1
|
Abstract
In the recent past, the gene therapy field has witnessed a remarkable series of
successes, many of which have involved primary immunodeficiency diseases, such
as X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, adenosine deaminase deficiency,
chronic granulomatous disease, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. While such progress
has widened the choice of therapeutic options in some specific cases of primary
immunodeficiency, much remains to be done to extend the geographical
availability of such an advanced approach and to increase the number of diseases
that can be targeted. At the same time, emerging technologies are stimulating
intensive investigations that may lead to the application of precise genetic
editing as the next form of gene therapy for these and other human genetic
diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Candotti F. Gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells as treatment for primary immunodeficiency diseases. Int J Hematol 2014; 99:383-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
3
|
Thomassen EAJ, Dekking EHA, Thompson A, Franken KL, Sanal O, Abrahams JP, van Tol MJD, Koning F. The Impact of Single Amino Acid Substitutions in CD3γ on the CD3ϵγ Interaction and T-Cell Receptor–CD3 Complex Formation. Hum Immunol 2006; 67:579-88. [PMID: 16916653 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The human T-cell receptor-CD3 complex consists of at least eight polypeptide chains; CD3gamma- and delta-dimers associate with the disulfide linked alphabeta- and zetazeta-dimers to form a functional receptor complex. The exact structure of this complex is still unknown. We now have examined the interaction between CD3gamma and CD3 in human T-cells. For this purpose, we have generated site-directed mutants of CD3gamma that were introduced in human T-cells defective in CD3gamma expression. Cell-surface and intracellular expression of the introduced CD3gamma chains was determined, as was the association with CD3delta, CD3, and the T-cell receptor. Although the introduction of wild type CD3gamma and CD3gamma (78Y-F) fully restored T-cell receptor assembly and expression, the introduction of CD3gamma (82C-S), CD3gamma (85C-S), and CD3gamma (76Q-E) all resulted in an impaired association between CD3gamma and CD3 and a lack of cell-surface expressed CD3gamma. Finally, the introduction of CD3gamma (76Q-L) and CD3gamma (78Y-A) restored the expression of TCR-CD3deltagammazeta2 complexes, although the association between CD3gamma and CD3 was impaired. These results indicate that several amino acids in CD3gamma are essential for an optimal association between CD3gamma and CD3 and the assembly of a cell-surface expressed TCR-CD3deltagammazeta2 complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A J Thomassen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pacheco-Castro A, Martín-Fernández JM, Millán R, Sanal O, Allende L, Regueiro JR. Toward gene therapy for human CD3 deficiencies. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 14:1653-61. [PMID: 14633407 DOI: 10.1089/104303403322542293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD3 subunits of the T cell receptor-CD3 complex (TCR-CD3) help to regulate surface TCR-CD3 expression, and participate in signal transduction leading to intrathymic selection and peripheral antigen recognition by T lymphocytes. Humans who lack individual CD3 chains show impairments in the expression and activation-induced downregulation of TCR-CD3, and the defective immune responses that result may be lethal. We have investigated delivery of a normal CD3 chain to treat disorders of this type. Retroviral transduction of CD3gamma into CD3gamma-deficient peripheral blood T lymphocytes from two unrelated patients selectively corrected the observed TCR-CD3 expression and downregulation defects, but unexpectedly seemed to cause adverse effects that can be explained by an autoreactive recognition mechanism. These data support the feasibility of gene therapy for human CD3 deficiencies, but also suggest that gene transfer into postthymic lymphocytes carrying mutations on T cell recognition or activation pathways may disrupt their intrathymic calibration and become harmful to the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pacheco-Castro
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Torres PS, Alcover A, Zapata DA, Arnaud J, Pacheco A, Martín-Fernández JM, Villasevil EM, Sanal O, Regueiro JR. TCR dynamics in human mature T lymphocytes lacking CD3 gamma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5947-55. [PMID: 12794121 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.5947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of CD3gamma to the surface expression, internalization, and intracellular trafficking of the TCR/CD3 complex (TCR) has not been completely defined. However, CD3gamma is believed to be crucial for constitutive as well as for phorbol ester-induced internalization. We have explored TCR dynamics in resting and stimulated mature T lymphocytes derived from two unrelated human congenital CD3gamma-deficient (gamma(-)) individuals. In contrast to gamma(-) mutants of the human T cell line Jurkat, which were selected for their lack of membrane TCR and are therefore constitutively surface TCR negative, these natural gamma(-) T cells constitutively expressed surface TCR, mainly through biosynthesis of new chains other than CD3gamma. However, surface (but not intracellular) TCR expression in these cells was less than wild-type cells, and normal surface expression was clearly CD3gamma-dependent, as it was restored by retroviral transduction of CD3gamma. The reduced surface TCR expression was likely caused by an impaired assembly or membrane transport step during recycling, whereas constitutive internalization and degradation were apparently normal. Ab binding to the mutant TCR, but not phorbol ester treatment, caused its down-modulation from the cell surface, albeit at a slower rate than in normal controls. Kinetic confocal analysis indicated that early ligand-induced endocytosis was impaired. After its complete down-modulation, TCR re-expression was also delayed. The results suggest that CD3gamma contributes to, but is not absolutely required for, the regulation of TCR trafficking in resting and Ag-stimulated mature T lymphocytes. The results also indicate that TCR internalization is regulated differently in each case.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- CD3 Complex/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Intracellular Fluid/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Superantigens/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar S Torres
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a reversible wound healing response characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), or "scar," that follows chronic but not self-limited liver disease. The ECM components in fibrotic liver are similar regardless of the underlying cause. Activation of hepatic stellate cells is the central event in hepatic fibrosis. These perisinusoidal cells orchestrate an array of changes including degradation of the normal ECM of liver, deposition of scar molecules, vascular and organ contraction, and release of cytokines. Not only is hepatic fibrosis reversible, but it is also increasingly clear that cirrhosis may be reversible as well. The exact stage at which fibrosis/cirrhosis becomes truly irreversible is not known. Antifibrotic therapies will soon be a clinical reality. Emerging therapies will be targeted to those patients with reversible disease. The paradigm of stellate cell activation provides an important framework for defining therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rifaat Safadi
- Faculty, Hebrew University School of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sheridan PL, Bodner M, Lynn A, Phuong TK, DePolo NJ, de la Vega DJ, O'Dea J, Nguyen K, McCormack JE, Driver DA, Townsend K, Ibañez CE, Sajjadi NC, Greengard JS, Moore MD, Respess J, Chang SM, Dubensky TW, Jolly DJ, Sauter SL. Generation of retroviral packaging and producer cell lines for large-scale vector production and clinical application: improved safety and high titer. Mol Ther 2000; 2:262-75. [PMID: 10985957 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For many applications, human clinical therapies using retroviral vectors still require many technological improvements in key areas of vector design and production. These improvements include higher unprocessed manufacturing titers, complement-resistant vectors, and minimized potential to generate replication-competent retrovirus (RCR). To address these issues, we have developed a panel of human packaging cell lines (PCLs) with reduced homology between retroviral vector and packaging components. These reduced-homology PCLs allowed for the use of a novel high multiplicity of transduction ("high m.o. t.") method to introduce multiple copies of provector within vector-producing cell lines (VPCLs), resulting in high-titer vector without the generation of RCR. In a distinct approach to increase vector yields, we integrated manufacturing parameters into screening strategies and clone selection for large-scale vector production. Collectively, these improvements have resulted in the development of diverse VPCLs with unprocessed titers exceeding 2 x 10(7) CFU/ml. Using this technology, human Factor VIII VPCLs yielding titers as high as 2 x 10(8) CFU/ml unprocessed supernatant were generated. These cell lines produce complement-resistant vector particles (N. J. DePolo et al., J. Virol. 73: 6708-6714, 1999) and provide the basis for an ongoing Factor VIII gene therapy clinical trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Sheridan
- Chiron Corporation, Center for Gene Therapy, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Steinberg M, Swainson L, Schwarz K, Boyer M, Friedrich W, Yssel H, Taylor N, Noraz N. Retrovirus-mediated transduction of primary ZAP-70-deficient human T cells results in the selective growth advantage of gene-corrected cells: implications for gene therapy. Gene Ther 2000; 7:1392-400. [PMID: 10981666 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Humans lacking the ZAP-70 protein tyrosine kinase present with an absence of CD8+ T cells and defective CD4+ T cells in the periphery. This severe combined immunodeficiency is fatal unless treated by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. However, in the absence of suitable marrow donors, the development of alternative forms of therapy is desirable. Because lymphocytes are long-lived, it is possible that introduction of the wild-type ZAP-70 gene into CD4+ ZAP-70-deficient T cells will restore their immune function in vivo. Initial investigations evaluating the feasibility of gene therapy for ZAP-70 deficiency were performed using HTL V-I-transformed lymphocytes. Although transformation was useful in circumventing problems associated with the maintenance of ZAP-70-deficient T cells and low gene transfer levels, the presence of HTL V-I precluded any biological studies. Here, we investigated a retrovirus-mediated approach for the correction of primary T cells derived from two ZAP-70-deficient patients. Upon introduction of the wild-type ZAP-70 gene, TCR-induced MAPK activation, IL-2 secretion and proliferation were restored to approximately normal levels. Importantly, this gain-of-function was associated with a selective growth advantage of gene-corrected cells, thereby indicating the feasibility of a gene therapy-based strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Steinberg
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535 IFR 24, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
CD3 IMMUNODEFICIENCIES. Radiol Clin North Am 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Zapata DA, Pacheco-Castro A, Torres PS, Millán R, Regueiro JR. CD3 IMMUNODEFICIENCIES. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(05)70130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
11
|
Pogulis RJ, Pease LR. A retroviral vector that directs simultaneous expression of alpha and beta T cell receptor genes. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:2299-304. [PMID: 9794213 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.15-2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of alpha/beta T cell receptor (TCR) genes into T lymphocytes or their precursors could provide a means to increase frequency of tumor- or pathogen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. To begin to address this possibility, we have used class I MHC-restricted alpha/beta TCR cDNAs to develop a retroviral TCR expression vector. Alpha- and beta-chain cDNAs were inserted into a derivative of the LN series of retroviral vectors, with the retroviral LTR directing expression of TCR-beta and an internal cytomegalovirus promoter/enhancer driving TCR-alpha expression. The variable region fragments can be replaced using unique restriction sites that have been introduced into the proximal constant regions. We have used this vector system to transfer two different pairs of alpha/beta TCR genes into an alpha- and beta-chain-deficient T cell hybridoma. TCR- hybridoma cells were transduced by coculture with pools of virus-producing cells, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to enrich for cells expressing the transduced TCR. Transduction with either alpha/beta TCR restores stable, long-lived expression of the alpha/beta TCR complex. TCR-mediated signal transduction is also reconstituted, as demonstrated by the ability of transduced cells to secrete IL-2 following stimulation with Vbeta-specific antibodies. Our results suggest that alpha/beta T cell receptor gene transfer could provide a basis for new approaches to immunotherapy, and that further studies examining the in vivo fate of transduced TCR are possible.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- DNA, Complementary
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Terminal Repeat Sequences/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Pogulis
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Foundation for Education and Research, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|