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Khilji SK, Op 't Hoog C, Warschkau D, Lühle J, Goerdeler F, Freitag A, Seeberger PH, Moscovitz O. Smaller size packs a stronger punch - Recent advances in small antibody fragments targeting tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens. Theranostics 2023; 13:3041-3063. [PMID: 37284439 PMCID: PMC10240822 DOI: 10.7150/thno.80901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Attached to proteins, lipids, or forming long, complex chains, glycans represent the most versatile post-translational modification in nature and surround all human cells. Unique glycan structures are monitored by the immune system and differentiate self from non-self and healthy from malignant cells. Aberrant glycosylations, termed tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), are a hallmark of cancer and are correlated with all aspects of cancer biology. Therefore, TACAs represent attractive targets for monoclonal antibodies for cancer diagnosis and therapy. However, due to the thick and dense glycocalyx as well as the tumour micro-environment, conventional antibodies often suffer from restricted access and limited effectiveness in vivo. To overcome this issue, many small antibody fragments have come forth, showing similar affinity with better efficiency than their full-length counterparts. Here we review small antibody fragments against specific glycans on tumour cells and highlight their advantages over conventional antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Khan Khilji
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Op 't Hoog
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David Warschkau
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jost Lühle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Goerdeler
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Freitag
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oren Moscovitz
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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2
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Jasiewicz NE, Brown AD, Deci M, Matysiak S, Earp HS, Nguyen J. Discovery and characterization of a functional scFv for CCR2 inhibition via an extracellular loop. Int J Pharm 2023; 632:122547. [PMID: 36572264 PMCID: PMC10641734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR2 plays a key role in cellular migration and inflammatory processes. While tremendous progress has been made in elucidating CCR2 function and inhibition, the majority of approaches target its N-terminal domain and less is known about the function of the remaining extracellular loops and their potential as targets. Here, we used phage display to identify an antibody-derived scFv (single chain variable fragment) clone that specifically targets the second extracellular epitope of CCR2 (ECL2) for inhibition. Using in silico molecular docking, we identified six potential primary binding conformations of the novel scFv to the specified CCR2 epitope. In silico molecular dynamic analysis was used to determine conformational stability and identify protein-protein interactions. Umbrella sampling of a range of configurations with incrementally increasing separation of scFv and target generated by force pulling simulations was used to calculate binding energies. Downstream characterization by ELISA showed high binding affinity of the ECL2-scFv to CCR2. Furthermore, we showed that blocking the second extracellular loop inhibits macrophage migration and polarized macrophages towards M1 inflammatory cytokine production as potently as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These studies highlight the applicability of epitope-specific targeting, emphasize the importance of in silico predictive modeling, and warrant further investigation into the role of the remaining epitopes of CCR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Jasiewicz
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adam D Brown
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael Deci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Silvina Matysiak
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - H Shelton Earp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Juliane Nguyen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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3
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Wu SY, Wu FG, Chen X. Antibody-Incorporated Nanomedicines for Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109210. [PMID: 35142395 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based cancer therapy, one of the most significant therapeutic strategies, has achieved considerable success and progress over the past decades. Nevertheless, obstacles including limited tumor penetration, short circulation half-lives, undesired immunogenicity, and off-target side effects remain to be overcome for the antibody-based cancer treatment. Owing to the rapid development of nanotechnology, antibody-containing nanomedicines that have been extensively explored to overcome these obstacles have already demonstrated enhanced anticancer efficacy and clinical translation potential. This review intends to offer an overview of the advancements of antibody-incorporated nanoparticulate systems in cancer treatment, together with the nontrivial challenges faced by these next-generation nanomedicines. Diverse strategies of antibody immobilization, formats of antibodies, types of cancer-associated antigens, and anticancer mechanisms of antibody-containing nanomedicines are provided and discussed in this review, with an emphasis on the latest applications. The current limitations and future research directions on antibody-containing nanomedicines are also discussed from different perspectives to provide new insights into the construction of anticancer nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
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4
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Kang W, Ding C, Zheng D, Ma X, Yi L, Tong X, Wu C, Xue C, Yu Y, Zhou Q. Nanobody Conjugates for Targeted Cancer Therapy and Imaging. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211010117. [PMID: 33929911 PMCID: PMC8111546 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional antibody-based targeted cancer therapy is one of the most promising avenues of successful cancer treatment, with the potential to reduce toxic side effects to healthy cells surrounding tumor cells. However, the full potential of antibodies is severely limited due to their large size, low stability, slow clearance, and high immunogenicity. Alternatively, recently discovered nanobodies, which are the smallest naturally occurring antigen-binding format, have shown great potential for addressing these limitations. Bioconjugation of nanobodies to functional groups such as toxins, enzymes, radionucleotides, and fluorophores can improve the efficacy and potency of nanobodies, enhance their in vivo pharmacokinetics, and expand the range of potential applications. Herein, we review the superior characteristics of nanobodies in comparison to conventional antibodies and provide insight into recent developments in nanobody conjugates for targeted cancer therapy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Chuanfeng Ding
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danni Zheng
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lun Yi
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyi Tong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Chuang Wu
- Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Chuang Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Abstract
Single chain variable fragments (scFvs) are generated by joining together the variable heavy and light chain of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) via a peptide linker. They offer some advantages over the parental mAb such as low molecular weight, heterologous production, multimeric form, and multivalency. The scFvs were produced against more than 50 antigens till date using 10 different plant species as the expression system. There were considerable improvements in the expression and purification strategies of scFv in the last 24 years. With the growing demand of scFv in therapeutic and diagnostic fields, its biosynthesis needs to be increased. The easiness in development, maintenance, and multiplication of transgenic plants make them an attractive expression platform for scFv production. The review intends to provide comprehensive information about the use of plant expression system to produce scFv. The developments, advantages, pitfalls, and possible prospects of improvement for the exploitation of plants in the industrial level are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padikara Kutty Satheeshkumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India.
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6
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Begum AA, Toth I, Hussein WM, Moyle PM. Advances in Targeted Gene Delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 16:588-608. [PMID: 31142250 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190529072914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has the potential to treat both acquired and inherited genetic diseases. Generally, two types of gene delivery vectors are used - viral vectors and non-viral vectors. Non-viral gene delivery systems have attracted significant interest (e.g. 115 gene therapies approved for clinical trials in 2018; clinicaltrials.gov) due to their lower toxicity, lack of immunogenicity and ease of production compared to viral vectors. To achieve the goal of maximal therapeutic efficacy with minimal adverse effects, the cell-specific targeting of non-viral gene delivery systems has attracted research interest. Targeting through cell surface receptors; the enhanced permeability and retention effect, or pH differences are potential means to target genes to specific organs, tissues, or cells. As for targeting moieties, receptorspecific ligand peptides, antibodies, aptamers and affibodies have been incorporated into synthetic nonviral gene delivery vectors to fulfill the requirement of active targeting. This review provides an overview of different potential targets and targeting moieties to target specific gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjuman A Begum
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia
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7
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Farshdari F, Ahmadzadeh M, Nematollahi L, Mohit E. The improvement of anti-HER2 scFv soluble expression in Escherichia coli. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000317861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Farshdari
- Islamic Azad University, Iran; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | | | - Elham Mohit
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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8
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Membreno R, Cook BE, Zeglis BM. Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy Based on the Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reaction. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30774125 DOI: 10.3791/59041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a promising approach for the treatment of cancer, the long pharmacokinetic half-life of radiolabeled antibodies can result in high radiation doses to healthy tissues. Perhaps not surprisingly, several different strategies have been developed to circumvent this troubling limitation. One of the most promising of these approaches is pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (PRIT). PRIT is predicated on decoupling the radionuclide from the immunoglobulin, injecting them separately, and then allowing them to combine in vivo at the target tissue. This approach harnesses the exceptional tumor-targeting properties of antibodies while skirting their pharmacokinetic drawbacks, thereby lowering radiation doses to non-target tissues and facilitating the use of radionuclides with half-lives that are considered too short for use in traditional radioimmunoconjugates. Over the last five years, our laboratory and others have developed an approach to in vivo pretargeting based on the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction between trans-cyclooctene (TCO) and tetrazine (Tz). This strategy has been successfully applied to pretargeted positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging with a variety of antibody-antigen systems. In a pair of recent publications, we have demonstrated the efficacy of IEDDA-based PRIT in murine models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and colorectal carcinoma. In this protocol, we describe protocols for PRIT using a 177Lu-DOTA-labeled tetrazine radioligand ([177Lu]Lu-DOTA-PEG7-Tz) and a TCO-modified variant of the colorectal cancer targeting huA33 antibody (huA33-TCO). More specifically, we will describe the construction of huA33-TCO, the synthesis and radiolabeling of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-PEG7-Tz, and the performance of in vivo biodistribution and longitudinal therapy studies in murine models of colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemery Membreno
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York
| | - Brendon E Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College;
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9
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Wang Y, Cui P, Zhu S, Meng T, Hao F, Zhu G, Zuo W. Preparation of single-chain antibody against VP3 protein of duck hepatitis virus type 1 by phage display technology. J Virol Methods 2018; 257:73-78. [PMID: 29727718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
To construct phage antibody library for VP3 protein of duck hepatitis virus type 1(DHAV-1) and pan the specific single-chain variable fragment antibody (scFv), total RNA was extracted from the protein VP3- immunized mice spleen., vp3 gene encoding VP3 protein was amplified from the genome of DHAV-1 by RT-PCR method for the following recombinant pET-VP3 construction, immunogenic VP3 expression and purification, and combined with SOE-PCR method to complete the assembly of scFv. The scFv gene was cloned into pCANTAB5E vector for phage antibody library construction. Finally, the library for anti-VP3 scFv was screened by four rounds of adsorption-elution-enrichment with the purified VP3 protein. The characters of binding ability, specificity and neutralization of soluble antibodies expressed were evaluated by ELISA. The results showed 7 VP3-specific scFvs have been screened and identified with high both sensitivity and specificity for binding DHAV-1. To our knowledge, this is the first report for VP3-specific scFv of DHAV-1 and potentially promising application used in prevention and treatment of duck viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Jiang Su Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High tech Research, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | | | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Jiang Su Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High tech Research, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Ting Meng
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Jiang Su Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High tech Research, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Fuxing Hao
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Jiang Su Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High tech Research, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Oint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Weiyong Zuo
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Jiang Su Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High tech Research, Taizhou, 225300, China.
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10
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Enhanced Bioactivity of the Anti-LOX-1 scFv Engineered by Multimerization Strategy. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 185:233-247. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Kobayashi H, Choyke PL, Ogawa M. Monoclonal antibody-based optical molecular imaging probes; considerations and caveats in chemistry, biology and pharmacology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 33:32-8. [PMID: 27281509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody (mAb) has proven to be a good platform for designing specific molecular imaging probes due to its superior binding specificity. Several optical imaging probes have been developed for surgical navigation in patients and are in early phase clinical trials. However, an inherent limitation of using the mAb is its pharmacokinetics which result in a prolonged circulating half-life and slow clearance from the body. This results in undesirable target to background ratios during imaging. In this review, we first describe the mAb as a platform material for optical probe design and then discuss optimizing the design of monoclonal antibody-based optical molecular imaging probes by focusing on chemistry, biology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Mikako Ogawa
- Laboratory for Bioanalysis and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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12
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Burvenich IJG, Lee FT, O'Keefe GJ, Makris D, Cao D, Gong S, Rigopoulos A, Allan LC, Brechbiel MW, Liu Z, Ramsland PA, Scott AM. Engineering anti-Lewis-Y hu3S193 antibodies with improved therapeutic ratio for radioimmunotherapy of epithelial cancers. EJNMMI Res 2016; 6:26. [PMID: 26983636 PMCID: PMC4796444 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to explore Fc mutations of a humanised anti-Lewis-Y antibody (IgG1) hu3S193 as a strategy to improve therapeutic ratios for therapeutic payload delivery. Methods Four hu3S193 variants (I253A, H310A, H435A and I253A/H310A) were generated via site-directed mutagenesis and radiolabelled with diagnostic isotopes iodine-125 or indium-111. Biodistribution studies in Lewis-Y-positive tumour-bearing mice were used to calculate the dose in tumours and organs for therapeutic isotopes (iodine-131, yttrium-90 and lutetium-177). Results 111In-labelled I253A and H435A showed similar slow kinetics (t1/2β, 63.2 and 62.2 h, respectively) and a maximum tumour uptake of 33.11 ± 4.05 and 33.69 ± 3.77 percentage injected dose per gramme (%ID/g), respectively. 111In-labelled I253A/H310A cleared fastest (t1/2β, 9.1 h) with the lowest maximum tumour uptake (23.72 ± 0.85 %ID/g). The highest increase in tumour-to-blood area under the curve (AUC) ratio was observed with the metal-labelled mutants (90Y and 177Lu). 177Lu-CHX-A" DTPA-hu3S193 I253A/H310A (6:1) showed the highest tumour-to-blood AUC ratio compared to wild type (3:1) and other variants and doubling of calculated dose to tumour based on red marrow dose constraints. Conclusions These results suggest that hu3S193 Fc can be engineered with improved therapeutic ratios for 90Y- and 177Lu-based therapy, with the best candidate being hu3S193 I253A/H310A for 177Lu-based therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-016-0180-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid J G Burvenich
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fook-Thean Lee
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme J O'Keefe
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dahna Makris
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Diana Cao
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sylvia Gong
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angela Rigopoulos
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura C Allan
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin W Brechbiel
- Radioimmune and Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhanqi Liu
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Ramsland
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145-163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
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13
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Hosking CG, Driguez P, McWilliam HEG, Ilag LL, Gladman S, Li Y, Piedrafita D, McManus DP, Meeusen ENT, de Veer MJ. Using the local immune response from the natural buffalo host to generate an antibody fragment library that binds the early larval stages of Schistosoma japonicum. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:729-40. [PMID: 26116907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies isolated from the local draining inguinal lymph node of field exposed-water buffaloes following challenge with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae showed high reactivity towards S. japonicum antigen preparations and bound specifically to formaldehyde-fixed S. japonicum schistosomules. Using this specific local immune response we produced a series of single-chain antibody Fv domain libraries from the same lymph nodes. Removal of phage that cross reacted with epitopes on adult parasites yielded a single-chain antibody Fv domain-phage library that specifically bound to whole formaldehyde-fixed and live S. japonicum schistosomules. DNA sequencing indicated clear enrichment of the single-chain antibody Fv domain library for buffalo B-cell complementarity determining regions post-selection for schistosomule binding. This study also revealed that long heavy chain complementarity determining regions appear to be an important factor when selecting for antibody binding fragments against schistosomule proteins. The selected single-chain antibody Fv domain-phage were used to probe a schistosome-specific protein microarray, which resulted in the recognition of many proteins expressed across all schistosome life-cycle stages. Following absorption to adult worms, the single-chain antibody Fv domain-phage library showed significantly reduced binding to most proteins, whilst two proteins (NCBI GenBank accession numbers AY915878 and AY815196) showed increased binding. We have thus developed a unique set of host derived single-chain antibody Fv domains comprising buffalo B-cell variable regions that specifically bind to early S. japonicum life-stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hosking
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Patrick Driguez
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Leodevico L Ilag
- Bio21, Molecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Simon Gladman
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yuesheng Li
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - David Piedrafita
- School of Applied and Biomedical Science, Federation University Australia, Gippsland Campus, Churchill, Victoria 3842, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Els N T Meeusen
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael J de Veer
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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14
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Tavaré R, McCracken MN, Zettlitz KA, Salazar FB, Olafsen T, Witte ON, Wu AM. Immuno-PET of Murine T Cell Reconstitution Postadoptive Stem Cell Transplantation Using Anti-CD4 and Anti-CD8 Cys-Diabodies. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1258-64. [PMID: 25952734 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.153338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The proliferation and trafficking of T lymphocytes in immune responses are crucial events in determining inflammatory responses. To study whole-body T lymphocyte dynamics noninvasively in vivo, we generated anti-CD4 and -CD8 cys-diabodies (cDbs) derived from the parental antibody hybridomas GK1.5 and 2.43, respectively, for (89)Zr-immuno-PET detection of helper and cytotoxic T cell populations. METHODS Anti-CD4 and -CD8 cDbs were engineered, produced via mammalian expression, purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography, and characterized for T cell binding. The cDbs were site-specifically conjugated to maleimide-desferrioxamine for (89)Zr radiolabeling and subsequent small-animal PET/CT acquisition and ex vivo biodistribution in both wild-type mice and a model of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. RESULTS Immuno-PET and biodistribution studies demonstrate targeting and visualization of CD4 and CD8 T cell populations in vivo in the spleen and lymph nodes of wild-type mice, with specificity confirmed through in vivo blocking and depletion studies. Subsequently, a murine model of HSC transplantation demonstrated successful in vivo detection of T cell repopulation at 2, 4, and 8 wk after HSC transplantation using the (89)Zr-radiolabeled anti-CD4 and -CD8 cDbs. CONCLUSION These newly developed anti-CD4 and -CD8 immuno-PET reagents represent a powerful resource to monitor T cell expansion, localization, and novel engraftment protocols. Future potential applications of T cell-targeted immuno-PET include monitoring immune cell subsets in response to immunotherapy, autoimmunity, and lymphoproliferative disorders, contributing overall to preclinical immune cell monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Tavaré
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Melissa N McCracken
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Felix B Salazar
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tove Olafsen
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Owen N Witte
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California Howard Hughes Medical Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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15
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Tavaré R, Wu WH, Zettlitz KA, Salazar FB, McCabe KE, Marks JD, Wu AM. Enhanced immunoPET of ALCAM-positive colorectal carcinoma using site-specific ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA conjugation. Protein Eng Des Sel 2014; 27:317-24. [PMID: 25095796 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzu030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) is an immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule that is aberrantly expressed in a wide variety of human tumors, including melanoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma, bladder cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This wide spectrum of human malignancies makes ALCAM a prospective pan-cancer immunoPET target to aid in detection and diagnosis in multiple malignancies. In this study, we assess site-specific versus non-site-specific conjugation strategies for (64)Cu-DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) immunoPET imaging of a fully human ALCAM cys-diabody (cDb) with a reduced linker length that retains its bivalent binding ability. ALCAM constructs with linker lengths of eight, five and three amino acids were produced to make true non-covalent site-specifically modified cDbs. Characterization by gel electrophoresis, size exclusion chromatography, flow cytometry and mass spectrometry of the various constructs was performed. To demonstrate the increased utility of targeting multiple malignancies expressing ALCAM, we compare the targeting of the site-specific versus non-site-specific conjugated cDbs to the human colorectal cancer xenograft LS174T. Interestingly, the conjugation strategy not only affects tumor targeting but also hepatic and renal uptake/clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Tavaré
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wei H Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Felix B Salazar
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katelyn E McCabe
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia, UCSF, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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16
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Efficient production of anti-fluorescein and anti-lysozyme as single-chain anti-body fragments (scFv) by Brevibacillus expression system. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 91:184-91. [PMID: 23973803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Expression of scFv in Brevibacillus choshinensis was tested using combinations of three different promoters and four different secretion signals. Two model scFv constructs, i.e., His-scFvFLU and His-scFvHEL, were successfully expressed with some of the combinations. Ni Sepharose column and size exclusion chromatography resulted in fairly pure preparations of these two proteins. The purified His-scFvFLU inhibited fluorescence from fluorescein, while the purified His-scFvHEL inhibited lysozyme activity. Relatively high yield of His-scFvFLU (∼40%) and His-scFvHEL (∼30%) was achieved with the expression and purification system described here.
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17
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Asano R, Hagiwara Y, Koyama N, Masakari Y, Orimo R, Arai K, Ogata H, Furumoto S, Umetsu M, Kumagai I. Multimerization of anti-(epidermal growth factor receptor) IgG fragments induces an antitumor effect: the case for humanized 528 scFv multimers. FEBS J 2013; 280:4816-26. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Yasuyo Hagiwara
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Noriaki Koyama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Yosuke Masakari
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Ryota Orimo
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Kyoko Arai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Hiromi Ogata
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Department of Pharmacology; Tohoku University School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
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18
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Knowles SM, Wu AM. Advances in immuno-positron emission tomography: antibodies for molecular imaging in oncology. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:3884-92. [PMID: 22987087 PMCID: PMC3478579 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.42.4887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of cancer cell-surface biomarkers and advances in antibody engineering have led to a sharp increase in the development of therapeutic antibodies. These same advances have led to a new generation of radiolabeled antibodies and antibody fragments that can be used as cancer-specific imaging agents, allowing quantitative imaging of cell-surface protein expression in vivo. Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) imaging with intact antibodies has shown success clinically in diagnosing and staging cancer. Engineered antibody fragments, such as diabodies, minibodies, and single-chain Fv (scFv) -Fc, have been successfully employed for immunoPET imaging of cancer cell-surface biomarkers in preclinical models and are poised to bring same-day imaging into clinical development. ImmunoPET can potentially provide a noninvasive approach for obtaining target-specific information useful for titrating doses for radioimmunotherapy, for patient risk stratification and selection of targeted therapies, for evaluating response to therapy, and for predicting adverse effects, thus contributing to the ongoing development of personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Knowles
- All authors: David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anna M. Wu
- All authors: David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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19
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Multivalent ligand: design principle for targeted therapeutic delivery approach. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:1171-87. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multivalent interactions of biological molecules play an important role in many biochemical events. A multivalent ligand comprises of multiple copies of ligands conjugated to scaffolds, allowing the simultaneous binding of multivalent ligands to multiple binding sites or receptors. Many research groups have successfully designed and synthesized multivalent ligands to increase the binding affinity, avidity and specificity of the ligand to the receptor. A multimeric ligand is a promising option for the specific treatment of diseases. In this review, the factors affecting multivalent interactions, including the size and shape of the ligand, geometry and an arrangement of ligands on the scaffold, linker length, thermodynamic, and kinetics of the interactions are discussed. Examples of the multivalent ligand applications for therapeutic delivery are also summarized.
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20
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Refolding Technology for scFv Using a New Detergent, N-Lauroyl-L-glutamate and Arginine. Antibodies (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/antib1020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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T cell receptor-like recognition of tumor in vivo by synthetic antibody fragment. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43746. [PMID: 22916301 PMCID: PMC3423377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major difficulty in treating cancer is the inability to differentiate between normal and tumor cells. The immune system differentiates tumor from normal cells by T cell receptor (TCR) binding of tumor-associated peptides bound to Major Histocompatibility Complex (pMHC) molecules. The peptides, derived from the tumor-specific proteins, are presented by MHC proteins, which then serve as cancer markers. The TCR is a difficult protein to use as a recombinant protein because of production issues and has poor affinity for pMHC; therefore, it is not a good choice for use as a tumor identifier outside of the immune system. We constructed a synthetic antibody-fragment (Fab) library in the phage-display format and isolated antibody-fragments that bind pMHC with high affinity and specificity. One Fab, fE75, recognizes our model cancer marker, the Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2/neu) peptide, E75, bound to the MHC called Human Leukocyte Antigen-A2 (HLA-A2), with nanomolar affinity. The fE75 bound selectively to E75/HLA-A2 positive cancer cell lines in vitro. The fE75 Fab conjugated with 64Cu selectively accumulated in E75/HLA-A2 positive tumors and not in E75/HLA-A2 negative tumors in an HLA-A2 transgenic mouse as probed using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging. Considering that hundreds to thousands of different peptides bound to HLA-A2 are present on the surface of each cell, the fact that fE75 arrives at the tumor at all shows extraordinary specificity. These antibody fragments have great potential for diagnosis and targeted drug delivery in cancer.
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22
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Schellinger JG, Kudupudi A, Natarajan A, Du W, DeNardo SJ, Gervay-Hague J. A general chemical synthesis platform for crosslinking multivalent single chain variable fragments. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:1521-6. [PMID: 22132412 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent single chain variable fragments (scFv) show increased affinity to tumor-associated antigens compared to monovalent scFv and intact monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Multivalent constructs can be derived from self-associating or covalent scFv with covalent constructs offering improved in vivo and in vitro stability. Covalent attachment of scFv can be achieved using genetically engineered expression vectors that afford scFv with site specific cysteine functionality. Expression vectors for di-scFv-C wherein the cysteine is located in the center of two scFv have also been developed for attaching chemically reactive linkers. In the example illustrated here, the di-scFv-C is derived from a mAb directed against the MUC1 epitope, which is presented on cancer cells. To achieve multivalency, a chemical crosslinking strategy utilizing various azide and multi-alkyne functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers was implemented. Conjugation was achieved by attachment of these linkers to the scFv thiol functionality. Chemoselective ligation was employed to covalently link different protein conjugates via copper(I) catalyzed azide alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) chemistry. Ligations were achieved in >70% yield using a specific set of linkers as determined by SDS-PAGE and densitometry. ELISA showed increased tumor binding of a tetravalent scFv providing a versatile chemical crosslinking strategy for construction of multivalent and bi-specific immunoconjugates that retain biological activity and have potential application in pre-targeted radioimmunotherapy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan G Schellinger
- Chemistry Department, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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23
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Kudou M, Ejima D, Sato H, Yumioka R, Arakawa T, Tsumoto K. Refolding single-chain antibody (scFv) using lauroyl-l-glutamate as a solubilization detergent and arginine as a refolding additive. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 77:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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24
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Monoclonal antibody dose determination and biodistribution into solid tumors. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:333-44. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are increasingly being used as protein therapeutics for cancer. They offer very specific binding to target molecules on the surface of cancer cells, relatively few side effects and predictable pharmacokinetics. Tumor shrinkage is seen in some patients, and an incremental improvement in survival occurs in the group. However, due to their large size and consequent slow diffusion, antibody penetration deep into tumors may be inhomogeneous. Even if only a few cells, deep in tumors, escape therapy, they can regrow and lead to clinical relapse, limiting the significant potential of monoclonal antibody therapy. This leads to questions about optimal dosing for monoclonal antibodies. Methods to determine monoclonal antibody dose include maximum-tolerated dose studies, pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically guided dosing, randomized dose-ranging studies, imaging of antibody biodistribution and competitive-binding studies. Limitations of these methods, and future directions to possibly overcome these limitations will be discussed.
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25
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Generation and characterization of the human neutralizing antibody fragment Fab091 against rabies virus. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:329-37. [PMID: 21278782 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To transform the human anti-rabies virus glycoprotein (anti-RABVG) single-chain variable fragment (scFv) into a Fab fragment and to analyze its immunological activity. METHODS The Fab gene was amplified using overlap PCR and inserted into the vector pComb3XSS. The recombinant vector was then transformed into E coli Top10F' for expression and purification. The purified Fab was characterized using SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, indirect ELISA, competitive ELISA, and the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVN), respectively, and examined in a Kunming mouse challenge model in vivo. RESULTS A recombinant vector was constructed. The Fab was expressed in soluble form in E coli Top10F'. Specific binding of the Fab to rabies virus was confirmed by indirect ELISA and immunoprecipitation (IP). The neutralizing antibody titer of Fab was 10.26 IU/mL. The mouse group treated with both vaccine and human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG)/Fab091 (32 IU/kg) showed protection against rabies, compared with the control group (P<0.05, Logrank test). CONCLUSION The antibody fragment Fab was shown to be a neutralizing antibody against RABVG. It can be used together with other monoclonal antibodies for post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies virus in future studies.
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26
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Quantitative and specific molecular imaging of cancer with labeled engineered monoclonal antibody fragments. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:345-58. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The high target specificity of antibodies and related constructs makes them excellent scaffolds for molecular-imaging probes. Quantitative data on biodistribution and pharmacokinetics can be acquired by radiolabeling these agents. Such studies demonstrate prolonged circulation times and resulting nonspecific accumulation with high background signal using antibody-based agents. Antibody fragments demonstrate more rapid clearance, but lower tumor uptake. Optical labeling of antibodies provides a basis for developing activatable probes that can image antigens with very high specificity, potentially allowing for the simultaneous visualization of multiple targets. While radioimmunoimaging provides valuable whole-body, quantitative information, activatable optical antibody-based agents could generate real-time diagnostic and prognostic information about near-surface lesions at high-spatial and temporal resolution without requiring ionizing radiation.
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27
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Abstract
Noninvasive molecular imaging approaches include nuclear, optical, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound, and photoacoustic imaging, which require accumulation of a signal delivered by a probe at the target site. Monoclonal antibodies are high affinity molecules that can be used for specific, high signal delivery to cell surface molecules. However, their long circulation time in blood makes them unsuitable as imaging probes. Efforts to improve antibodies pharmacokinetics without compromising affinity and specificity have been made through protein engineering. Antibody variants that differ in antigen binding sites and size have been generated and evaluated as imaging probes to target tissues of interest. Fast clearing fragments, such as single-chain variable fragment (scFv; 25 kDa), with 1 antigen-binding site (monovalent) demonstrated low accumulation in tumors because of the low exposure time to the target. Using scFv as building block to produce larger, bivalent fragments, such as scFv dimers (diabodies, 50 kDa) and scFv-fusion proteins (80 kDa minibodies and 105 kDa scFv-Fc), resulted in higher tumor accumulation because of their longer residence time in blood. Imaging studies with these fragments after radiolabeling have demonstrated excellent, high-contrast images in gamma cameras and positron emission tomography scanners. Several studies have also investigated antibody fragments conjugated to fluorescence (near infrared dyes), bioluminescence (luciferases), and quantum dots for optical imaging and iron oxides nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging. However, these studies indicate that there are several factors that influence successful targeting and imaging. These include stability of the antibody fragment, the labeling chemistry (direct or indirect), whether critical residues are modified, the number of antigen expressed on the cell, and whether the target has a rapid recycling rate or internalizes upon binding. The preclinical data presented are compelling, and it is evident that antibody-based molecular imaging tracers will play an important future role in the diagnosis and management of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Olafsen
- UCLA Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
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28
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Olafsen T, Sirk SJ, Betting DJ, Kenanova VE, Bauer KB, Ladno W, Raubitschek AA, Timmerman JM, Wu AM. ImmunoPET imaging of B-cell lymphoma using 124I-anti-CD20 scFv dimers (diabodies). Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 23:243-9. [PMID: 20053640 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzp081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid clearing engineered antibody fragments for immunoPET promise high sensitivity at early time points. Here, tumor targeting of anti-CD20 diabodies (scFv dimers) for detection of low-grade B-cell lymphomas were evaluated. In addition, the effect of linker length on oligomerization of the diabody was investigated. Four rituximab scFv variants in the V(L)-V(H) orientation with different linker lengths between the V domains (scFv-1, scFv-3, scFv-5, scFv-8), plus the scFv-5 with a C-terminal cysteine (Cys-Db) for site-specific modification were generated. The scFv-8 and Cys-Db were radioiodinated with (124)I for PET imaging, and biodistribution of (131)I-Cys-Db was carried out at 2, 4 10 and 20 h. The five anti-CD20 scFv variants were expressed as fully functional dimers. Shortening the linker to three or one residue did not produce higher order of multimers. Both (124)I-labeled scFv-8 and Cys-Db exhibited similar tumor targeting at 8 h post injection, with significantly higher uptakes than in control tumors (P < 0.05). At 20 h, less than 1% ID/g of (131)I-labeled Cys-Db was present in tumors and tissues. Specific tumor targeting and high contrast images were achieved with the anti-CD20 diabodies. These agents extend the repertoire of reagents that can potentially be used to improve detection of low-grade lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Olafsen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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29
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Leyton JV, Olafsen T, Sherman MA, Bauer KB, Aghajanian P, Reiter RE, Wu AM. Engineered humanized diabodies for microPET imaging of prostate stem cell antigen-expressing tumors. Protein Eng Des Sel 2008; 22:209-16. [PMID: 18957406 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzn055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated preclinical in vivo targeting of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) using a humanized anti-PSCA 2B3 monoclonal antibody (mAb). However, humanization resulted in 5-fold loss of apparent affinity relative to the parental mAb (1 nM). In this study, diabodies (scFv dimers of 55 kDa) were generated from 2B3 including variants with different linker lengths as well as back-mutations to original murine residues to improve affinity. Parental 2B3 (p2B3) and back-mutated 2B3 (bm2B3) diabodies (Dbs) with five- or eight-amino acid linkers (p2B3-Db5, p2B3-Db8, bm2B3-Db5 and bm2B3-Db8) were evaluated for binding to PSCA by flow cytometry and affinities were determined by surface plasmon resonance. Back-mutation restored the affinity from 5.4 to 1.9 nM. Stability, evaluated by size exclusion, revealed that diabodies with eight-residue linkers existed as a mixture of dimeric and monomeric species at low concentrations (<or =1 mg/ml). Shortening the linker from eight to five residues improved dimer stability, notably in the bm2B3-Db8 compared with bm2B3-Db5. Both p2B3-Db8 and bm2B3-Db8 were radioiodinated with (124)I and evaluated by serial micro-positron emission tomography imaging in mice bearing LAPC-9 human prostate cancer xenografts. Localization in LAPC-9 xenografts was seen at 4 h, whereas at 20 h most of the activity had cleared from the tumor. Highest tumor-to-background contrast ratios and best images were obtained at 12 h. Although the higher affinity bm2B3-Db8 demonstrated improved tumor retention at later time points (20 h), it did not improve tumor targeting or imaging compared with p2B3-Db8 at 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey V Leyton
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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