Association of p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism with esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis based on 14 case-control studies

The TP53 Codon 72 Arginine Polymorphism Is Found with Increased TP53 Somatic Mutations in HPV(-) and in an Increased Percentage among HPV(+) Norwegian HNSCC Patients

BACKGROUND

Somatic TP53 mutations are frequent in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and are important pathogenic factors.

OBJECTIVE

To study TP53 mutations relative to the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in tumors in HNSCC patients.

METHODS

Using a custom-made next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue, we analyzed somatic TP53 mutations and the TP53 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) codon 72 (P72R; rs1042522) (proline → arginine) from 104 patients with HNSCC.

RESULTS

Only 2 of 44 patients with HPV-positive (HPV(+)) HNSCC had a TP53 somatic mutation, as opposed to 42/60 HPV-negative (HPV(-)) HNSCC patients (p < 0.001). Forty-five different TP53 somatic mutations were detected. Furthermore, in HPV(-) patients, we determined an 80% prevalence of somatic TP53 mutations in the TP53 R72 polymorphism cohort versus 40% in the TP53 P72 cohort (p = 0.001). A higher percentage of patients with oral cavity SCC had TP53 mutations than HPV(-) oropharyngeal (OP) SCC patients (p = 0.012). Furthermore, 39/44 HPV(+) tumor patients harbored the TP53 R72 polymorphism in contrast to 42/60 patients in the HPV(-) group (p = 0.024).

CONCLUSIONS

Our observations show that TP53 R72 polymorphism is associated with a tumor being HPV(+). We also report a higher percentage of somatic TP53 mutations with R72 than P72 in HPV(-) HNSCC patients.

The relationship between P16INK4A and TP53 promoter methylation and the risk and prognosis in patients with oesophageal cancer in Thailand

DNA methylation can regulate the expression of tumour suppressor genes P16 and TP53, environmental factors, which are both important factors related to an increased risk and prognosis of oesophageal cancer (EC). However, the association between these two genes methylation status, as well as the effects of gene-environment interactions, EC risk remains unclear. A Hospital-based case-control study data were collected from 105 new EC cases and 108 controls. Promoter methylation status was investigated for P16 and TP53 genes using methylation-specific polymerase (MSP) chain reaction methods with SYBR green. Logistic and Cox regression models were used to analyse the association of P16 and TP53 promotor methylation status with EC risk and prognosis, respectively. Our results suggest P16, TP53 methylation significantly increased the risk of EC (OR = 5.24, 95% CI: 2.57-10.66, P < 0.001; OR = 3.38, 95% CI: 1.17-6.67, P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, P16 and TP53 promoter methylation status and the combined effects between environmental factors and its methylations in tissue were correlated with the EC risk and prognosis of EC patients. As a new biomarker, the methylation of P16 and TP53 can serve as a potential predictive biomarker of EC.

Moderately high folate level may offset the effects of aberrant DNA methylation of P16 and P53 genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions

BACKGROUND

This study evaluated gene-nutrition interactions between folate and the aberrant DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes in different stages of carcinogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

METHODS

Two hundred ESCC cases, 200 esophageal precancerous lesion (EPL) cases, and 200 controls matched by age (± 2 years) and gender were used for this study. Baseline data and dietary intake information was collected via questionnaire. The serum folate levels and methylation status of promoter regions of p16 and p53 were detected.

RESULTS

The interactions of increased serum folate level with unmethylated p16 and p53 promoter regions were significantly associated with a reduced risk of both EPL and ESCC (p for interaction < 0.05). The interactions of the lowest quartile of serum folate level with p16 or p53 methylation was significantly associated with an increased risk of ESCC (OR = 2.96, 95% CI, 1.45-6.05; OR = 2.34, 95% CI, 1.15-4.75). An increased serum folate level was also related to a decreasing trend of EPL and ESCC risks when p16 or p53 methylation occurred. The interaction of spinach, Chinese cabbage, liver and bean intake with unmethylated p16 and p53 was significantly associated with a reduced risk of EPL or ESCC (p for interaction < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The interactions between a high folate level and unmethylated p16 and p53 promoter regions may have a strong preventive effect on esophageal carcinogenesis. Additionally, a high folate level may offset the tumor-promoting effects of aberrant DNA methylation of the genes, but it is also noteworthy that a very high level of folate may not have a protective effect on EPL in some cases.

Corn Flour Intake, Aflatoxin B1 Exposure, and Risk of Esophageal Precancerous Lesions in a High-Risk Area of Huai'an, China: A Case-Control Study

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which has potent toxicity and carcinogenicity, is a common contaminant of important agricultural commodities. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of corn flour intake and assess the exposure to AFB1 via direct detection of AFB1 in the diet and serum AFB1 exposure biomarker, so as to evaluate their associations with the risk of esophageal precancerous lesions (EPL). A case-control study based on three-day duplicate diet samples was performed in Huai'an District. One hundred EPL cases and 100 healthy controls were enrolled and required to be age- (±2 years) and gender-matched. The concentration of AFB1 in food samples and the level of serum AFB1-albumin (AFB1-Alb) adduct were quantitatively analyzed. Results showed that corn flour intake was positively associated with serum AFB1-Alb adduct level (p for trend = 0.003), dietary AFB1 exposure (p for trend < 0.001), and the risk of EPL (p for trend = 0.017). Increased serum AFB1-Alb adduct level was associated with an increased risk of EPL as well (p for trend < 0.001). In conclusion, corn flour may be an essential source of AFB1 in Huai'an District, whereas high exposure to AFB1 is likely to be an important risk factor contributing to the progression of EPL.

MTHFR C677T genetic polymorphism in combination with serum vitamin B2, B12 and aberrant DNA methylation of P16 and P53 genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal precancerous lesions: a case-control study

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to explore the associations between the interactions of serum vitamin B2 or B12 levels, aberrant DNA methylation of p16 or p53 and MTHFR C677T polymorphism and the risks of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal precancerous lesion (EPL).

METHODS

200 ESCC cases, 200 EPL cases and 200 normal controls were matched by age (± 2 years) and gender. Serum vitamin B2 and B12 levels, MTHFR C677T genetic polymorphisms and the methylation status of genes were assessed. Chi square test, one-way analysis of variance and binary logistic regression were performed.

RESULTS

The lowest quartile of both serum vitamin B2 and B12 with TT genotype showed significant increased EPL risk (OR = 4.91, 95% CI 1.31-18.35; OR = 6.88, 95% CI 1.10-42.80). The highest quartile of both serum vitamin B2 and B12 with CC genotype showed significant decreased ESCC risk (OR = 0.16, 95% CI 0.04-0.60; OR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.02-0.46). The ORs of p16 methylation for genotype CT and TT were 1.98 (95% CI 1.01-3.89) and 17.79 (95% CI 2.26-140.22) in EPL, 4.86 (95% CI 2.48-9.50) and 20.40 (95% CI 2.53-164.81) in ESCC, respectively. Similarly, p53 methylation with genotype TT was associated with increased EPL and ESCC risks (OR = 13.28, 95% CI 1.67-105.70; OR = 15.24, 95% CI 1.90-122.62).

CONCLUSIONS

The MTHFR C677T genotype and serum vitamin B2 or B12 levels may interact in ways which associated with the EPL and ESCC risks. The gene-gene interaction suggested that aberrant DNA methyaltion of either p16 or p53 combined with T alleles of MTHFR was associated with increased risks of both EPL and ESCC.

Cumulative evidence for association between genetic polymorphisms and esophageal cancer susceptibility: A review with evidence from meta-analysis and genome-wide association studies

An increasing number of publications had reported the association between single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and esophageal cancer (EC) risk in the past decades. Results from these publications were controversial. We used PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science to identify meta‐analysis articles published before 30 July 2018, that summarize a comprehensive investigation for cumulative evidence of genetic polymorphisms of EC and its subtype risk. Two methods, Venice criteria and false‐positive report probability (FPRP) tests, were used to assess cumulative evidence of significant associations. At last, 107 meta‐analyses were considered to be in conformity with the inclusion criteria, yielding 51 variants associated with EC or esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Thirty‐eight variants were considered to be nominally significant associated with risk of EC or ESCC, whereas the rest showed non‐association. In additional, five variants on five genes were rated as strong cumulative epidemiological evidence for a nominally significant association with EC and ESCC risk, including CYP1A1 rs1048943, EGF rs444903, HOTAIR rs920778, MMP2 rs243865, and PLCE1 rs2274223, 10 variants were rated as moderate, and 18 variants were rated as weak. Additionally, 17 SNPs were verified noteworthy in six genomewide association studies (GWAS) using FPRP methods. Collectively, this review offered a comprehensively referenced information with cumulative evidence of associations between genetic polymorphisms and EC and ESCC risk.

p16 gene silencing along with p53 single-nucleotide polymorphism and risk of esophageal cancer in Northeast India

The high incidence of esophageal cancer in Northeast India and the unique ethnic background and dietary habits provide a great opportunity to study the molecular genetics behind esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in this part of the region. We hypothesized that in addition to currently known environmental risk factors for esophageal cancer, genetic and epigenetic factors are also involved in esophageal carcinogenesis in Northeast India. Therefore, in this study, we explored the possible association between the two important G1 cell cycle regulatory genes p16 and p53 and environmental risk factors and risk of esophageal carcinogenesis. A total of 100 newly diagnosed esophageal cancer cases along with equal number of age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched controls were included in this study. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the p16 promoter methylation status. Single-nucleotide polymorphism at codon 72 of p53 gene was assessed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Aberrant methylation of p16 gene was seen in 81% of esophageal cancer cases. Hypermethylation of p16 gene was not found in healthy controls. p53 Pro/Pro genotype was found to be a risk genotype in Northeast India compared with Arg/Pro and Arg/Arg. p53 variant/polymorphism was significantly associated with esophageal cancer risk in the study population under all three genetic models, namely, dominant model (Arg/Pro + Pro/Pro vs Arg/Arg odds ratio = 2.25, confidence interval = 1.19-4.26; p = 0.012), recessive model (Arg/Arg + Arg/Pro vs Pro/Pro odds ratio = 2.35, confidence interval = 1.24-4.44; p = 0.008), and homozygous model (Pro/Pro vs Arg/Arg odds ratio = 3.33, confidence interval = 1.54-7.20; p = 0.002). However, p53 variant/polymorphism was not statistically associated with esophageal cancer risk under the heterozygous model (Pro/Pro vs Arg/Pro). In the case-only analysis based on p16 methylation, the p53 variant/polymorphism (Pro/Pro or Arg/Pro) showed significant association for esophageal cancer risk (odds ratio = 3.33, confidence interval = 1.54-7.20; p = 0.002). Gene-gene and gene-environment interaction using the case-only approach revealed a strong association between p16 methylation, p53 single-nucleotide polymorphism, and environmental factors and esophageal cancer risk. Cases with p16 methylation and p53 variant/polymorphism (Pro/Pro or Arg/Pro) along with both betel quid and tobacco chewing habit (odds ratio = 8.29, confidence interval = 1.14-60.23; p = 0.037) conferred eightfold increased risk toward esophageal cancer development. This study reveals a synergistic interaction between epigenetic, genetic, and environmental factors and risk of esophageal cancer in this high-incidence region of Northeast India. The inactivation of either p16 or p53 in a majority of esophageal cancer cases in this study suggests the possible crosstalk between the important cell cycle genes.

TP53 Codon 72 Polymorphisms and Lung Cancer Risk in the Bangladeshi Population

OBJECTIVE

To assess associations between codon 72 polymorphisms (Pro or B and Arg or b alleles) of the TP53 gene and lung cancer risk among Bangladeshis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The distribution of the BB, Bb, and bb genotypes and the frequencies of the B and b alleles were determined by PCR-RFLP method using DNA extracted from leucocytes of 50 confirmed lung cancer patients and 50 age-matched controls and the data were analysed.

RESULTS

The ratio of BB, Bb, and bb genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except for the male patients (χ2=4.6). The B allele is overrepresented among all patients (OR=2.0, p=0.02) and the female patients (OR=4.1, p≤0.01) compared to the controls. The BB/bb ratio was also higher among the patients (OR=3.0, p=0.03). The relative risk of cancer for having BB over bb genotype was 1.8 (p=0.04) but no effect was observed for the Bb genotype. The B allele was overrepresented among patients with adenocarcinomas (OR=2.4, p≤0.01) and squamous cell carcinomas (OR=2.7, p≤0.01) over the controls but the difference was not significant for those with small cell lung carcinomas (OR=1.1, p=0.66). The B allele was overrepresented among patients age 50 or younger (OR=2.7, p≤0.01), but not for older patients (OR=1.7, p=0.07), and among smokers compared to the controls (OR=1.8-10.0, p≤0.01-0.03). However, no correlation between increasing pack-years and lung cancer was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

The Pro/Pro (BB) genotype and the B allele are risk factors for lung cancer among Bangladeshis, particularly for people under age 50, women and smokers.

p53 is an independent prognostic factor in operable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a large-scale study with a long follow-up

The p53 protein is involved in many biological functions in cancer, such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, senescence, DNA metabolism, angiogenesis, and cellular differentiation. However, the association between p53 expression and clinicopathological findings or prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is controversial. We designed a large-scale study of 830 operable ESCC patients with a long follow-up to investigate the relationship between p53 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect p53 protein expression. When the patients were divided into two groups, a positive expression group and a negative expression group, p53-positive expression positively correlated with a poorer differentiation level (P = 0.044). The overexpression of p53 was associated with a more advanced clinical stage (P = 0.015). A total of 775 patients were available for survival analysis. The median OS of 160 patients who had p53-positive expression and 486 patients who had p53-negative expression were 58.8 and 46.3 months, respectively (P = 0.021); the median PFS of the two groups were 39.6 and 27.5 months, respectively (P = 0.015). Lymph node metastasis, gender, differentiation, depth of invasion, and p53 protein expression were proven to have an influence on both OS and PFS in a univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, p53-positive expression maintained its independent prognostic impact on OS (P = 0.048) and PFS (P = 0.039), as did lymph node metastasis, differentiation, and depth of invasion. We identified that p53 protein-positive expression can serve as an independent, unfavorable prognosis biomarker in ESCC.

Lack of association of the TP53BP1 Glu353Asp polymorphism with risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

The TP53BP1 gene may be involved in the development of cancer through disrupting DNA repair. However, studies investigating the relationship between TP53BP1 Glu353Asp (rs560191) polymorphism and cancer yielded contradictory and inconclusive outcomes. In order to realize these ambiguous findings, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the association between the TP53BP1 Glu353Asp (rs560191) polymorphism and susceptibility to cancer.

Methods

We conducted a search of all English reports on studies for the association between the TP53BP1 Asp353Glu (rs560191) polymorphism and susceptibility to cancer using Medline, the Cochrane Library, EMbase, Web of Science, Google (scholar), and all Chinese reports were identified manually and on-line using CBMDisc, Chongqing VIP database, and CNKI database. The strict selection criteria and exclusion criteria were determined, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of associations. The fixed or random effect model was selected based on the heterogeneity test among studies. Publication bias was estimated using funnel plots and Egger’s regression test.

Results

A total of seven studies were included in the meta-analysis including 3,213 cases and 3,849 controls. The results indicated that the Glu353Asp (rs560191) polymorphism in TP53BP1 gene had no association with cancer risk for all genetic models. In the subgroup analysis, the results suggested that Glu353Asp polymorphism was not associated with the risk of cancer according to ethnicity, cancer type, genotyping method, adjusted with control or not, HWE and quality score.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis suggested that the Glu353Asp (rs560191) polymorphism in TP53BP1 gene was not associated with risk of cancer.