A novel monoclonal antibody specific to mouse IL-17

Live Attenuated Vaccine Based on Duck Enteritis Virus against Duck Hepatitis A Virus Types 1 and 3

As causative agents of duck viral hepatitis, duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) and type 3 (DHAV-3) causes significant economic losses in the duck industry. However, a licensed commercial vaccine that simultaneously controls both pathogens is currently unavailable. Here, we generated duck enteritis virus recombinants (rC-KCE-2VP1) containing both VP1 from DHAV-1 (VP1/DHAV-1) and VP1 from DHAV-3 (VP1/DHAV-3) between UL27 and UL26. A self-cleaving 2A-element of FMDV was inserted between the two different types of VP1, allowing production of both proteins from a single open reading frame. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis results demonstrated that both VP1 proteins were robustly expressed in rC-KCE-2VP1-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. Ducks that received a single dose of rC-KCE-2VP1 showed potent humoral and cellular immune responses and were completely protected against challenges of both pathogenic DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 strains. The protection was rapid, achieved as early as 3 days after vaccination. Moreover, viral replication was fully blocked in vaccinated ducks as early as 1 week post-vaccination. These results demonstrated, for the first time, that recombinant rC-KCE-2VP1 is potential fast-acting vaccine against DHAV-1 and DHAV-3.

Interleukin-17 plays a critical role in the acute rejection of intestinal transplantation

AIM: To investigate the role of interleukin (IL)-17 in small bowel allograft rejection.

METHODS: We detected the expression of helper T cell 17 (Th17) cells in biopsy specimens from 3 cases of living small bowel transplantation in our department through immunofluorescence stain. We then established a rat heterotopic small bowel transplantation model. The rats were sacrificed on the 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd, 5^th, and 7^th d after small bowel transplantation. The degrees of transplantation rejection in rat intestine graft were examined through hematoxylin eosin (HE) stain, and the expression of Th17 cells in rat intestine graft were detected through immunofluorescence stain. In addition, the recipient rats undergoing intestinal transplantation were administrated with mouse-anti-rat IL-17 monoclonal antibody (mAb), and the survival of rats was analyzed. The recipient rats which received mouse-anti-rat IL-17 mAb treatment were sacrificed on the 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd, 5^th, and 7^th d after small bowel transplantation. The degrees of transplantation rejection and the expression of Th17 cells in rat intestine graft were detected through HE and immunofluorescence stain. The expression of IL-17, IL-1β, tumor necroses factor receptor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-8 in the intestine graft or serum were also detected.

RESULTS: The expressions of Th17 cells ran parallel with the degree of acute rejection in human intestine grafts. The intestine graft rejection of rats was aggravated with prolonged duration after intestinal transplantation, and the expressions of Th17 cells were also correlated with the degree of acute rejection in rat intestine grafts. Administration of mouse-anti-rat IL-17 mAb prolonged the survival of rats after small bowel transplantation (P < 0.001). Furthermore, we found that the administration of mouse-anti-rat IL-17 mAb significantly decreased the intensity of CD4⁺IL-17⁺ Th17 cells in intestine grafts on the 2^nd, 3^rd, 5^th, and the 7^th d (97.22 ± 4.05 vs 12.45 ± 2.02 on the 7^th d, P < 0.0001), and suppressed the severity of acute rejection. The expression of IL-17 in the intestine graft declined after mouse-anti-rat IL-17 mAb administration on the 2^nd, 3^rd, 5^th, and the 7^th d (0.88 ± 0.03 vs 0.35 ± 0.02 on the 7^th d, P < 0.0001). We also detected the IL-17 serum level and found that the IL-17 level reduced from the 1^st d to the 7^th d (6.52 ± 0.18 ng/mL vs 2.04 ± 0.15 ng/mL on the 7^th d, P < 0.0001). No significant difference in the level of IL-17 mRNA in the intestine graft was identified between the two groups. The levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA in the intestine graft after the administration of mouse-anti-rat IL-17 mAb were also tested. We found that on the 3^rd, 5^th, and 7^th d after intestinal transplantation, administration of mouse-anti-rat IL-17 mAb significantly inhibited the levels of IL-1β (12.11 ± 1.16 vs 1.27 ± 0.15 on the 7^th d, P < 0.001), TNF-α (27.37 ± 2.60 vs 1.06 ± 0.26 on the 7^th d, P < 0.001), IL-6 (21.43 ± 1.79 vs 1.90 ± 0.32 on the 7^th d, P < 0.001), and IL-8 (20.44 ± 1.44 vs 1.34 ± 0.20 on the 7^th d, P < 0.001) mRNA in the intestine graft.

CONCLUSION: IL-17 may act as a promising and potent target for inhibiting acute rejection after small bowel transplantation.