recall responses. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1644-61. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Seddiki
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Laura Cook
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Denise C. Hsu
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration; Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Kai Brown
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Yin Xu
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kerr
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration; Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre; Bangkok Thailand
| | - David A. Cooper
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- HIV; Immunology and Infectious Diseases Clinical Services Unit; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - C. Mee Ling Munier
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Sarah Pett
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- HIV; Immunology and Infectious Diseases Clinical Services Unit; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration; Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre; Bangkok Thailand
| | - John Zaunders
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- HIV; Immunology and Infectious Diseases Clinical Services Unit; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
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Hsu DC, Kerr SJ, Thongpaeng P, Iampornsin T, Pett SL, Zaunders JJ, Avihingsanon A, Ubolyam S, Ananworanich J, Kelleher AD, Cooper DA. Incomplete restoration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific-CD4 T cell responses despite antiretroviral therapy. J Infect 2013; 68:344-54. [PMID: 24325926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-infected persons have increased risk of active tuberculosis (TB). PPD and combined ESAT-6 and CFP-10-specific-CD4 (EC-Sp-CD4) responses were examined over 96 weeks. METHODS HIV-infected, ART-naive Thai adults with CD4 T cell count ≤350 cells/μL starting ART were assessed at baseline, wk4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 96. PPD and EC-Sp-CD4 T cells were detected by CD25/CD134 co-expression after stimulation with antigens. RESULTS Fifty subjects were enrolled, 39 were male, median age 32 yrs, median baseline CD4 T cell count 186 cells/μL and plasma HIV-viral-load 4.9log10 copies/mL. Seventeen were TB-sensitised. At baseline, 25 had positive PPD and 15 had positive EC-Sp-CD4 response. CD4 T cell count <100 cells/μL was less (P = 0.005) and TB-sensitisation was more likely (P = 0.013) to be associated with positive baseline PPD-Sp-CD4 response. At wk4, the number of subjects with positive PPD-Sp-CD4 response rose to 35 (P = 0.021). Mean PPD-Sp-CD4 T cells increased at wk4 (P = 0.017) in patients not classified as TB-sensitised. The number of subjects with positive EC-Sp-CD4 response did not change significantly post ART. In TB-sensitised patients, mean EC-Sp-CD4 T cells declined to below baseline from wk12 (P = 0.010) onwards. EC-Sp-CD4 responses were undetectable in 3 out of 17 TB-sensitised patients. CONCLUSIONS Restoration of responses to TB-antigens was incomplete and inconsistent under the employed experimental conditions and may account for persistent increased risk of TB despite ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Hsu
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Stephen J Kerr
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parawee Thongpaeng
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thatri Iampornsin
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sarah L Pett
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; UCL Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - John J Zaunders
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasiwimol Ubolyam
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - David A Cooper
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
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Hsu DC, Zaunders JJ, Plit M, Leeman C, Ip S, Iampornsin T, Pett SL, Bailey M, Amin J, Ubolyam S, Avihingsanon A, Ananworanich J, Ruxrungtham K, Cooper DA, Kelleher AD. A novel assay detecting recall response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Comparison with existing assays. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92:321-7. [PMID: 22542644 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A strategy to reduce the burden of active TB is isoniazid preventive therapy for latent TB infection (LTBI). However, current assays used to diagnose LTBI all have limitations. In these proof of concept studies, we compared the agreement of a novel flow cytometry assay detecting CD25/CD134 co-expression with QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFN-GIT) and Tuberculin skin test (TST) in the detection of recall immune response to TB. The CD25/CD134 assay, QFN-GIT and TST were performed on 74 participants referred for TB screening in Sydney and on 50 participants with advanced HIV infection (CD4 ≤ 350 × 10(6) cells/L) in Bangkok. The agreement between CD25/CD134 assay and QFN-GIT was 93.2% (Kappa 0.631 95% CI 0.336-0.926) in Sydney and 90% (Kappa 0.747 95% CI 0.541-0.954) in Bangkok. Discordant results occurred around the cut off of both tests. The agreement between CD25/CD134 assay and TST was 73.6% (Kappa 0.206 95% CI 0.004-0.409) in Sydney and 84% (Kappa 0.551 95% CI 0.296-0.806) in Bangkok. The CD25/CD134 assay showed good agreement with QFN-GIT in detecting recall response to TB both in well and less resourced setting as well as in persons with advanced HIV infection. Further study into the performance of this assay is thus warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Hsu
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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T-cell changes after a short-term exposure to maraviroc in HIV-infected patients are related to antiviral activity. J Infect 2011; 64:417-23. [PMID: 22227467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Analyze the short-term immunological effect directly attributable to MRV without interference of other drugs. METHODS MRV group included experienced HIV-infected patients undergoing an 8-day MRV monotherapy. A comparison population included naïve HIV-infected patients starting combined antiretroviral therapy (cART group). Absolute CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells and T-lymphocyte subsets were determined at day 0 and 8. RESULTS Fifty-nine patients who underwent MRV monotherapy and 28 naïve patients were analyzed. Forty-one patients in the MRV group experienced a significant viral load decrease (MRV positive subgroup). Virological response and CD4(+) T-cell change were comparable in the MRV positive and cART groups. CD8(+) T-cell increase in the MRV positive subgroup showed a trend toward superiority when compared with the cART group. T-lymphocyte subset changes showed a similar profile in the MRV positive and cART groups with a differential effect in the TemRA cells related to MRV. No immunological effect (absolute lymphocyte counts or subsets) was observed in patients without virological response to MRV. CONCLUSIONS MRV produced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell gains related to antiviral activity and comparable or even superior in terms of CD8(+) T-cells to naïve patients starting cART. No immunological effect occurred in subjects without virological response to MRV.
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Ansari AA, Reimann KA, Mayne AE, Takahashi Y, Stephenson ST, Wang R, Wang X, Li J, Price AA, Little DM, Zaidi M, Lyles R, Villinger F. Blocking of α4β7 gut-homing integrin during acute infection leads to decreased plasma and gastrointestinal tissue viral loads in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1044-59. [PMID: 21149598 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous administration of a novel recombinant rhesus mAb against the α4β7 gut-homing integrin (mAb) into rhesus macaques just prior to and during acute SIV infection resulted in significant decrease in plasma and gastrointestinal (GI) tissue viral load and a marked reduction in GI tissue proviral DNA load as compared with control SIV-infected rhesus macaques. This mAb administration was associated with increases in peripheral blood naive and central memory CD4(+) T cells and maintenance of a high frequency of CCR5(+)CD4(+) T cells. Additionally, such mAb administration inhibited the mobilization of NK cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells characteristically seen in the control animals during acute infection accompanied by the inhibition of the synthesis of MIP-3α by the gut tissues. These data in concert suggest that blocking of GI trafficking CD4(+) T cells and inhibiting the mobilization of cell lineages of the innate immune system may be a powerful new tool to protect GI tissues and modulate acute lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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