1
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Polidori MC. Aging hallmarks, biomarkers, and clocks for personalized medicine: (re)positioning the limelight. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 215:48-55. [PMID: 38395089 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing aging prevalence, complexity, and heterogeneity pose the scientific and medical communities in front of challenges. These are delivered by gaps between basic and translational research, as well as between clinical practice guidelines to improve survival and absence of evidence on personalized strategies to improve functions, wellbeing and quality of life. The triumphs of aging science sheding more and more light on mechanisms of aging as well as those of medical and technological progress to prolong life expectancy are clear. Currently, and in the next two to three decades, all efforts must be put in a closer interdisciplinary dialogue between biogerontologists and geriatricians to enable real-life measures of aging phenotypes to be used to uncover the physiological - and therefore translational - relevance of newly discovered aging clocks, biomarkers, and hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Polidori
- Aging Clinical Research, Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Herderstraße 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress- Responses in Aging- Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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2
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Kanner J. Food Polyphenols as Preventive Medicine. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2103. [PMID: 38136222 PMCID: PMC10740609 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the initiators in foods and in the stomach of oxidized dietary lipids, proteins, and lipid-oxidation end-products (ALEs), inducing in humans the development of several chronic diseases and cancer. Epidemiological, human clinical and animal studies supported the role of dietary polyphenols and derivatives in prevention of development of such chronic diseases. There is much evidence that polyphenols/derivatives at the right timing and concentration, which is critical, acts mostly in the aerobic stomach and generally in the gastrointestinal tract as reducing agents, scavengers of free radicals, trappers of reactive carbonyls, modulators of enzyme activity, generators of beneficial gut microbiota and effectors of cellular signaling. In the blood system, at low concentration, they act as generators of electrophiles and low concentration of H2O2, acting mostly as cellular signaling, activating the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2/eNOS pathways and inhibiting the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, inducing the cells, organs and organism for eustress, adaptation and surviving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kanner
- Department of Food Science, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 7505101, Israel; or
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrtion, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 9190501, Israel
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3
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Mc Auley MT. An evolutionary perspective of lifespan and epigenetic inheritance. Exp Gerontol 2023; 179:112256. [PMID: 37460026 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade epigenetics has come to the fore as a discipline which is central to biogerontology. Age associated epigenetic changes are routinely linked with pathologies, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease; moreover, epigenetic clocks are capable of correlating biological age with chronological age in many species including humans. Recent intriguing empirical observations also suggest that inherited epigenetic effects could influence lifespan/longevity in a variety of organisms. If this is the case, an imperative exists to reconcile lifespan/longevity associated inherited epigenetic processes with the evolution of ageing. This review will critically evaluate inherited epigenetic effects from an evolutionary perspective. The overarching aim is to integrate the evidence which suggests epigenetic inheritance modulates lifespan/longevity with the main evolutionary theories of ageing.
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4
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Uwineza A, Cummins I, Jarrin M, Kalligeraki AA, Barnard S, Mol M, Degani G, Altomare AA, Aldini G, Schreurs A, Balschun D, Ainsbury EA, Dias IHK, Quinlan RA. Identification and quantification of ionising radiation-induced oxysterol formation in membranes of lens fibre cells. ADVANCES IN REDOX RESEARCH 2023; 7:None. [PMID: 38798747 PMCID: PMC11112148 DOI: 10.1016/j.arres.2022.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Ionising radiation (IR) is a cause of lipid peroxidation, and epidemiological data have revealed a correlation between exposure to IR and the development of eye lens cataracts. Cataracts remain the leading cause of blindness around the world. The plasma membranes of lens fibre cells are one of the most cholesterolrich membranes in the human body, forming lipid rafts and contributing to the biophysical properties of lens fibre plasma membrane. Liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry was used to analyse bovine eye lens lipid membrane fractions after exposure to 5 and 50 Gy and eye lenses taken from wholebody 2 Gy-irradiated mice. Although cholesterol levels do not change significantly, IR dose-dependant formation of the oxysterols 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol and 5, 6-epoxycholesterol in bovine lens nucleus membrane extracts was observed. Whole-body X-ray exposure (2 Gy) of 12-week old mice resulted in an increase in 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol in their eye lenses. Their increase regressed over 24 h in the living lens cortex after IR exposure. This study also demonstrated that the IR-induced fold increase in oxysterols was greater in the mouse lens cortex than the nucleus. Further work is required to elucidate the mechanistic link(s) between oxysterols and IR-induced cataract, but these data evidence for the first time that IR exposure of mice results in oxysterol formation in their eye lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Uwineza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy Science Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, South Road, Durham D1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Cummins
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy Science Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Jarrin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy Science Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, South Road, Durham D1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Alexia A. Kalligeraki
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy Science Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, South Road, Durham D1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Barnard
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy Science Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, South Road, Durham D1 3LE, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency, Cytogenetics and Pathology Group, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Division, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0RQ, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Mol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Genny Degani
- Department of Biosciences, Via Celoria 26, Milano 20133, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - An Schreurs
- Brain & Cognition, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Detlef Balschun
- Brain & Cognition, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A. Ainsbury
- UK Health Security Agency, Cytogenetics and Pathology Group, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Division, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0RQ, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Irundika HK Dias
- Aston Medical School, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roy A. Quinlan
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy Science Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, South Road, Durham D1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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5
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Fernandes J, Uppal K, Liu KH, Hu X, Orr M, Tran V, Go YM, Jones DP. Antagonistic Interactions in Mitochondria ROS Signaling Responses to Manganese. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:804. [PMID: 37107179 PMCID: PMC10134992 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antagonistic interaction refers to opposing beneficial and adverse signaling by a single agent. Understanding opposing signaling is important because pathologic outcomes can result from adverse causative agents or the failure of beneficial mechanisms. To test for opposing responses at a systems level, we used a transcriptome-metabolome-wide association study (TMWAS) with the rationale that metabolite changes provide a phenotypic readout of gene expression, and gene expression provides a phenotypic readout of signaling metabolites. We incorporated measures of mitochondrial oxidative stress (mtOx) and oxygen consumption rate (mtOCR) with TMWAS of cells with varied manganese (Mn) concentration and found that adverse neuroinflammatory signaling and fatty acid metabolism were connected to mtOx, while beneficial ion transport and neurotransmitter metabolism were connected to mtOCR. Each community contained opposing transcriptome-metabolome interactions, which were linked to biologic functions. The results show that antagonistic interaction is a generalized cell systems response to mitochondrial ROS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolyn Fernandes
- Section of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ken H. Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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6
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Polidori MC, Mecocci P. Modeling the dynamics of energy imbalance: The free radical theory of aging and frailty revisited. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 181:235-240. [PMID: 35151828 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of oxidative stress in aging and the newly conceptualized vision of frailty is of great interest for the possibility to define a framework able to explain the several modifications observed in all biological molecules along with age. In this review, the impact of oxidative stress is considered in aging processes as well as in frailty, the geriatric concept of declined capacity to cope with any stressor, leading to a status of reduced ability to maintain the homeostatic balance. Although some pharmacological and behavioral approaches have been proposed, we are still lacking efficacious management able to prevent and avoid frailty. This represents a fundamental challenge for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Polidori
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia Hospital, Building C Floor 4, Piazzale Menghini, 1 - 06132, Perugia, Italy.
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7
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Carving the senescent phenotype by the chemical reactivity of catecholamines: An integrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101570. [PMID: 35051644 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecules damaged by covalent modifications produced by chemically reactive metabolites accumulate in the slowly renewable components of living bodies and compromise their functions. Among such metabolites, catecholamines (CA) are unique, compared with the ubiquitous oxygen, ROS, glucose and methylglyoxal, in that their high chemical reactivity is confined to a limited set of cell types, including the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons and their direct targets, which suffer from CA propensities for autoxidation yielding toxic quinones, and for Pictet-Spengler reactions with carbonyl-containing compounds, which yield mitochondrial toxins. The functions progressively compromised because of that include motor performance, cognition, reward-driven behaviors, emotional tuning, and the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. The phenotypic manifestations of the resulting disorders culminate in such conditions as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, hypertension, sarcopenia, and menopause. The reasons to suspect that CA play some special role in aging accumulated since early 1970-ies. Published reviews address the role of CA hazardousness in the development of specific aging-associated diseases. The present integrative review explores how the bizarre discrepancy between CA hazardousness and biological importance could have emerged in evolution, how much does the chemical reactivity of CA contribute to the senescent phenotype in mammals, and what can be done with it.
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8
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Cognitive adverse effects of chemotherapy and immunotherapy: are interventions within reach? Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:173-185. [PMID: 35140379 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One in three people will be diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime. The community of cancer patients is growing, and several common cancers are becoming increasingly chronic; thus, cancer survivorship is an important part of health care. A large body of research indicates that cancer and cancer therapies are associated with cognitive impairment. This research has mainly concentrated on chemotherapy-associated cognitive impairment but, with the arrival of immunotherapies, the focus is expected to widen and the number of studies investigating the potential cognitive effects of these new therapies is rising. Meanwhile, patients with cognitive impairment and their healthcare providers are eagerly awaiting effective approaches to intervene against the cognitive effects of cancer treatment. In this Review, we take stock of the progress that has been made and discuss the steps that need to be taken to accelerate research into the biology underlying cognitive decline following chemotherapy and immunotherapy and to develop restorative and preventive interventions. We also provide recommendations to clinicians on how to best help patients who are currently experiencing cognitive impairment.
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9
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Liu M, Chen S, Zhiwen Z, Li H, Sun G, Yin N, Wen J. Anti-ageing peptides and proteins for topical applications: a review. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 27:108-125. [PMID: 34957891 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.2023569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin ageing is a cumulative result of oxidative stress, predominantly caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Respiration, pollutants, toxins, or ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation produce ROS with 80% of skin damage attributed to UVA irradiation. Anti-ageing peptides and proteins are considered valuable compounds for removing ROS to prevent skin ageing and maintenance of skin health. In this review, skin ageing theory has been illustrated with a focus on the mechanism and relationship with anti-ageing peptides and proteins. The effects, classification, and transport pathways of anti-ageing peptides and proteins across skin are summarized and discussed. Over the last decade, several novel formulations and advanced strategies have been developed to overcome the challenges in the dermal delivery of proteins and peptides for skin ageing. This article also provides an in-depth review of the latest advancements in the dermal delivery of anti-ageing proteins and peptides. Based on these studies, this review prospected several semi-solid dosage forms to achieve topical applicability for anti-ageing peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shuo Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhang Zhiwen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas, USA
| | - Guiju Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, China
| | - Naibo Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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10
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Gladyshev VN, Kritchevsky SB, Clarke SG, Cuervo AM, Fiehn O, de Magalhães JP, Mau T, Maes M, Moritz R, Niedernhofer LJ, Van Schaftingen E, Tranah GJ, Walsh K, Yura Y, Zhang B, Cummings SR. Molecular Damage in Aging. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:1096-1106. [PMID: 36846190 PMCID: PMC9957516 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellular metabolism generates molecular damage affecting all levels of biological organization. Accumulation of this damage over time is thought to play a central role in the aging process, but damage manifests in diverse molecular forms complicating its assessment. Insufficient attention has been paid to date to the role of molecular damage in aging-related phenotypes, particularly in humans, in part because of the difficulty in measuring its various forms. Recently, omics approaches have been developed that begin to address this challenge, because they are able to assess a sizeable proportion of age-related damage at the level of small molecules, proteins, RNA, DNA, organelles and cells. This review describes the concept of molecular damage in aging and discusses its diverse aspects from theoretical models to experimental approaches. Measurement of multiple types of damage enables studies of the role of damage in human aging outcomes and lays a foundation for testing interventions to reduce the burden of molecular damage, opening new approaches to slowing aging and reducing its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Steven G. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Development and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Theresa Mau
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michal Maes
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Robert Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Gregory J. Tranah
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yoshimitsu Yura
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven R. Cummings
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Abstract
In the current literature, the definitions of aging range from relying on certain sets of distinctive features at the molecular, organismal, populational and/or even evolutional levels/scales to declaring it a treatable disease and, moreover, to treating aging as a mental construct rather than a natural phenomenon. One reason of such a mess may be that it is common in the natural sciences to disregard philosophy of science where several categories of definitions are recognized, among which the nominal are less, and the so-called real ones are more appropriate in scientific contexts. E.g., water is, by its nominal definition, a liquid having certain observable features and, by its real definition, a specific combination (or a product of interaction) of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Noteworthy, the real definition is senseless for people ignorant of atoms. Likewise, the nominal definition of aging as a set of observable features should be supplemented, if not replaced, with its real definition. The latter is suggested here to imply that aging is the product of chemical interactions between the rapidly turning-over free metabolites and the slowly turning-over metabolites incorporated in macromolecules involved in metabolic control. The phenomenon defined in this way emerged concomitantly with metabolic pathways controlled by enzymes coded for by information-storing macromolecules and is inevitable wherever such conditions coincide. Aging research, thus, is concerned with the elucidation of the pathways and mechanisms that link aging defined as above to its hallmarks and manifestations, including those comprised by its nominal definitions. Esoteric as it may seem, defining aging is important for deciding whether aging is what should be declared as the target of interventions aimed at increasing human life and health spans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei G Golubev
- Department of Carcinogenesis and Oncogerontology, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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12
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Mehdi MM, Solanki P, Singh P. Oxidative stress, antioxidants, hormesis and calorie restriction: The current perspective in the biology of aging. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 95:104413. [PMID: 33845417 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging, in a large measure, has long been defined as the resultant of oxidative stress acting on the cells. The cellular machinery eventually malfunctions at the basic level by the damage from the processes of oxidation and the system starts slowing down because of intrinsic eroding. To understand the initial destruction at the cellular level spreading outward to affect tissues, organs and the organism, the relationship between molecular damage and oxidative stress is required to understand. Retarding the aging process is a matter of cumulatively decreasing the rate of oxidative damage to the cellular machinery. Along with the genetic reasons, the decrease of oxidative stress is somehow a matter of lifestyle and importantly of diet. In the current review, the theories of aging and the understanding of various levels of molecular damage by oxidative stress have been emphasized. A broader understanding of mechanisms of aging have been elaborated in terms of effects of oxidative at molecular, mitochondrial, cellular and organ levels. The antioxidants supplementation, hormesis and calorie restriction as the prominent anti-aging strategies have also been discussed. The relevance and the efficacy of the antiaging strategies at system level have also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Murtaza Mehdi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bio-engineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Preeti Solanki
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, 222003, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Golubev AG. COVID-19: A Challenge to Physiology of Aging. Front Physiol 2020; 11:584248. [PMID: 33343386 PMCID: PMC7745705 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.584248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The death toll of the current COVID-19 pandemic is strongly biased toward the elderly. COVID-19 case fatality rate (CFR) increases with age exponentially, its doubling time being about 7 years, irrespective of countries and epidemic stages. The same age-dependent mortality pattern known as the Gompertz law is featured by the total mortality and its main constituents attributed to cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological, and oncological diseases. Among patients dying of COVID-19, most have at least one of these conditions, whereas none is found in most of those who pass it successfully. Thus, gerontology is indispensable in dealing with the pandemic, which becomes a benchmark for validating the gerontological concepts and advances. The two basic alternative gerontological concepts imply that either aging results from the accumulation of stochastic damage, or is programmed. Based on these different grounds, several putative anti-aging drugs have been proposed as adjuvant means for COVID-19 prevention and/or treatment. These proposals are reviewed in the context of attributing the molecular targets of these drugs to the signaling pathways between the sensors of resource availability and the molecular mechanisms that allocate resources to storage, growth and reproduction or to self-maintenance and repair. Each of the drugs appears to reproduce only a part of the physiological responses to reduced resource availability caused by either dietary calories restriction or physical activity promotion, which are the most robust means of mitigating the adverse manifestations of aging. In the pathophysiological terms, the conditions of the endothelium, which worsen as age increases and may be significantly improved by the physical activity, is a common limiting factor for the abilities to withstand both physical stresses and challenges imposed by COVID-19. However, the current anti-epidemic measures promote sedentary indoor lifestyles, at odds with the most efficient behavioral interventions known to decrease the vulnerability to both the severe forms of COVID-19 and the prevalent aging-associated diseases. To achieve a proper balance in public health approaches to COVID-19, gerontologists should be involved in crosstalk between virologists, therapists, epidemiologists, and policy makers. The present publication suggests a conceptual background for that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei G. Golubev
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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14
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Sies H, Jones DP. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:363-383. [PMID: 32231263 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2022] [Impact Index Per Article: 505.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
'Reactive oxygen species' (ROS) is an umbrella term for an array of derivatives of molecular oxygen that occur as a normal attribute of aerobic life. Elevated formation of the different ROS leads to molecular damage, denoted as 'oxidative distress'. Here we focus on ROS at physiological levels and their central role in redox signalling via different post-translational modifications, denoted as 'oxidative eustress'. Two species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the superoxide anion radical (O2·-), are key redox signalling agents generated under the control of growth factors and cytokines by more than 40 enzymes, prominently including NADPH oxidases and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. At the low physiological levels in the nanomolar range, H2O2 is the major agent signalling through specific protein targets, which engage in metabolic regulation and stress responses to support cellular adaptation to a changing environment and stress. In addition, several other reactive species are involved in redox signalling, for instance nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide and oxidized lipids. Recent methodological advances permit the assessment of molecular interactions of specific ROS molecules with specific targets in redox signalling pathways. Accordingly, major advances have occurred in understanding the role of these oxidants in physiology and disease, including the nervous, cardiovascular and immune systems, skeletal muscle and metabolic regulation as well as ageing and cancer. In the past, unspecific elimination of ROS by use of low molecular mass antioxidant compounds was not successful in counteracting disease initiation and progression in clinical trials. However, controlling specific ROS-mediated signalling pathways by selective targeting offers a perspective for a future of more refined redox medicine. This includes enzymatic defence systems such as those controlled by the stress-response transcription factors NRF2 and nuclear factor-κB, the role of trace elements such as selenium, the use of redox drugs and the modulation of environmental factors collectively known as the exposome (for example, nutrition, lifestyle and irradiation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Sies
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Stepanova A, Galkin A. Measurement of mitochondrial H 2O 2 production under varying O 2 tensions. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 155:273-293. [PMID: 32183962 PMCID: PMC9897472 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the development of several pathologies and are also involved in physiological signaling. Molecular oxygen is the direct substrate of complex IV of the respiratory chain, and at the same time, its partial reduction in mitochondria results in the formation of ROS, mainly H2O2. The accurate knowledge of the dependence of H2O2 production on oxygen concentration is vital for the studies of tissue ischemia/reperfusion, where the relationship between oxygen availability, respiration, and ROS production is critical. In this chapter, we describe a straightforward and reliable protocol for the assessment of H2O2 release by mitochondria at varying oxygen concentrations. This method can be used for any ROS-generating system where the effect of oxygen level on H2O2 production needs to be assessed.
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A 2D analysis of correlations between the parameters of the Gompertz-Makeham model (or law?) of relationships between aging, mortality, and longevity. Biogerontology 2019; 20:799-821. [PMID: 31392450 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
When mortality (μ), aging rate (γ) and age (t) are treated according to the Gompertz model μ(t) = μ0eγt (GM), any mean age corresponds to a manifold of paired reciprocally changing μ0 and γ. Therefore, any noisiness of data used to derive GM parameters makes them negatively correlated. Besides this artifactual factor of the Strehler-Mildvan correlation (SMC), other factors emerge when the age-independent mortality C modifies survival according to the Gompertz-Makeham model μ(t) = C+μ0eγt (GMM), or body resources are partitioned between survival and protection from aging [the compensation effect of mortality (CEM)]. Theoretical curves in (γ, logμ0) coordinates show how μ0 decreases when γ increases upon a constant mean age. Within a species-specific range of γ, such "isoage" curves look as nearly parallel straight lines. The slopes of lines constructed by applying GM to survival curves modeled according to GMM upon changes in C are greater than the isoage slopes. When CEM is modeled, the slopes are still greater. Based on these observations, CEM is shown to contribute to SMC associated with sex differences in lifespan, with the effects of several life-extending drugs, and with recent trends in survival/mortality patterns in high-life-expectancy countries; whereas changes in C underlie differences between even high-life-expectancy countries, not only between high- and low-life-expectancy countries. Such interpretations make sense only if GM is not merely a statistical model, but rather reflects biological realities. Therefore, GM is discussed as derivable by applying certain constraints to a natural law termed the generalized Gompertz-Makeham law.
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Yurova MN, Tyndyk ML, Popovich IG, Golubev AG, Anisimov VN. Gender Specificity of the Effect of Neonatal Melatonin Administration on Lifespan and Age-Associated Pathology in 129/Sv Mice. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057019030184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kyriazis M. Ageing Throughout History: The Evolution of Human Lifespan. J Mol Evol 2019; 88:57-65. [PMID: 31197416 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-019-09896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is not surprising that one of the most complex phenomena in nature is that of ageing. It does not only bear biological interest, but it is also associated with cultural, psychological, social and even philosophical issues. It is therefore to be expected that a great deal of research is being performed in order to study the evolution of ageing and, more specifically, the evolution of human ageing. Historical aspects of this evolution will be discussed. Evidence from a variety of sources shows that the human lifespan is increasing, and may well continue to increase to levels that are difficult to predict. In addition, the most important theories about ageing based on evolutionary principles will be examined. Examples are mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy and the disposable soma theory. Finally, a section about future evolution of human ageing, based upon newly emerging research, will shed some light and provide speculative-provocative ideas about the future of ageing in humans.
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Golubev A, Panchenko A, Anisimov V. Applying parametric models to survival data: tradeoffs between statistical significance, biological plausibility, and common sense. Biogerontology 2018; 19:341-365. [PMID: 29869230 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-018-9759-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parametric models for survival data help to differentiate aging from other lifespan determinants. However, such inferences suffer from small sizes of experimental animal samples and variable animals handling by different labs. We analyzed control data from a single laboratory where interventions in murine lifespan were studied over decades. The minimal Gompertz model (GM) was found to perform best with most murine strains. However, when several control datasets related to a particular strain are fitted to GM, strikingly rigid interdependencies between GM parameters emerge, consistent with the Strehler-Mildvan correlation (SMC). SMC emerges even when survival patterns do not conform to GM, as with cancer-prone HER2/neu mice, which die at a log-normally distributed age. Numerical experiments show that SMC includes an artifact whose magnitude depends on dataset deviation from conformance to GM irrespectively of the noisiness of small datasets, another contributor to SMC. Still another contributor to SMC is the compensation effect of mortality (CEM): a real tradeoff between the physiological factors responsible for initial vitality and the rate of its decline. To avoid misinterpretations, we advise checking experimental results against a SMC based on historical controls or on subgroups obtained by randomization of control animals. An apparent acceleration of aging associated with a decrease in the initial mortality is invalid if it is not greater than SMC suggests. This approach applied to published data suggests that the effects of calorie restriction and of drugs believed to mimic it are different. SMC and CEM relevance to human survival patterns is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Golubev
- N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, Pesochny-2, Saint-Petersburg, 197758, Russia.
| | - Andrei Panchenko
- N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, Pesochny-2, Saint-Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Vladimir Anisimov
- N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, Pesochny-2, Saint-Petersburg, 197758, Russia
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