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Załęski A, Lembas A, Dyda T, Siwak E, Osińska J, Suchacz M, Stempkowska-Rejek J, Strycharz M, Orzechowska J, Wiercińska-Drapało A. Changes in Primary HIV-1 Drug Resistance Due to War Migration from Eastern Europe. J Immigr Minor Health 2024; 26:15-22. [PMID: 37973713 PMCID: PMC10771373 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-023-01559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, especially as a result of war in Ukraine, enormous movements of migration to Poland from eastern European countries have been reported, including people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). We have conducted multi-center, prospective study, which aimed to establish HIV-1 subtype and assess the presence of primary drug resistance mutations to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors in antiretroviral treatment naïve patients. The clinical trial recruited 117 individuals during 2 years period (2020-2022). The prevalence of HIV-1 subtype A was statistically significantly more frequent in Ukrainian, and HIV-1 subtype B in Polish patients (p < 0.05). Drug resistance mutations were detected in 44% of all cases and the comparison of presence of mutations in the analyzed groups, as well as in the subgroups of subtype A and B HIV-1 has not revealed any significant differences (p > 0.05), nevertheless Polish patients had multidrug resistance mutations more frequent (p < 0.05). The results from our trial show no increased risk of transmission of multidrug resistant HIV strains in our cohort of Ukrainian migrants.Clinical trials. Gov number NCT04636736; date of registration: November 19, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Załęski
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Lembas
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Dyda
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Siwak
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- HIV Out-Patient Clinic, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Osińska
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Ward in Ostróda, Department of Family Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Suchacz
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marta Strycharz
- Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Orzechowska
- Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Medical Sciences, Medical Center in Łańcut, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Alicja Wiercińska-Drapało
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Bouman JA, Venner CM, Walker C, Arts EJ, Regoes RR. Per-pathogen virulence of HIV-1 subtypes A, C and D. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222572. [PMID: 37161335 PMCID: PMC10170192 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 subtypes differ in their clinical manifestations and the speed in which they spread. In particular, the frequency of subtype C is increasing relative to subtypes A and D. We investigate whether HIV-1 subtypes A, C and D differ in their per-pathogen virulence and to what extend this explains the difference in spread between these subtypes. We use data from the hormonal contraception and HIV-1 genital shedding and disease progression among women with primary HIV infection study. For each study participant, we determine the set-point viral load value, CD4+ T cell level after primary infection and CD4+ T cell decline. Based on both the CD4+ T cell count after primary infection and CD4+ T cell decline, we estimate the time until AIDS. We then obtain our newly introduced measure of virulence as the inverse of the estimated time until AIDS. After fitting a model to the measured virulence and set-point viral load values, we tested if this relation varies per subtype. We found that subtype C has a significantly higher per-pathogen virulence than subtype A. Based on an evolutionary model, we then hypothesize that differences in the primary length of infection period cause the observed variation in the speed of spread of the subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Bouman
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colin M Venner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Courtney Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Eric J Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Roland R Regoes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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A large population sample of African HIV genomes from the 1980s reveals a reduction in subtype D over time associated with propensity for CXCR4 tropism. Retrovirology 2022; 19:28. [PMID: 36514107 PMCID: PMC9746199 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present 109 near full-length HIV genomes amplified from blood serum samples obtained during early 1986 from across Uganda, which to our knowledge is the earliest and largest population sample from the initial phase of the HIV epidemic in Africa. Consensus sequences were made from paired-end Illumina reads with a target-capture approach to amplify HIV material following poor success with standard approaches. In comparisons with a smaller 'intermediate' genome dataset from 1998 to 1999 and a 'modern' genome dataset from 2007 to 2016, the proportion of subtype D was significantly higher initially, dropping from 67% (73/109), to 57% (26/46) to 17% (82/465) respectively (p < 0.0001). Subtype D has previously been shown to have a faster rate of disease progression than other subtypes in East African population studies, and to have a higher propensity to use the CXCR4 co-receptor ("X4 tropism"); associated with a decrease in time to AIDS. Here we find significant differences in predicted tropism between A1 and D subtypes in all three sample periods considered, which is particularly striking the 1986 sample: 66% (53/80) of subtype D env sequences were predicted to be X4 tropic compared with none of the 24 subtype A1. We also analysed the frequency of subtype in the envelope region of inter-subtype recombinants, and found that subtype A1 is over-represented in env, suggesting recombination and selection have acted to remove subtype D env from circulation. The reduction of subtype D frequency over three decades therefore appears to be a result of selective pressure against X4 tropism and its higher virulence. Lastly, we find a subtype D specific codon deletion at position 24 of the V3 loop, which may explain the higher propensity for subtype D to utilise X4 tropism.
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Contribution of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein to AIDS Pathogenesis and Clinical Progression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092172. [PMID: 36140273 PMCID: PMC9495913 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of antiviral therapy, HIV-1 infection progresses to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that are the result of an entangled contribution of host, immune and viral factors. The contribution of these factors is not completely established. Several investigations have described the involvement of the immune system in the viral control. In addition, distinct HLA-B alleles, HLA-B27, -B57-58, were associated with infection control. The combination of these elements and antiviral host restriction factors results in different clinical outcomes. The role of the viral proteins in HIV-1 infection has been, however, less investigated. We will review contributions dedicated to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection focusing on studies identifying the function of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) in the clinical progression because of its essential role in the initial events of the virus life-cycle. Some analysis showed that inefficient viral Envs were dominant in non-progressor individuals. These poorly-functional viral proteins resulted in lower cellular activation, viral replication and minor viral loads. This limited viral antigenic production allows a better immune response and a lower immune exhaustion. Thus, the properties of HIV-1 Env are significant in the clinical outcome of the HIV-1 infection and AIDS pathogenesis.
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Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Genotypes Associated with the Immunopathological Profile of People Living with HIV-1: Immunological Aspects of Primary EBV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020168. [PMID: 35215762 PMCID: PMC8880155 DOI: 10.3390/v14020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunological profile of adult HIV-1+ patients coinfected with primary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection who were free of antiretroviral drugs and inhabitants of the Brazilian Amazon region. Materials and methods: Primary EBV infection was screened by the semiquantitative detection of IgM and IgG anti-VCA. Genotypes were determined by conventional PCR. EBV and HIV viral load (VL) were quantified by real-time PCR. Cytokine dosage and cell quantification were performed by cytometry. Results: Only HIV-1+ individuals had primary EBV infection (7.12%). The EBV-1 genotype was the most prevalent (47.37%). The VL of HIV-1 was lower in the HIV/EBV-2 group. CD4+ T lymphocytes were inversely proportional to the VL of EBV in HIV/EBV-1/2 multi-infected patients. The HIV/EBV-2 group had the lowest cytokine levels, especially IFN-γ and IL-4. Different correlations were proposed for each coinfection. The late search for specific care related to HIV infection directly affected the cytokine profile and the number of CD8+ T lymphocytes. Symptoms were associated with the increase in VL of both viruses and cytokine profile. Conclusions: Different immunological profiles were associated with EBV genotypes in primary infection, with EBV-2 being more frequent in patients with low levels of HIV viral load. With late infection monitoring and consequent delay in the initiation of HAART, clinical changes and effects on the maintenance of the immune response were observed.
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Madeen EP, Maldarelli F, Groopman JD. Environmental Pollutants, Mucosal Barriers, and Pathogen Susceptibility; The Case for Aflatoxin B 1 as a Risk Factor for HIV Transmission and Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2021; 10:1229. [PMID: 34684180 PMCID: PMC8537633 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV transmission risk is dependent on the infectivity of the HIV+ partner and personal susceptibility risk factors of the HIV- partner. The mucosal barrier, as the internal gatekeeper between environment and self, concentrates and modulates the internalization of ingested pathogens and pollutants. In this review, we summarize the localized effects of HIV and dietary toxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a common pollutant in high HIV burden regions, e.g., at the mucosal barrier, and evidence for pollutant-viral interactions. We compiled literature on HIV and AFB1 geographic occurrences, mechanisms of action, related co-exposures, personal risk factors, and HIV key determinants of health. AFB1 exposure and HIV sexual transmission hotspots geographically co-localize in many low-income countries. AFB1 distributes to sexual mucosal tissues generating inflammation, microbiome changes and a reduction of mucosal barrier integrity, effects that are risk factors for increasing HIV susceptibility. AFB1 exposure has a positive correlation to HIV viral load, a risk factor for increasing the infectivity of the HIV+ partner. The AFB1 exposure and metabolism generates inflammation that recruits HIV susceptible cells and generates chemokine/cytokine activation in tissues exposed to HIV. Although circumstantial, the available evidence makes a compelling case for studies of AFB1 exposure as a risk factor for HIV transmission, and a modifiable new component for combination HIV prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P. Madeen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, National Institute of Health, Shady Grove, MD 21773, USA
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21703, USA;
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21703, USA;
| | - John D. Groopman
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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Pereira LMS, Dos Santos França E, Costa IB, Lima IT, Freire ABC, de Paula Ramos FL, Monteiro TAF, Macedo O, Sousa RCM, Freitas FB, Costa IB, Vallinoto ACR. Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein-Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18476. [PMID: 34531433 PMCID: PMC8446016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the prevalence and risk factors for primary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-positive adult treatment-naïve patients between January 2018 and December 2019 in a state of the Brazilian Amazon region. A total of 268 HIV-1 positive patients and 65 blood donors participated in the study. Epidemiological data were obtained from medical records and through a designed questionnaire. EBV infection was screened by the semiquantitative detection of anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) EBV IgM and IgG, followed by molecular detection of the EBNA-3C gene. The plasma viral loads of HIV-1 and EBV were quantified using a commercial kit. The prevalence of primary coinfection was 7.12%. The associated risk factors were education level, family income, history of illicit drug use and sexually transmitted infections, homosexual contact and condom nonuse. Approximately 58.5% had late initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy, which influenced the risk of HIV-EBV 1/2 multiple infection (odds ratio (OR): 4.76; 95% CI 1.51–15.04) and symptom development (p = 0.004). HIV viral load was associated with patient age (OR: 2.04; 95% CI 2.01–2.07; p = 0.026) and duration of illicit drug use (OR: 1.57; 95% CI 1.12–2.22; p = 0.0548). EBV viral load was associated with younger age (OR: 0.82; 95% CI 0.79–1.03; p = 0.0579). The replication of both viruses was associated with symptom development (HIV = OR: 2.06; 95% CI 1.22–3.50; p = 0.0073; EBV = OR: 8.81; 95% CI 1–10; p = 0.0447). The prevalence of HIV/EBV coinfection was lower than that observed in other studies, and social vulnerability and promiscuous sexual behavior were associated risk factors. A long time of HIV-1 infection, without therapy, influenced the risk of coinfection and disease progression. The viral loads of both viruses may be associated with some epidemiological aspects of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliane Dos Santos França
- Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Iran Barros Costa
- Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Igor Tenório Lima
- Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Olinda Macedo
- Laboratory of Retroviruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Virology Section, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rita Catarina Medeiros Sousa
- Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Felipe Bonfim Freitas
- Laboratory of Retroviruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Virology Section, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Igor Brasil Costa
- Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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Parczewski M, Scheibe K, Witak-Jędra M, Pynka M, Aksak-Wąs B, Urbańska A. Infection with HIV-1 subtype D adversely affects the live expectancy independently of antiretroviral drug use. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 90:104754. [PMID: 33540086 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV-1 subtypes have been associated with less favourable clinical profiles, differences in disease progression and higher risk of neurocognitive deficit. In this study we aimed to analyse the long term survival disparities between patients infected with the most common HIV-1 variants observed in Poland. METHODS For the study data from 518 Caucasian non-immigrant patients of Polish origin infected with divergent HIV subtypes and variants [subtype A (n = 35, 6.8%), subtype B (n = 386, 74.5%), subtype C (n = 13, 2.5%), subtype D (n = 58, 11.19%) or other non-A,B,C,D (n = 26, 5.01%)variants] were analysed. Subtyping was performed using the partial pol (reverse transcriptase and protease) sequencing. HIV variant was coupled with clinical, virologic and survival data censored at 20 years of observation. Overall survival and on antiretroviral treatment survival was analysed using Kaplan-Meyer as well as unadjusted and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Significantly higher mortality was observed among subtype D (28.8%) infected subjects compared to subtype B (11.7%, p = 0.0004). Increased risk of death among subtype D cases remained significant when cART treated individuals were analysed, with on-treatment mortality of 26.9% for subtype D (p = 0.006) compared to 10.73% in subtype B infected cases. Kaplan-Meyer survival estimates differed significantly across all investigated HIV-1 variant groups when overall 20 year mortality was analysed (log rank p = 0.029), being non-significant for the cART treated group. In multivariate model of overall 20 year survival, adjusted for age at diagnosis, gender, HCV and AIDS status, lymphocyte CD4 count, transmission route and HIV viral load, only age and subtype D were independently associated with higher likelihood of death [HR: 1.08 (95%CI: 1.03-1.14, p = 0.002) and HR: 7.91 (95%CI:2.33-26.86), p < 0.001, respectively]. In the on-treatment (cART) multivariate model of 20 year survival adjusted for the same parameters only subtype D remained as the independent factor associated with higher mortality risk [HR: 4.24 (95%CI:1.31-13.7), p = 0.02]. CONCLUSIONS Subtype D has an independent deleterious effect of survival, even in the setting of antiretroviral treatment. Observed effect indicated higher clinical vigilance for patients infected with this subtype even after long time of stable antiretroviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Parczewski
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Kaja Scheibe
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Witak-Jędra
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pynka
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bogusz Aksak-Wąs
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Urbańska
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Jin SW, Mwimanzi FM, Mann JK, Bwana MB, Lee GQ, Brumme CJ, Hunt PW, Martin JN, Bangsberg DR, Ndung’u T, Brumme ZL, Brockman MA. Variation in HIV-1 Nef function within and among viral subtypes reveals genetically separable antagonism of SERINC3 and SERINC5. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008813. [PMID: 32925973 PMCID: PMC7515180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV Nef counteracts cellular host restriction factors SERINC3 and SERINC5, but our understanding of how naturally occurring global Nef sequence diversity impacts these activities is limited. Here, we quantify SERINC3 and SERINC5 internalization function for 339 Nef clones, representing the major pandemic HIV-1 group M subtypes A, B, C and D. We describe distinct subtype-associated hierarchies for Nef-mediated internalization of SERINC5, for which subtype B clones display the highest activities on average, and of SERINC3, for which subtype B clones display the lowest activities on average. We further identify Nef polymorphisms that modulate its ability to counteract SERINC proteins, including substitutions in the N-terminal domain that selectively impair SERINC3 internalization. Our findings demonstrate that the SERINC antagonism activities of HIV Nef differ markedly among major viral subtypes and between individual isolates within a subtype, suggesting that variation in these functions may contribute to global differences in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Jin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | | | - Jaclyn K. Mann
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mwebesa Bosco Bwana
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Guinevere Q. Lee
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chanson J. Brumme
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Jeff N. Martin
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - David R. Bangsberg
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, United States of America
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, United States of America
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zabrina L. Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mark A. Brockman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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Lamers SL, Rose R, Cross S, Rodriguez CW, Redd AD, Quinn TC, Serwadda D, Kagaayi J, Kigozi G, Galiwango R, Gray RH, Grabowski MK, Laeyendecker O. HIV-1 Subtype Distribution and Diversity Over 18 Years in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:522-526. [PMID: 32281387 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rakai Community Cohort Study in south central Uganda has surveyed people aged 15-49 since 1994. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was introduced in 2004. HIV p24 and gp41 subtype distribution and viral diversity were studied from blood samples collected at three surveys in 1994-1995, 2002-2003, and 2008-2009, which were compared with a new survey round from 2011 to 2012. These included 1364 HIV+ individuals. For both p24 and gp41 domains, the genetic diversity within subtypes A and D was significantly increasing in the pre-ART era and decreased between the last two survey rounds in the ART era (p < .01). This study suggests that despite ongoing mixing of viral subtypes, an association with the introduction of ART to a reduction of intra-subtype viral genomic diversity may be occurring, which can be explored in ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sissy Cross
- BioInfoExperts LLC, Thibodaux, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Andrew D. Redd
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas C. Quinn
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Serwadda
- Makerere University, School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Ronald H. Gray
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology, JHSPH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - M. Kate Grabowski
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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