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Mallegni N, Milazzo M, Cristallini C, Barbani N, Fredi G, Dorigato A, Cinelli P, Danti S. Characterization of Cyclic Olefin Copolymers for Insulin Reservoir in an Artificial Pancreas. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14030145. [PMID: 36976069 PMCID: PMC10053537 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14030145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-1 diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders worldwide. It results in a significant lack of insulin production by the pancreas and the ensuing hyperglycemia, which needs to be regulated through a tailored administration of insulin throughout the day. Recent studies have shown great advancements in developing an implantable artificial pancreas. However, some improvements are still required, including the optimal biomaterials and technologies to produce the implantable insulin reservoir. Here, we discuss the employment of two types of cyclic olefin copolymers (Topas 5013L-10 and Topas 8007S-04) for an insulin reservoir fabrication. After a preliminary thermomechanical analysis, Topas 8007S-04 was selected as the best material to fabricate a 3D-printed insulin reservoir due to its higher strength and lower glass transition temperature (Tg). Fiber deposition modeling was used to manufacture a reservoir-like structure, which was employed to assess the ability of the material to prevent insulin aggregation. Although the surface texture presents a localized roughness, the ultraviolet analysis did not detect any significant insulin aggregation over a timeframe of 14 days. These interesting results make Topas 8007S-04 cyclic olefin copolymer a potential candidate biomaterial for fabricating structural components in an implantable artificial pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Mallegni
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Milazzo
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Caterina Cristallini
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccoletta Barbani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Fredi
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.D.)
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Iacovacci V, Tamadon I, Rocchi M, Dario P, Menciassi A. Toward Dosing Precision and Insulin Stability in an Artificial Pancreas System. J Med Device 2019. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4042459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A fully implantable artificial pancreas (AP) still represents the holy grail for diabetes treatment. The quest for efficient miniaturized implantable insulin pumps, able to accurately regulate the blood glucose profile and to keep insulin stability, is still persistent. This work describes the design and testing of a microinjection system connected to a variable volume insulin reservoir devised to favor insulin stability during storage. The design, the constitutive materials, and the related fabrication techniques were selected to favor insulin stability by avoiding—or at least limiting—hormone aggregation. We compared substrates made of nylon 6 and Teflon, provided with different surface roughness values due to the employed fabrication procedures (i.e., standard machining and spray deposition). Insulin stability was tested in a worst case condition for 14 days, and pumping system reliability and repeatability in dosing were tested over an entire reservoir emptying cycle. We found that nylon 6 guarantees a higher insulin stability than Teflon and that independent of the material used, larger roughness determines a higher amount of insulin aggregates. A dedicated rotary pump featured by a 1-μL delivery resolution was developed and connected through a proper gear mechanism to a variable volume air-tight insulin reservoir. The microinjection system was also able to operate in a reverse mode to enable the refilling of the implanted reservoir. The developed system represents a fundamental building block toward the development of a fully implantable AP and could be advantageously integrated even in different implantable drug delivery apparatus (e.g., for pain management).
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Iacovacci
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, Pontedera (Pisa), 56025, Italy e-mail:
| | - Izadyar Tamadon
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, Pontedera (Pisa), 56025, Italy
| | - Matteo Rocchi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, Pontedera (Pisa), 56025, Italy
| | - Paolo Dario
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, Pontedera (Pisa), 56025, Italy
| | - Arianna Menciassi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, Pontedera (Pisa), 56025, Italy
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Anderson SM, Raghinaru D, Pinsker JE, Boscari F, Renard E, Buckingham BA, Nimri R, Doyle FJ, Brown SA, Keith-Hynes P, Breton MD, Chernavvsky D, Bevier WC, Bradley PK, Bruttomesso D, Del Favero S, Calore R, Cobelli C, Avogaro A, Farret A, Place J, Ly TT, Shanmugham S, Phillip M, Dassau E, Dasanayake IS, Kollman C, Lum JW, Beck RW, Kovatchev B. Multinational Home Use of Closed-Loop Control Is Safe and Effective. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:1143-50. [PMID: 27208316 PMCID: PMC5876016 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a portable, wearable, wireless artificial pancreas system (the Diabetes Assistant [DiAs] running the Unified Safety System) on glucose control at home in overnight-only and 24/7 closed-loop control (CLC) modes in patients with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS At six clinical centers in four countries, 30 participants 18-66 years old with type 1 diabetes (43% female, 96% non-Hispanic white, median type 1 diabetes duration 19 years, median A1C 7.3%) completed the study. The protocol included a 2-week baseline sensor-augmented pump (SAP) period followed by 2 weeks of overnight-only CLC and 2 weeks of 24/7 CLC at home. Glucose control during CLC was compared with the baseline SAP. RESULTS Glycemic control parameters for overnight-only CLC were improved during the nighttime period compared with baseline for hypoglycemia (time <70 mg/dL, primary end point median 1.1% vs. 3.0%; P < 0.001), time in target (70-180 mg/dL: 75% vs. 61%; P < 0.001), and glucose variability (coefficient of variation: 30% vs. 36%; P < 0.001). Similar improvements for day/night combined were observed with 24/7 CLC compared with baseline: 1.7% vs. 4.1%, P < 0.001; 73% vs. 65%, P < 0.001; and 34% vs. 38%, P < 0.001, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CLC running on a smartphone (DiAs) in the home environment was safe and effective. Overnight-only CLC reduced hypoglycemia and increased time in range overnight and increased time in range during the day; 24/7 CLC reduced hypoglycemia and increased time in range both overnight and during the day. Compared with overnight-only CLC, 24/7 CLC provided additional hypoglycemia protection during the day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eric Renard
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and INSERM 1411 Clinical Investigation Center, Montpellier University Hospital, and UMR CNRS 5203/INSERM U1191, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruce A Buckingham
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Revital Nimri
- Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Francis J Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Patrick Keith-Hynes
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA TypeZero Technologies, LLC, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne Farret
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and INSERM 1411 Clinical Investigation Center, Montpellier University Hospital, and UMR CNRS 5203/INSERM U1191, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jerome Place
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and INSERM 1411 Clinical Investigation Center, Montpellier University Hospital, and UMR CNRS 5203/INSERM U1191, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Trang T Ly
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Satya Shanmugham
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Moshe Phillip
- Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Eyal Dassau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Isuru S Dasanayake
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | | | - John W Lum
- Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL
| | - Roy W Beck
- Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL
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