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Genetic Testing for Antipsychotic Pharmacotherapy: Bench to Bedside. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11070097. [PMID: 34209185 PMCID: PMC8301006 DOI: 10.3390/bs11070097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing research interest in learning the genetic basis of response and adverse effects with psychotropic medications, including antipsychotic drugs. However, the clinical utility of information from genetic studies is compromised by their controversial results, primarily due to relatively small effect and sample sizes. Clinical, demographic, and environmental differences in patient cohorts further explain the lack of consistent results from these genetic studies. Furthermore, the availability of psychopharmacological expertise in interpreting clinically meaningful results from genetic assays has been a challenge, one that often results in suboptimal use of genetic testing in clinical practice. These limitations explain the difficulties in the translation of psychopharmacological research in pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics from bench to bedside to manage increasingly treatment-refractory psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia. Although these shortcomings question the utility of genetic testing in the general population, the commercially available genetic assays are being increasingly utilized to optimize the effectiveness of psychotropic medications in the treatment-refractory patient population, including schizophrenia. In this context, patients with treatment-refractory schizophrenia are among of the most vulnerable patients to be exposed to the debilitating adverse effects from often irrational and high-dose antipsychotic polypharmacy without clinically meaningful benefits. The primary objective of this comprehensive review is to analyze and interpret replicated findings from the genetic studies to identify specific genetic biomarkers that could be utilized to enhance antipsychotic efficacy and tolerability in the treatment-refractory schizophrenia population.
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Sargazi S, Mirani Sargazi F, Moudi M, Heidari Nia M, Saravani R, Mirinejad S, Shahraki S, Shakiba M. Impact of Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Gene Polymorphisms on Risk of Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study and Computational Analyses. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2020; 15:286-296. [PMID: 33240378 PMCID: PMC7610076 DOI: 10.18502/ijps.v15i4.4294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a common psychiatric disorder characterized by a complex mode of inheritance. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARG) mainly regulates lipid and glucose metabolisms while it is constitutively expressed in rat primary microglial cultures. This preliminary study was aimed to investigate the relationship of two polymorphisms in the PPARG gene, rs1801282 C/G, and rs3856806 C/T, to the risk of SCZ in the southeast Iranian population. Method: A total of 300 participants (150 patients with SCZ and 150 healthy controls) were enrolled. Genotyping was done using the amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS–PCR) technique. Computational analyses were carried out to predict the potential effects of the studied polymorphisms. Results: A significant link was found between genotypes of rs1801282 and SCZ susceptibility. The G allele of rs1801282 in CG and GG form of the codominant model increased the risk of SCZ by 2.49 and 2.64 folds, respectively. With regards to rs3856806, enhanced risk of SCZ was also observed under different inheritance models except for the overdominant model. Also, the T allele of rs3856806 enhanced the risk of SCZ by 3.19 fold. Computational analyses predicted that rs1801282 polymorphism might alter the secondary structure of PPARG-mRNA and protein function. At the same time, the other variant created the binding sites for some enhancer and silencer motifs. Conclusion: Our findings showed that PPARG rs1821282 and rs3856806 polymorphisms associate with SCZ susceptibility. Replication studies in different ethnicities with a larger population are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fariba Mirani Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Moudi
- Genetics of Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Milad Heidari Nia
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ramin Saravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Sheida Shahraki
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mansoor Shakiba
- Department of Psychiatry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Vallée A, Vallée JN, Lecarpentier Y. PPARγ agonists: potential treatment for autism spectrum disorder by inhibiting the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:643-652. [PMID: 30104725 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by a deficit in social interactions and communication with repetitive and restrictive behavior. No curative treatments are available for ASD. Pharmacological treatments do not address the core ASD behaviors, but target comorbid symptoms. Dysregulation of the core neurodevelopmental pathways is associated with the clinical presentation of ASD, and the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway is one of the major pathways involved. The canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway participates in the development of the central nervous system, and its dysregulation involves developmental cognitive disorders. In numerous tissues, the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) act in an opposed manner. In ASD, the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway is increased while PPARγ seems to be decreased. PPARγ agonists present a beneficial effect in treatment for ASD children through their anti-inflammatory role. Moreover, they induce the inhibition of the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway in several pathophysiological states. We focus this review on the hypothesis of an opposed interplay between PPARγ and the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway in ASD and the potential role of PPARγ agonists as treatment for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Paris-Descartes University; Diagnosis and Therapeutic Center, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital; AP-HP, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80054, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), 6-8 rue Saint-fiacre, 77100, Meaux, France
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4
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Bai X, Xu C, Wen D, Chen Y, Li H, Wang X, Zhou L, Huang M, Jin J. Polymorphisms of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) associated with valproate-induced obesity in epileptic patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2665-2673. [PMID: 29984389 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4960-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Valproate (VPA) is a choice for the treatment of primary generalized epilepsies and partial epilepsies. Unfortunately, weight gain or obesity is one of the most frequent adverse effects of VPA treatment. Genetic factors were shown to be involved in the effect. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) with VPA-induced weight gain and obesity in epileptic patients. METHODS A total of 225 Chinese Han epilepsy patients receiving VPA treatment were recruited in the study. Height and weight for the calculation of body mass index (BMI) were measured at the initiation of VPA therapy and in the follow-up examination. A BMI of 25 kg/m2 or higher was defined as obesity on the basis of the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for Asian populations. Four SNPs in CD36 (rs1194197, rs7807607) and PPARγ (rs10865710, rs2920502) were genotyped using the Sequenom® MassArray iPlex platform. RESULTS About 19.6% of epileptic patients receiving VPA therapy were found to become obese. After covariate analysis of age, gender, sex, height, initial BMI, and VPA dosage, the CD36 rs1194197 C allele and rs7807607 T allele (OR, 0.31; 95%CI, 0.13-0.72; P = 0.009 and OR, 0.38; 95%CI; 0.18-0.83; P = 0.02, respectively) were identified as protective factors for VPA-induced obesity. The PPARγ rs10865710 C allele carriers were found to be less likely to suffer from VPA-induced obesity compared with GG genotype carriers (OR, 0.04; 95%CI, 0.01-0.12; P < 0.001). After a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, the genotypic associations of CD36 rs1194197 and PPARγ rs10865710 and the allelic association of CD36 rs7807607 with obesity remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Our data first indicated that CD36 and PPARγ polymorphisms may be associated with VPA-induced obesity and weight gain, suggesting that CD36 and PPARγ may have potential value in predicting VPA-induced obesity in Chinese Han epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Bai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuncao Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingsheng Wen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibei Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueding Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Liemin Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Kalelioglu T, Durak N, Karamustafalioglu N, Genc A, Akkus M, Tasdemir A, Mehmet Ilnem C. Serum peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma levels in acute phase of male patients with schizophrenia and their relationship with metabolic parameters. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2017.1293244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Zhang JP, Lencz T, Zhang RX, Nitta M, Maayan L, John M, Robinson DG, Fleischhacker WW, Kahn RS, Ophoff RA, Kane JM, Malhotra AK, Correll CU. Pharmacogenetic Associations of Antipsychotic Drug-Related Weight Gain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:1418-1437. [PMID: 27217270 PMCID: PMC5049532 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although weight gain is a serious but variable adverse effect of antipsychotics that has genetic underpinnings, a comprehensive meta-analysis of pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-related weight gain is missing. In this review, random effects meta-analyses were conducted for dominant and recessive models on associations of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with prospectively assessed antipsychotic-related weight or body mass index (BMI) changes (primary outcome), or categorical increases in weight or BMI (≥7%; secondary outcome). Published studies, identified via systematic database search (last search: December 31, 2014), plus 3 additional cohorts, including 222 antipsychotic-naïve youth, and 81 and 141 first-episode schizophrenia adults, each with patient-level data at 3 or 4 months treatment, were meta-analyzed. Altogether, 72 articles reporting on 46 non-duplicated samples (n = 6700, mean follow-up = 25.1wk) with 38 SNPs from 20 genes/genomic regions were meta-analyzed (for each meta-analysis, studies = 2-20, n = 81-2082). Eleven SNPs from 8 genes were significantly associated with weight or BMI change, and 4 SNPs from 2 genes were significantly associated with categorical weight or BMI increase. Combined, 13 SNPs from 9 genes (Adrenoceptor Alpha-2A [ADRA2A], Adrenoceptor Beta 3 [ADRB3], Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor [BDNF], Dopamine Receptor D2 [DRD2], Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein [GNB3], 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) Receptor 2C [HTR2C], Insulin-induced gene 2 [INSIG2], Melanocortin-4 Receptor [MC4R], and Synaptosomal-associated protein, 25kDa [SNAP25]) were significantly associated with antipsychotic-related weight gain (P-values < .05-.001). SNPs in ADRA2A, DRD2, HTR2C, and MC4R had the largest effect sizes (Hedges' g's = 0.30-0.80, ORs = 1.47-1.96). Less prior antipsychotic exposure (pediatric or first episode patients) and short follow-up (1-2 mo) were associated with larger effect sizes. Individual antipsychotics did not significantly moderate effect sizes. In conclusion, antipsychotic-related weight gain is polygenic and associated with specific genetic variants, especially in genes coding for antipsychotic pharmacodynamic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Zhang
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health System, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11020, US; tel: 718-470-8471, fax: 718-470-1905, e-mail:
| | | | - Ryan X. Zhang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NY
| | - Masahiro Nitta
- Drug Development Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lawrence Maayan
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Majnu John
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health System, Glen Oaks, NY;,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY;,Department of Mathematics, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY
| | | | | | - Rene S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John M. Kane
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Christoph U. Correll
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY,Both authors contributed equally to the article
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7
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Malan-Müller S, Kilian S, van den Heuvel LL, Bardien S, Asmal L, Warnich L, Emsley RA, Hemmings SMJ, Seedat S. A systematic review of genetic variants associated with metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 170:1-17. [PMID: 26621002 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of factors that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the leading causes of mortality in patients with schizophrenia. Incidence rates of MetS are significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia compared to the general population. Several factors contribute to this high comorbidity. This systematic review focuses on genetic factors and interrogates data from association studies of genes implicated in the development of MetS in patients with schizophrenia. We aimed to identify variants that potentially contribute to the high comorbidity between these disorders. PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were accessed and a systematic review of published studies was conducted. Several genes showed strong evidence for an association with MetS in patients with schizophrenia, including the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO), leptin and leptin receptor genes (LEP, LEPR), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and the serotonin receptor 2C gene (HTR2C). Genetic association studies in complex disorders are convoluted by the multifactorial nature of these disorders, further complicating investigations of comorbidity. Recommendations for future studies include assessment of larger samples, inclusion of healthy controls, longitudinal rather than cross-sectional study designs, detailed capturing of data on confounding variables for both disorders and verification of significant findings in other populations. In future, big genomic datasets may allow for the calculation of polygenic risk scores in risk prediction of MetS in patients with schizophrenia. This could ultimately facilitate early, precise, and patient-specific pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to minimise CVD associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Malan-Müller
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa; SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sanja Kilian
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Soraya Bardien
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laila Asmal
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Louise Warnich
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Robin A Emsley
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sîan M J Hemmings
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa; SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
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Hjelm BE, Rollins B, Mamdani F, Lauterborn JC, Kirov G, Lynch G, Gall CM, Sequeira A, Vawter MP. Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction within the Complex Genetic Etiology of Schizophrenia. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2015; 1:201-19. [PMID: 26550561 DOI: 10.1159/000441252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetic evidence has supported the hypothesis that schizophrenia (SZ) is a polygenic disorder caused by the disruption in function of several or many genes. The most common and reproducible cellular phenotype associated with SZ is a reduction in dendritic spines within the neocortex, suggesting alterations in dendritic architecture may cause aberrant cortical circuitry and SZ symptoms. Here, we review evidence supporting a multifactorial model of mitochondrial dysfunction in SZ etiology and discuss how these multiple paths to mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to dendritic spine loss and/or underdevelopment in some SZ subjects. The pathophysiological role of mitochondrial dysfunction in SZ is based upon genomic analyses of both the mitochondrial genome and nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial function. Previous studies and preliminary data suggest SZ is associated with specific alleles and haplogroups of the mitochondrial genome, and also correlates with a reduction in mitochondrial copy number and an increase in synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions of mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial dysfunction has also been widely implicated in SZ by genome-wide association, exome sequencing, altered gene expression, proteomics, microscopy analyses, and induced pluripotent stem cell studies. Together, these data support the hypothesis that SZ is a polygenic disorder with an enrichment of mitochondrial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Hjelm
- Departments of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Calif., USA
| | - Brandi Rollins
- Departments of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Calif., USA
| | - Firoza Mamdani
- Departments of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Calif., USA
| | - Julie C Lauterborn
- Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Calif., USA
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gary Lynch
- Departments of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Calif., USA; Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Calif., USA
| | - Christine M Gall
- Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Calif., USA; Departments of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Calif., USA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- Departments of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Calif., USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Departments of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Calif., USA
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9
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Calkin CV, Alda M. Insulin resistance in bipolar disorder: relevance to routine clinical care. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:683-8. [PMID: 26308475 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia V Calkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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10
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Brandl EJ, Tiwari AK, Zai CC, Chowdhury NI, Lieberman JA, Meltzer HY, Kennedy JL, Müller DJ. No evidence for a role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and adiponectin (ADIPOQ) genes in antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Psychiatry Res 2014; 219:255-60. [PMID: 24953421 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotics frequently cause changes in glucose metabolism followed by development of weight gain and/or diabetes. Recent findings from our group indicated an influence of glucose-related genes on this serious side effect. With this study, we aimed to extend previous research and performed a comprehensive study on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and the adiponectin (ADIPOQ) genes. In 216 schizophrenic patients receiving antipsychotics for up to 14 weeks, we investigated single-nucleotide polymorphisms in or near PPARG (N=24) and ADIPOQ (N=18). Statistical analysis was done using ANCOVA in SPSS. Haplotype analysis was performed in UNPHASED 3.1.4 and Haploview 4.2. None of the PPARG or ADIPOQ variants showed significant association with antipsychotic-induced weight gain in our combined sample or in a refined subsample of patients of European ancestry treated with clozapine or olanzapine after correction for multiple testing. Similarly, no haplotype association could withstand multiple test correction. Although we could not find a significant influence of ADIPOQ and PPARG on antipsychotic-induced weight gain, our comprehensive examination of these two genes contributes to understanding the biology of this serious side effect. More research on glucose metabolism genes is warranted to elucidate their role in metabolic changes during antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J Brandl
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arun K Tiwari
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clement C Zai
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nabilah I Chowdhury
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Lieberman
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Herbert Y Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James L Kennedy
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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11
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Calkin CV, Gardner DM, Ransom T, Alda M. The relationship between bipolar disorder and type 2 diabetes: more than just co-morbid disorders. Ann Med 2013; 45:171-81. [PMID: 22621171 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2012.687835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rates are three times higher in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), compared to the general population. This is a major contributing factor to the elevated risk of cardiovascular mortality, the leading cause of death in bipolar patients. There may be shared pathophysiology linking the two disorders, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and mitochondrial dysfunction, common genetic links, and epigenetic interactions. Life-style, phenomenology of bipolar symptoms, and adverse effects of pharmacotherapy may be contributing factors. Patients with BD and T2DM have a more severe course of illness and are more refractory to treatment. Control of their diabetes is poorer when compared to diabetics without BD, and an existing disparity in medical care may be partly responsible. Glucose abnormalities in bipolar patients need to be screened for and treated. Metformin appears to have the best benefit/risk ratio, and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and analogues also appear promising, although these agents have not been specifically studied in populations with mood disorders. Physicians need to be aware of the increased risk for T2DM and cardiovascular disease in bipolar patients, and appropriate prevention, screening, case finding, and treatment is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia V Calkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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12
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Staeker J, Leucht S, Steimer W. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG) Pro12Ala. Mol Diagn Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03256433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Staeker J, Leucht S, Steimer W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) Pro12Ala: lack of association with weight gain in psychiatric inpatients treated with olanzapine or clozapine. Mol Diagn Ther 2012; 16:93-8. [PMID: 22413765 DOI: 10.2165/11599880-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Weight gain is a common problem of treatment with atypical antipsychotics. However, the dimension of body weight change differs interindividually, and various genetic factors are considered to be associated with this effect. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) Pro12Ala polymorphism and its reported relationship to type 2 diabetes susceptibility and body mass accumulation prompted us to investigate the impact of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on antipsychotic-induced changes of body weight and body mass index (BMI) in a naturalistic study design. METHODS Included were 138 olanzapine- and 32 clozapine-treated psychiatric inpatients whose demographic data, medical anamnesis, and drug treatment were assessed at admission to hospital and 4 weeks thereafter. The PPARG Pro12Ala SNP was determined with a validated real-time PCR assay. RESULTS In contrast to previous investigations, we did not detect significant variations of weight gain among the different PPARG Pro12Ala genotypes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the examined polymorphism appears to play a minor or no role in clinical practice concerning antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Staeker
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitt München, Munich, Germany
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14
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Fernández E, Carrizo E, Connell L, Baptista T. Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-γ2 gene, metabolic syndrome and response to metformin in clozapine-treated patients. Schizophr Res 2012; 137:262-3. [PMID: 22377103 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Lett TAP, Wallace TJM, Chowdhury NI, Tiwari AK, Kennedy JL, Müller DJ. Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: review and clinical implications. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:242-66. [PMID: 21894153 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), such as risperidone, clozapine and olanzapine, are the most common drug treatments for schizophrenia. SGAs presented an advantage over first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs), particularly regarding avoidance of extrapyramidal symptoms. However, most SGAs, and to a lesser degree FGAs, are linked to substantial weight gain. This substantial weight gain is a leading factor in patient non-compliance and poses significant risk of diabetes, lipid abnormalities (that is, metabolic syndrome) and cardiovascular events including sudden death. The purpose of this article is to review the advances made in the field of pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG). We included all published association studies in AIWG from December 2006 to date using the Medline and ISI web of knowledge databases. There has been considerable progress reaffirming previous findings and discovery of novel genetic factors. The HTR2C and leptin genes are among the most promising, and new evidence suggests that the DRD2, TNF, SNAP-25 and MC4R genes are also prominent risk factors. Further promising findings have been reported in novel susceptibility genes, such as CNR1, MDR1, ADRA1A and INSIG2. More research is required before genetically informed, personalized medicine can be applied to antipsychotic treatment; nevertheless, inroads have been made towards assessing genetic liability and plausible clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A P Lett
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Abstract
This review presents the findings of pharmacogenetic studies exploring the influence of gene variants on antipsychotic treatment response, in terms of both symptom improvement and adverse effects, in patients with schizophrenia. Despite numerous studies in the field, replicating findings across different cohorts that include subjects of different ethnic groups has been challenging. It is clear that non-genetic factors have an important contribution to antipsychotic treatment response. Differing clinical, demographic and environmental characteristics of the cohorts studied have added substantial complexity to the interpretation of the positive and negative findings of many studies. Pharmacogenomic genome-wide investigations are beginning to yield interesting data although they have failed to replicate the most robust findings of candidate gene studies, and are limited by the sample size, especially given the need for studying homogeneous cohorts. Most of the studies conducted on cohorts treated with single antipsychotics have investigated clozapine, olanzapine or risperidone response. These studies have provided some of the most replicated associations with treatment efficacy. Serotonergic system gene variants are significantly associated with the efficacy of clozapine and risperidone, but may have less influence on the efficacy of olanzapine. Dopamine D3 receptor polymorphisms have been more strongly associated with the efficacy of clozapine and olanzapine, and D2 genetic variants with the efficacy of risperidone. Serotonin influences the control of feeding behaviour and has been hypothesized to have a role in the development of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Numerous studies have linked the serotonin receptor 2C (5-HT2C) -759-C/T polymorphism with weight gain. The leptin gene variant, -2548-G/A, has also been associated with weight gain in several studies. Pharmacogenetic studies support the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes and dopamine receptor variants in the development of antipsychotic-induced movement disorders, with a contribution of serotonergic receptors and other gene variants implicated in the mechanism of action of antipsychotics. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis has been associated with polymorphisms in the major histocompatibility complex gene (HLA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Arranz
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK.
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17
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Kang SH, Lee JI, Chang AK, Joo YH, Kim CY, Kim SY. Genetic Polymorphisms in the HTR2C and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Are Not Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Schizophrenia Taking Clozapine. Psychiatry Investig 2011; 8:262-8. [PMID: 21994515 PMCID: PMC3182393 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2011.8.3.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic variation in the serotonin-2C receptor encoded by the HTR2C gene is one of the genetic determinants of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are nuclear receptors regulating the expression of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated whether HTR2C-759C/T, HTR2C-697G/C, PPARα V227A, and PPARγ 161C/T genotypes were associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with schizophrenia taking clozapine. METHODS One hundred forty-six Korean patients using clozapine for more than one year were genotyped for the HTR2C-759C/T, HTR2C-697G/C, PPARα V227A, and PPARγ 161C/T polymorphisms, and their weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and glucose were measured. We used the criteria for MetS proposed by the National Cholesterol Education Program-adapted Adult Treatment Panel III. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS was 47.3% and was similar among men (49%) and women (42.9%). We found no significant differences between patients with and without MetS in terms of genotypes or allele frequencies. Logistic regression analyses also revealed no association between MetS and each genotype. CONCLUSION We did not find significant associations between four polymorphisms (HTR2C-759C/T, HTR2C-697G/C, PPARα V227A, and PPARγ 161C/T) and MetS in patients with schizophrenia taking clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Hyun Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Il Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - An Kee Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Ho Joo
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Yoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Yoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Risselada AJ, Mulder H, Heerdink ER, Egberts TCG. Pharmacogenetic testing to predict antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a systematic review. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:1213-27. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight gain is an important side effect of antipsychotic drugs. Since the high interindividual difference in weight gain suggests that genetic factors play a role in this weight gain, studies have tried to identify these factors. Most of these studies were carried out in the past few years and focussed largely on receptor polymorphisms, although some tried to explain the variation in weight gain by differences in pharmacokinetics. Unfortunately, the results of these association studies are often conflicting, which makes it hard to apply this genetic knowledge in daily clinical practice. This article summarizes the findings of these association studies and focuses on differences in study methodology in an attempt to explain why study results could have been conflicting. Furthermore, the feasibility of genetic testing in today’s clinical practice is discussed, using a model that consists of four components; analytical validity, clinical validity, clinical utility and ethical, legal and social issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne J Risselada
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology & Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Wilhelmina Hospital Assen, PO Box 30001, 9400 RA Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Mulder
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology & Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Wilhelmina Hospital Assen, PO Box 30001, 9400 RA Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Eibert R Heerdink
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology & Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Matevosyan NR. Schizophrenia and Stein–Leventhal syndrome: comorbidity features. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284:1035-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-011-1963-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Chen CH, Lu ML, Kuo PH, Chen PY, Chiu CC, Kao CF, Huang MC. Gender differences in the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 gene polymorphisms on metabolic adversity in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:239-45. [PMID: 21095215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a major health problem in schizophrenic patients. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) is one of the candidate genes responsible for the liability to metabolic problems. In this study, we investigated the effect of the PPARγ2 gene Pro12Ala and C161T polymorphisms on metabolic adversities in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. METHODS Metabolic profiles and PPARγ2 gene polymorphisms were determined in 600 patients (309 men and 291 women) with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Metabolic indices and components of MS were compared between patients with different Pro12Ala or C161T genotypes. RESULTS In the whole population, the allele frequency of 12Ala and 161T was 4.4% and 24.7% respectively. Both polymorphisms had no significant effect on obesity or metabolic-related traits. However, following gender stratification of the data, we found female 12Ala allele carriers were at greater risk of developing abdominal obesity (OR = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.1-14.2, p = 0.04) and hypertension (OR=2.9, 95% CI = 1.2-7.4, p = 0.02) than female 12Ala allele non-carriers. Male 161T allele carriers had lower insulin levels (p = 0.02) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p = 0.05) levels than male 161T allele non-carriers. Moreover, female 161T allele carriers had higher body weight (p = 0.04), waist circumference (p = 0.05), and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.01), and were at greater risk of developing hypertension (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1-3.5, p = 0.02). Haplotype analyses showed that PPARγ2 gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with HDL-C level in men and blood pressure in women. CONCLUSIONS We did not find an association of PPARγ2 gene polymorphisms with MS or obesity in our schizophrenia sample. But further analyses by gender stratification revealed gender-specific differences in the effect of different PPARγ2 genotypes on certain metabolic adversities in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Abstract
Existing psychotropic medications for the treatment of mental illnesses, including antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics, are clinically suboptimal. They are effective in only a subset of patients or produce partial responses, and they are often associated with debilitating side effects that discourage adherence. There is growing enthusiasm in the promise of pharmacogenetics to personalize the use of these treatments to maximize their efficacy and tolerability; however, there is still a long way to go before this promise becomes a reality. This article reviews the progress that has been made in research toward understanding how genetic factors influence psychotropic drug responses and the challenges that lie ahead in translating the research findings into clinical practices that yield tangible benefits for patients with mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Zandi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Hampton House, Room 857, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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22
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Abstract
The concept of metabolic syndrome in psychiatry provides a united front for confronting a series of metabolic changes that are predictive of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which are highly prevalent in severe mental disorders (SMDs), such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and severe depression. This review attempts to answer the following questions: (1) Is there evidence of significantly increased risk of metabolic syndrome in SMDs? (2) How is this evidence explained by stress theory and functional polymorphism? (3) What role can psychopharmacology and psychosocial therapies play in minimizing the problem? We have done a historical review using related literature from Medline. Compared with the general population, metabolic syndrome is two to three times more common in SMDs. The evidence for this predates the era of antipsychotic drugs. Altered glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia seem to be integral to SMDs. However, major psychotropic drugs are associated with metabolic syndrome, because of their activity at the appetite-stimulating receptors. SMDs seem to trigger a pathogenic cycle that fuels metabolic syndrome. To explain these findings, a neural diathesis-stress model has been proposed. Furthermore, candidate genes associated with receptors for weight gain are implicated. Using metformin (≥750 mg/day) may significantly reduce metabolic risks, and the data support consideration of this intervention for psychiatric patients taking antipsychotics. The obstacles to the implementation of the available guidelines for monitoring metabolic effects and changing unhelpful lifestyles need to be overcome by making monitoring mandatory and integration of physical exercise into routine care. Drug development and genotyping for the risk factors are future solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude U Ohaeri
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychological Medicine Hospital, Safat, Kuwait.
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23
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Future Trends in the Pharmacogenomics of Brain Disorders and Dementia: Influence of APOE and CYP2D6 Variants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010. [PMCID: PMC4034082 DOI: 10.3390/ph3103040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
About 80% of functional genes in the human genome are expressed in the brain and over 1,200 different genes have been associated with the pathogenesis of CNS disorders and dementia. Pharmacogenetic studies of psychotropic drug response have focused on determining the relationship between variations in specific candidate genes and the positive and adverse effects of drug treatment. Approximately, 18% of neuroleptics are substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 40% of CYP2D6, and 23% of CYP3A4; 24% of antidepressants are substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 5% of CYP2B6, 38% of CYP2C19, 85% of CYP2D6, and 38% of CYP3A4; 7% of benzodiazepines are substrates of CYP2C19 enzymes, 20% of CYP2D6, and 95% of CYP3A4. 10-20% of Western populations are defective in genes of the CYP superfamily; and the pharmacogenomic response of psychotropic drugs also depends on genetic variants associated with dementia. Prospective studies with anti-dementia drugs or with multifactorial strategies have revealed that the therapeutic response to conventional drugs in Alzheimer’s disease is genotype-specific. The disease-modifying effects (cognitive performance, biomarker modification) of therapeutic intervention are APOE-dependent, with APOE-4 carriers acting as the worst responders (APOE-3/3 > APOE-3/4 > APOE-4/4). APOE-CYP2D6 interactions also influence the therapeutic outcome in patients with dementia.
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24
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Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is among the most disabling of mental disorders. Several neurobiological hypotheses have been postulated as responsible for SCZ pathogenesis: polygenic/multifactorial genomic defects, intrauterine and perinatal environment-genome interactions, neurodevelopmental defects, dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, gamma-aminobutiric acid (GABAergic), neuropeptidergic and glutamatergic/N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) dysfunctions, seasonal infection, neuroimmune dysfunction, and epigenetic dysregulation. SCZ has a heritability estimated at 60-90%. Genetic studies in SCZ have revealed the presence of chromosome anomalies, copy number variants, multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms of susceptibility distributed across the human genome, aberrant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in microRNA genes, mitochondrial DNA mutations, and epigenetic phenomena. Pharmacogenetic studies of psychotropic drug response have focused on determining the relationship between variation in specific candidate genes and the positive and adverse effects of drug treatment. Approximately, 18% of neuroleptics are major substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 40% of CYP2D6, and 23% of CYP3A4; 24% of antidepressants are major substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 5% of CYP2B6, 38% of CYP2C19, 85% of CYP2D6, and 38% of CYP3A4; 7% of benzodiazepines are major substrates of CYP2C19 enzymes, 20% of CYP2D6, and 95% of CYP3A4. About 10-20% of Western populations are defective in genes of the CYP superfamily. Only 26% of Southern Europeans are pure extensive metabolizers for the trigenic cluster integrated by the CYP2D6+CYP2C19+CYP2C9 genes. The pharmacogenomic response of SCZ patients to conventional psychotropic drugs also depends on genetic variants associated with SCZ-related genes. Consequently, the incorporation of pharmacogenomic procedures both to drugs in development and drugs on the market would help to optimize therapeutics in SCZ and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, 15165-Bergondo, Coruña, Spain.
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25
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Abstract
Existing psychotropic medications for the treatment of mental illnesses, including antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics, are clinically suboptimal. They are effective in only a subset of patients or produce partial responses, and they are often associated with debilitating side effects that discourage adherence. There is growing enthusiasm in the promise of pharmacogenetics to personalize the use of these treatments to maximize their efficacy and tolerability; however, there is still a long way to go before this promise becomes a reality. This article reviews the progress that has been made in research toward understanding how genetic factors influence psychotropic drug responses and the challenges that lie ahead in translating the research findings into clinical practices that yield tangible benefits for patients with mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Zandi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Hampton House, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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26
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Müller DJ, Sturgess JE. Research Highlights. Pharmacogenomics 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Müller
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St, R30, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8 Canada
| | - Jessica E Sturgess
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St, R30, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8 Canada
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