Comparison of Foot-to-Foot and Hand-to-Foot Bioelectrical Impedance Methods in a Population with a Wide Range of Body Mass Indices

Validation of Bioelectrical Impedance Devices for the Determination of Body Fat Percentage in Firefighters

ABSTRACT

Jagim, AR, Luedke, J, Erickson, JL, Fields, JB, and Jones, MT. Validation of bioelectrical impedance devices for the determination of body fat percentage in firefighters. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): e448-e453, 2024-To cross-validate bioelectrical impedance devices for the determination of body fat percentage (BF%) in firefighters. Twenty-eight structural firefighters were evaluated (female, n = 2; male, n = 26 [mean ± SD] age: 38.2 ± 8.3 years; height: 180.2 ± 7.5 cm; body mass: 86.7 ± 20.8 kg; body mass index: 25.8 ± 7.8 kg·m-2) using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MFBIA) hand-to-foot device, and single-frequency BIA foot scale (F2FBIA), and a single-frequency handheld BIA device (HHBIA). Dual X-ray absorptiometry served as the criterion. Validity metrics were examined to establish each method's performance. Body fat % values produced by MFBIA (r = 0.913), F2FBIA (r = 0.695), and HHBIA (r = 0.876) were strongly associated (p < 0.001) with criterion BF% measures. However, MFBIA, F2FBIA, and HHBIA all significantly (p < 0.001) underestimated BF% when compared with the criterion measure. Constant error ranged between 4.0 and 5.5% across all BIA devices. Despite strong associations between the BIA devices included in the current study and the criterion measure, all BIA devices underestimated BF%, which resulted in an overestimation of fat-free mass. In addition, proportional bias was observed in which BF% was overestimated at lower values and underestimated at higher values.

Protocol of the Fit-For-Fertility study: a multicentre randomised controlled trial assessing a lifestyle programme targeting women with obesity and infertility

INTRODUCTION

Women with obesity are at a higher risk of infertility as well as gestational and neonatal complications. Lifestyle changes are universally recommended for women with obesity seeking fertility treatments, but such intervention has only been assessed in very few robust studies. This study's objectives are therefore to assess the clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of an interdisciplinary lifestyle intervention (the Fit-For-Fertility Programme; FFFP) targeting women with obesity and subfertility in a diverse population.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT) will include 616 women with obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 with polycystic ovary syndrome or at-risk ethnicities) who are evaluated at a Canadian fertility clinic for subfertility. Women will be randomised either to (1) the FFFP (experimental arm) alone for 6 months, and then in combination with usual care for infertility if not pregnant; or (2) directly to usual fertility care (control arm). Women in the intervention group benefit from the programme up to 18 months or, if pregnant, up to 24 months or the end of the pregnancy (whichever comes first). Women from both groups are evaluated every 6 months for a maximum of 18 months. The primary outcome is live birth rate at 24 months. Secondary outcomes include fertility, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes; lifestyle and anthropometric measures; and cost-effectiveness. Qualitative data collected from focus groups of participants and professionals will also be analysed.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This research study has been approved by the Research Ethics Board (REB) of Centre intégré universtaire de santé et des services sociaux de l'Estrie-CHUS (research coordinating centre) on 10 December 2018 and has been or will be approved successively by each participating centres' REB. This pragmatic RCT will inform decision-makers on improving care trajectories and policies regarding fertility treatments for women with obesity and subfertility.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT03908099.

PROTOCOL VERSION

1.1, 13 April 2019.

Development and cross-validation of predictive equations for fat-free mass and lean soft tissue mass by bioelectrical impedance in Brazilian women

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Bioelectrical impedance is one of the most used clinical techniques to assess body composition; however, it is necessary that the available predictive equations are valid for the evaluated subjects. This study aimed to develop and cross-validate equations for fat-free mass (FFM) and lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) by bioelectrical impedance for Brazilian women, in addition to test the validity of other available equations.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Cross-sectional study with 222 women aged 20-59 years, randomly divided into two groups: development and cross-validation. The standard technique for assessing fat mass, FFM and LSTM was dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Paired t test, multiple regression, and Bland-Altman plots were used to test the validity of the proposed models, as well as to perform cross-validation of the models.

RESULTS

The equations derived in this study were: FFM = 16.284 + 0.442 × (Height2/Resistance) - 0.13 × age + 0.302 × Weight - 0.121 × Waist Circumference; r2 = 0.86; SEE = 2.32 kg; and LSTM = 14.732 + 0.427 × (Height2/Resistance) - 0.125 × age + 0.291 × Weight - 0.115 × Waist Circumference; r2 = 0.92; SEE = 2.29 kg. In addition, the new equation for FFM showed better agreement when compared to another equation developed for a Brazilian population.

CONCLUSIONS

The newly developed equations provide a valid FFM and LSTM estimation and are recommended for Brazilian women with similar characteristics.

The impact of total body water on breath alcohol calculations

Due to a legislative amendment in Austria to determine breath alcohol (BrAC) instead of blood alcohol (BAC) in connection with traffic offences, many results of blood alcohol calculations were simply converted using distinct conversion factors. In Austria, the transformation of BAC to BrAC was carried out by using a factor of 1:2000, which, however, is commonly known to be too low. Noticing the great demand for a calculation method that is not exclusively based on blood alcohol, a formula for calculating breath alcohol based on blood alcohol was published in 1989, but in which the body surface area (BSA) was considered the most important influencing variable. In order to refine this new method, a liquor intake experiment was conducted combined with measurements of total body water (TBW) as an additional variable, using hand to foot bioelectrical impedance assessment (BIA). The test group comprised 37 men and 40 women to evaluate the accuracy of TBW and BSA as an individual parameter for alcohol concentration. The correlation coefficient of BrAC with TBW was constantly higher than with BSA (maximum = 0.921 at 1 h and 45 min after cessation of alcohol intake). These results are valid for both men and women as well as in a gender independent calculation. Hence, for an accurate back calculation of BrAC adjusted values of eliminations rates had to be found. This study describes mean elimination rates of BrAC for both men (0.065 ± 0.011 mg/L h⁻¹) and women (0.074 ± 0.017 mg/L h⁻¹). As previously shown women displayed a significantly higher elimination rate than men (p = 0.006).

The usefulness of Tanita TBF-310 for body composition assessment in Judo athletes using a four-compartment molecular model as the reference method

Body composition assessment at the molecular level is relevant for the athletic population and its association with high performance is well recognized. The four-compartment molecular model (4C) is the reference method for fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) estimation. However, its implementation in a real context is not feasible. Coaches and athletes need practical body composition methods for body composition assessment, and the bioelectrical impedance analysis method (BIA) is usually seen as a useful alternative. The aim of this study was to test the validity of BIA (Tanita, TBF-310) to determine the FM and FFM of elite judo athletes. A total of 29 males were evaluated in a period of weight stability using the reference method (4C) and the alternative method (Tanita, TBF-310). Regarding the 4C method, total-body water was assessed by deuterium dilution, bone mineral by DXA, and body volume by air displacement plethysmography. The slops and intercepts differed from 1 (0.39 and 1.11) and 0 (4.24 and -6.41) for FM and FFM, respectively. FM from Tanita TBF-310 overestimated the 4C method by 0.2 kg although no differences were found for FFM. Tanita TBF-310 explained 21% and 72% respectively in the estimation of absolute values of FM and FFM from the 4C method. Limits of agreement were significant, varying from -6.7 kg to 7.0 kg for FM and from -8.9 kg to 7.5 kg for FFM. In conclusion, TBF-310 Tanita is not a valid alternative method for estimating body composition in highly trained judo athletes.

Adherence to dietary guidelines in relation to visceral fat and liver fat in middle-aged men and women: the NEO study

Background

It is unclear to what extent adherence to dietary guidelines may specifically affect visceral fat and liver fat. We aimed to study the association between the Dutch Healthy Diet Index (DHD-index) and total body fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hepatic triglyceride content (HTGC) in middle-aged men and women.

Design

In this cross-sectional study, VAT was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 2580 participants, and HTGC by proton-MR spectroscopy in 2083 participants. Habitual dietary intake and physical activity were estimated by questionnaire. Adherence to the current Dutch dietary guidelines was estimated by the 2015 DHD-index score based on the thirteen components (vegetables, fruit, wholegrain products, legumes, nuts, dairy, fish, tea, liquid fats, red meat, processed meat, sweetened beverages, and alcohol). The DHD-index ranges between 0 and 130 with a higher score indicating a healthier diet. We used linear regression to examine associations of the DHD-index with VAT and HTGC, adjusted for age, smoking, education, ethnicity, basal metabolic rate, energy restricted diet, menopausal state, physical activity, total energy intake, and total body fat. We additionally excluded the components one by one to examine individual contributions to the associations.

Results

Included participants (43% men) had a mean (SD) age of 56 (6) years and DHD-index score of 71 (15). A 10-point higher DHD-index score was associated with 2.3 cm² less visceral fat (95% CI; −3.5; −1.0 cm²) and less liver fat (0.94 times, 95% CI; 0.90; 0.98). Of all components, exclusion of dairy attenuated the associations with TBF and VAT.

Conclusions

Adherence to the dietary guidelines as estimated by the DHD-index was associated with less total body fat, and with less visceral and liver fat after adjustment for total body fat. These findings might contribute to better understanding of the mechanisms underlying associations between dietary habits and cardiometabolic diseases.

Effect of fitness on cardiac structure and function in overweight and obesity (the FATCOR study)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Obesity is associated with reduced left ventricular (LV) systolic myocardial function. We aimed to explore by means of a cross-sectional study whether this effect is offset in the presence of good fitness.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We studied clinical and echocardiographic data from 469 overweight (body mass index [BMI] >27 kg/m²) and obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m²) women and men without known cardiovascular (CV) disease in the FAT associated CardiOvasculaR dysfunction (FATCOR) study. The participants were grouped according to obesity and sex- and age adjusted peak oxygen uptake, obtained by ergospirometry. LV systolic myocardial function was assessed by peak systolic global longitudinal strain (GLS) measured by speckle tracking echocardiography. The association of fitness with GLS was tested in logistic regression analyses and reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). In the total study population, participants were 47 years old, 60% were women, and mean BMI was 32.0 kg/m². GLS did not differ between fit and unfit subjects within the overweight and obese groups (both p > 0.05), but the overweight fit group had higher GLS (more negative value) compared to the obese unfit group (-20.1 ± 2.6 vs. -19.0 ± 3.0, p < 0.05). In obese subjects, fitness was associated with higher GLS (OR 0.88 [95% CI 0.79-0.99, p < 0.05) in multivariable logistic regression analysis, independent of significant associations with higher arterial stiffness and lower fat percentage (all p < 0.05). In the overweight group, fitness was not significantly associated with GLS.

CONCLUSION

In obesity, fitness was independently associated with higher GLS, while no association was found in overweight.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.govNCT02805478.

Assessment of Body Composition in Health and Disease Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA): A Critical Overview

The measurement of body composition (BC) represents a valuable tool to assess nutritional status in health and disease. The most used methods to evaluate BC in the clinical practice are based on bicompartment models and measure, directly or indirectly, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (nowadays considered as the reference technique in clinical practice) are extensively used in epidemiological (mainly BIA) and clinical (mainly DXA) settings to evaluate BC. DXA is primarily used for the measurements of bone mineral content (BMC) and density to assess bone health and diagnose osteoporosis in defined anatomical regions (femur and spine). However, total body DXA scans are used to derive a three-compartment BC model, including BMC, FM, and FFM. Both these methods feature some limitations: the accuracy of BIA measurements is reduced when specific predictive equations and standardized measurement protocols are not utilized whereas the limitations of DXA are the safety of repeated measurements (no more than two body scans per year are currently advised), cost, and technical expertise. This review aims to provide useful insights mostly into the use of BC methods in prevention and clinical practice (ambulatory or bedridden patients). We believe that it will stimulate a discussion on the topic and reinvigorate the crucial role of BC evaluation in diagnostic and clinical investigation protocols.

Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and body fat (%) are associated to low intake of fruit and vegetables in Swedish, young adults: the cross-sectional lifestyle, biomarkers and atherosclerosis study

Background

In the cross-sectional Lifestyle, Biomarkers, and Atherosclerosis study (LBA study) we have previously reported a high prevalence (15%) of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in Swedish, young adults. The aim of the present study was to report the dietary habits of subjects 18.0–25.9 years, and to associate dietary habits to body composition measures; body mass index (BMI), body fat (%), waist circumference and to HOMA-IR, a risk marker for diabetes.

Method

The subjects (577 women and 257 men) filled in a validated computerized food frequency questionnaire. The questionnaire was based on recommendations from the Swedish national food administration. To associate the dietary habits to BMI, body fat (%), waist circumference and to HOMA-IR the subjects were divided in two groups. Subjects “eating as recommended” and subjects “eating less/more than recommended”.

Results

Recommended intake of fish and seafood (P < 0.05), fruit and vegetables (P < 0.001), and sweets (P < 0.05) were associated to lower HOMA-IR values compared to subjects not eating as recommended. When split by sex no difference in HOMA-IR was detected with recommended intake of fish and seafood, but women eating fish and seafood as recommended had less body fat (%) (P < 0.05) compared to women not eating fish and seafood as recommended. Recommended intake of fruit and vegetables was associated to lower HOMA-IR in women (P < 0.01), and in women and men to less body fat (%) (P < 0.05) compared to subjects not eating the recommended 500 g of fruit and vegetables per day. Both women and men with higher consumption of sweets than recommended had higher HOMA-IR (P < 0.05), but no difference in the body composition measures BMI, body fat (%) or waist circumference compared to subjects eating sweets as recommended.

Conclusion

The results highlight the importance of reducing a high intake of sweets and to increase the intake of fish, fruit and vegetables, in young adults, to reduce the risk of future diabetes.

Sex differences in subclinical cardiac disease in overweight and obesity (the FATCOR study)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Subclinical cardiac disease, like abnormal left ventricular (LV) geometry or left atrial (LA) dilatation, is common in obesity. Less is known about sex differences in the prevalence and type of subclinical cardiac disease in obesity.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Clinical and echocardiographic data from 581 women and men without established cardiovascular disease and body mass index (BMI) > 27.0 kg/m² participating in the FAT associated CardiOvasculaR dysfunction (FATCOR) study was analyzed. LA dilatation was recognized as LA volume indexed for height² ≥16.5 ml/m² in women and ≥18.5 ml/m² in men, and abnormal LV geometry as LV hypertrophy and/or increased relative wall thickness. On average, the participants were 48 years old, 60% women and mean BMI was 32.1 kg/m². Overall, the prevalence of subclinical cardiac disease was higher in women than men (77% vs. 62%, p < 0.001). Women had a higher prevalence of LA dilatation than men (74% vs. 56%, p < 0.001), while men had a higher prevalence of abnormal LV geometry (30% vs. 21%, p = 0.011). After adjusting for confounders in multivariable logistic regression analysis, female sex was associated with a 2-fold higher risk of subclinical cardiac disease, in particular LA dilatation (confidence interval [CI] 1.67-3.49, p < 0.001), while male sex was associated with a 2-fold higher risk of abnormal LV geometry (CI 1.30-3.01, p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The majority of overweight and obese participants in the FATCOR study had subclinical cardiac disease, which may contribute to the impaired prognosis observed in obesity. Women had a higher prevalence of subclinical cardiac disease than men.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.govNCT02805478.

[CHANGES IN RHEOGRAPHIC INDICATORS OF SHIN IN ATHLETES OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF SPORTS]

We determined the changes of time, amplitude and derivatives of these indicators of rheovasograms of shin in sportsmen of youth age and high level of skills engaged in volleyball, athletics and wrestling with sports experience at least 3 years. We determined significant differences in the value of time, amplitude and derivatives of these indicators ofrheovazograms of shin in males youth age, depending on the impact of intense exercise. The volleyball players compared to youth who do not exercise, reliably large values of the overall tone of the arteries (11,2%), arteries of large diameter (8,2%), arteries of medium and small diameters (13,5%), time ascending part of rheovazograms (2%) and a slow passage (5,9%) and less dycrotycs index (17%), duration ofrheographic wave (3,7%), time descending part of rheovazograms (10%). The persons of control group had higher values of baseline impedance than wrestlers (9,9%) and athletes (13,7%) and all amplitude indicators rheograms of the shin than athletes (average 12-15%) and wrestlers (22-23%). The size and volume of blood flow to the arteries of the extremities adapted to the metabolic needs of the relevant muscles. In volleyball players compared to the athletes, a lower duration of rheographic wave (10%), time of downlink part of the rheograms (12,7%), the base impedance (17,2%), amplitude of the systolic wave (17%) and rapid blood filling (21%), all indicators tone of arteries (12,2-16,9%) and greater value of time of rising part of rheograms (3,5%) and slow blood filling (5,9%). Wrestlers compared to the athletes have a lower duration of rheographic wave (6,1%), time of downlink part of the rheograms (6,1%), the amplitude of the systolic wave (9,3%), compared with volleyball players set lower values of average speed of fast blood filling (15,6%), tone of arteries with different diameters (15-16,5%), all amplitude indicators (20-28%), time slow blood filling (9,7%), ascending parts rheogram (10,3%). Thus, the level ofphysical activity and especially muscle activity has a significant effect on the performance of regional blood flow.

The Obesity-Fertility Protocol: a randomized controlled trial assessing clinical outcomes and costs of a transferable interdisciplinary lifestyle intervention, before and during pregnancy, in obese infertile women

BACKGROUND

Obesity in infertile women increases the costs of fertility treatments, reduces their effectiveness and increases significantly the risks of many complications of pregnancy and for the newborn. Studies suggest that even a modest loss of 5-10 % of body weight can restore ovulation. However, there are gaps in knowledge regarding the benefits and cost-effectiveness of a lifestyle modification program targeting obese infertile women and integrated into the fertility clinics. This study will evaluate clinical outcomes and costs of a transferable interdisciplinary lifestyle intervention, before and during pregnancy, in obese infertile women. We hypothesize that the intervention will: 1) improve fertility, efficacy of fertility treatments, and health of mothers and their children; and 2) reduce the cost per live birth, including costs of fertility treatments and pregnancy outcomes.

METHODS/DESIGN

Obese infertile women (age: 18-40 years; BMI ≥30 kg/m(2) or ≥27 kg/m(2) with polycystic ovary syndrome) will be randomised to either a lifestyle intervention followed by standard fertility treatments after 6 months if no conception has been achieved (intervention group) or standard fertility treatments only (control group). The intervention and/or follow-up will last for a maximum of 18 months or up to the end of pregnancy. Evaluation visits will be planned every 6 months where different outcome measures will be assessed. The primary outcome will be live-birth rates at 18 months. The secondary outcomes will be sub-divided into four categories: lifestyle and anthropometric, fertility, pregnancy complications, and neonatal outcomes. Outcomes and costs will be also compared to similar women seen in three fertility clinics across Canada. Qualitative data will also be collected from both professionals and obese infertile women.

DISCUSSION

This study will generate new knowledge about the implementation, impacts and costs of a lifestyle management program in obese infertile women. This information will be relevant for decision-makers and health care professionals, and should be generalizable to North American fertility clinics.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01483612. Registered 25 November 2011.

The relative contribution of mechanical stress and systemic processes in different types of osteoarthritis: the NEO study

OBJECTIVE

To study the relative contribution of surrogates for mechanical stress and systemic processes with osteoarthritis (OA) in weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing joints.

METHODS

The Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study is a population-based cohort including 6673 participants (range 45-65 years, 56% women, median body mass index 26 kg/m(2)). Weight (kg) and fat mass (kg) were measured, fat-free mass (kg) was calculated. The metabolic syndrome was defined following the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Knee and hand OA were defined according to the American College of Rheumatology clinical criteria.Logistic regression analyses were performed to associate surrogates for mechanical stress (such as weight, fat-free mass) and systemic processes (such as metabolic syndrome) with OA in knees alone, knees and hands or hands alone, adjusted for age, sex, height, smoking, education and ethnicity, and when appropriate for metabolic factors and weight.

RESULTS

Knee, knee and hand, and hand OA were present in 10%, 4% and 8% of the participants, respectively. Knee OA was associated with weight and fat-free mass, adjusted for metabolic factors (OR 1.49 (95% CI 1.32 to 1.68) and 2.05 (1.60 to 2.62), respectively). Similar results were found for OA in knees and hands (OR 1.51 (95% CI 1.29 to 1.78) and 2.17 (95% CI 1.52 to 3.10) respectively). Hand OA was associated with the metabolic syndrome, adjusted for weight (OR 1.46 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.02)).

CONCLUSIONS

In knee OA, whether or not in co-occurrence with hand OA, surrogates for mechanical stress are suggested to be the most important risk factors, whereas in hand OA alone, surrogates for systemic processes are the most important risk factors.

Impact of an integrated obesity management system on patient's care - research protocol

BACKGROUND

The majority of obese subjects are treated by primary care physicians (PCPs) who often feel uncomfortable with the management of obesity. In a previous study, we successfully developed, implemented and evaluated an obesity management system based on training and coaching of health professionals of family medicine groups (FMGs) by a team of experts in obesity management. Using a pre/post design, this study suggested a positive impact on health professionals' perceptions and reported obesity care. The current research project is aimed at evaluating the impact on obesity screening and care of this integrated obesity management system. We hypothesize that our program combining preceptorships with a virtual community and on-site coaching will improve: (1) management and weight loss of obese/overweight subjects treated by PCPs for hypertension, type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance; and (2) screening and initial management of obesity among a regular follow-up group of patients of PCPs who practice in FMGs.

METHODS/DESIGN

Ten FMGs will be approached for a practice monitoring project and will be randomised to receive the intervention developed in our previous project or will only be provided clinical practice guidelines. In the participating FMGs, we will enrol 22 patients per FMG with weight related targeted disease and 24 patients with regular follow-up. These patients will be evaluated for the care they received regarding screening and/or management of obesity using medical chart reviews, and will fill out a questionnaire on their lifestyle and satisfaction. They will also be examined for anthropometric measures, vital signs, blood markers for chronic diseases and physical fitness. The same patients will be assessed again after 18 months. The impact of the program on health professionals will be evaluated at baseline, and at 1 year. Qualitative data will also be collected from both professional and patient participants. Direct and indirect costs and QALYs will be evaluated as indicators of cost-effectiveness.

DISCUSSION

In the context of the dramatic increase in obesity prevalence and the low perception of PCPs' self-efficacy, providing efficient strategies to PCPs and interdisciplinary health care teams for management of obesity is crucial.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00991640.

The role of fat mass and skeletal muscle mass in knee osteoarthritis is different for men and women: the NEO study

OBJECTIVE

To investigate if the amount of fat mass (FM) or skeletal muscle mass (SMM) is more strongly associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA), in both men and women.

METHODS

The Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) study is a population-based cohort aged 45-65 years, including 5313 participants (53% female, median body mass index (BMI) 29.9 kg/m(2)). FM (kg), fat percentage, SMM (kg) and skeletal muscle (SM) percentage were estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Clinical OA was defined following the ACR criteria. Structural OA was defined based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 1142 participants. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations of all body composition measures with clinical and structural knee OA per standard deviation (SD), stratified by sex and adjusted for age and height.

RESULTS

Clinical or structural OA was present in 25% and 14% of women and 12% and 13% of men, respectively. FM and fat percentage were positively associated with clinical knee OA in men and women. SMM was positively associated, while the SM percentage was negatively associated with clinical OA in both men and women. The FM/SMM ratio was positively associated with clinical OA. All determinants showed even stronger ORs for structural knee OA. In men, SMM was more strongly associated with knee OA as compared to FM whereas in women, FM was most strongly associated.

CONCLUSION

Especially a high FM/SMM ratio seems to be unfavorable in knee OA. In men, SMM is most strongly associated with knee OA whereas in women FM seems to be of most importance.

Adiposity and hand osteoarthritis: the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study

Introduction

Obesity, usually characterized by the body mass index (BMI), is a risk factor for hand osteoarthritis (OA). We investigated whether adipose tissue and abdominal fat distribution are associated with hand OA.

Methods

The Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) study is a population-based cohort aged 45 to 65 years, including 5315 participants (53% women, median BMI 29.9 kg/m²). Fat percentage and fat mass (FM) (kg) were estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was calculated. In 1721 participants, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) (cm²) were assessed using abdominal MR imaging. Hand OA was defined according to the ACR criteria.

Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the association of fat percentage, FM, WHR, VAT and SAT with hand OA using logistic regression analyses per standard deviation, stratified by sex and adjusted for age.

Results

Hand OA was present in 8% of men and 20% of women. Fat percentage was associated with hand OA in men (OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.61)) and women (OR 1.26 (1.05 to 1.51)), as was FM. WHR was associated with hand OA in men (OR 1.45 (1.13 to 1.85)), and to a lesser extent in women (OR 1.17 (1.00 to 1.36)). Subgroup analysis revealed that VAT was associated with hand OA in men (OR1.33 (1.01 to 1.75)). This association increased after additional adjustment for FM (OR 1.51 (1.13 to 2.03)).

Conclusions

Fat percentage, FM and WHR were associated with hand OA. VAT was associated with hand OA in men, suggesting involvement of visceral fat in hand OA.

A 360-degree overview of body composition in healthy people: relationships among anthropometry, ultrasonography, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to test the relationship between anthropometry, ultrasonography, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of body composition in clinical practice.

METHODS

The study was carried out in Italian blood donor volunteers belonging to five different age groups (18-70 y old; 25 men and 25 women per group; N = 250 participants; n = 125 men, n = 125 women). A complete history was collected and routine blood analyses were performed to confirm healthy status. All participants were submitted to whole-body DXA (tricompartmental analysis, regional, and total body), ultrasonography (abdominal adiposity evaluation), and anthropometric measurements. DXA was used as gold standard and its biomarkers were taken as reference for fat-lean mass balance, central-peripheral fat distribution, central or visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat.

RESULTS

Anthropometric and ultrasound parameters were closely associated with most of DXA parameters. Composite markers representative of central and abdominal visceral fat compartments were significantly correlated with waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and intra-abdominal fat thickness by ultrasound, in both men and women (P < 0.025). As expected, subcutaneous depots were significantly correlated with maximum subcutaneous fat thickness measured by ultrasonography (P < 0.025).

CONCLUSIONS

Both anthropometry and ultrasonography provide a reliable estimate of visceral adipose tissue in a non-obese population compared with DXA, whereas anthropometry prediction of subcutaneous adiposity is weak. Physicians should be aware of the limits of these techniques for the assessment of body composition.

Changes in anthropometric measurements, body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile, and testosterone in patients participating in a low-energy dietary intervention

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to describe changes in anthropometric measurements, body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile, and testosterone following a low-energy-density dietary intervention plus regimented supplementation program.

METHODS

The study design was a pre-post intervention design without a control group. Normal participants were recruited from the faculty, staff, students, and community members from a chiropractic college to participate in a 21-day weight loss program. All participants (n = 49; 36 women, 13 men; 31 ± 10.3 years of age) received freshly prepared mostly vegan meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) that included 1200 to 1400 daily calories (5020.8 to 5857.6 J) for the women and 1600 to 1800 (6694.4 to 7531.2 J) daily calories for the men. Nutritional supplements containing enzymes that were intended to facilitate digestion, reduce cholesterol levels, increase metabolic rate, and mediate inflammatory processes were consumed 30 minutes before each meal. The regimented supplementation program included once-daily supplementation with a green drink that contained alfalfa, wheatgrass, apple cider vinegar, and fulvic acid throughout the study period. A cleanse supplementation containing magnesium, chia, flaxseed, lemon, camu camu, cat's claw, bentonite clay, tumeric, pau d'arco, chanca piedra, stevia, zeolite clay, slippery elm, garlic, ginger, peppermint, aloe, citrus bioflavonoids, and fulvic acid was added before each meal during week 2. During week 3, the cleanse supplementation was replaced with probiotic and prebiotic supplementation.

RESULTS

Multiple paired t tests detected clinically meaningful reductions in weight (- 8.7 ± 5.54 lb) (- 3.9 ± 2.5 kg), total cholesterol (- 30.0 ± 29.77 mg/dL), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (- 21.0 ± 25.20 mg/dL) (P < .05). There was a pre-post intervention increase in testosterone for men (111.0 ± 121.13 ng/dL, P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Weight loss and improvements in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels occurred after a low-energy-density dietary intervention plus regimented supplementation program.

Measures of body fat in South Asian adults

BACKGROUND

South Asian people who originate from the Indian subcontinent have greater percent body fat (%BF) for the same body mass index (BMI) compared with white Caucasians. This has been implicated in their increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. There is limited information comparing different measures of body fat in this ethnic group.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the correlation of %BF measured by a foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis (FF-BIA) against the BOD POD, a method of air-displacement plethysmography, and (2) to determine the correlations of simple anthropometric measures, (that is, BMI, body adiposity index (BAI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) against the BOD POD measure of body fat.

METHODS

Eighty apparently healthy South Asian men and women were recruited from the community, and measurements of height, weight, WC, HC and body composition using Tanita FF-BIA and BOD POD were taken.

RESULTS

The mean±s.d. age of participants was 27.78±10.49 years, 42.5% were women, and the mean BMI was 22.68±3.51 kg m(-2). The mean body fat (%BF) calculated by FF-BIA and BOD POD was 21.94±7.88% and 26.20±8.47%, respectively. The %BF calculated by FF-BIA was highly correlated with the BOD POD (Pearson's r=0.83, P<0.001), however, FF-BIA underestimated %BF by 4.3%. When anthropometric measures were compared with % BF by BOD POD, the BAI showed the strongest correlation (r=0.74) and the WHR showed the weakest (r=0.33). BAI generally underestimated %BF by 2.6% in comparison with %BF by BOD POD. The correlations of BOD POD with other measures of %BF were much stronger in subjects with a BMI >21 kg m(-2) than those with a BMI 21 kg m(-2).

CONCLUSION

The FF-BIA and BAI estimates of %BF are highly correlated with that of BOD POD among people of South Asian origin, although both methods somewhat underestimate % BF. Furthermore, their correlations with % BF from BOD POD are significantly weakened among men and women with a BMI 21 kg m(-2).

Body Mass Index Misclassification of Obesity among Community Police Officers

Occupational health nurses are at the forefront of obesity assessment and intervention and must be aware of potential inaccuracies of obesity measurement. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of obesity among a sample of 84 male police officers 22 to 63 years old and determine the accuracy of body mass index (BMI) in estimating obesity compared to body fat percent (BF %). BMI identified 39.3% of the participants as obese, compared to 70.2% by BF %. BMI misclassified normal-weight officers as obese or overweight and obese officers as normal 48.8% ( n = 41) of the time. The two misclassified groups had similar average BMIs but significantly different BF %. BMI was not an accurate measure of obesity among adult males. BMI underestimated the true prevalence of obesity and could represent a missed opportunity for early intervention and disease prevention.

Body mass index misclassification of obesity among community police officers

Occupational health nurses are at the forefront of obesity assessment and intervention and must be aware of potential inaccuracies of obesity measurement. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of obesity among a sample of 84 male police officers 22 to 63 years old and determine the accuracy of body mass index (BMI) in estimating obesity compared to body fat percent (BF %). BMI identified 39.3% of the participants as obese, compared to 70.2% by BF %. BMI misclassified normal-weight officers as obese or overweight and obese officers as normal 48.8% (n = 41) of the time. The two misclassified groups had similar average BMIs but significantly different BF %. BMI was not an accurate measure of obesity among adult males. BMI underestimated the true prevalence of obesity and could represent a missed opportunity for early intervention and disease prevention.