1
|
Zhao Y, Zhou YG, Chen JF. Targeting the adenosine A 2A receptor for neuroprotection and cognitive improvement in traumatic brain injury and Parkinson's disease. Chin J Traumatol 2024; 27:125-133. [PMID: 37679245 PMCID: PMC11138351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine exerts its dual functions of homeostasis and neuromodulation in the brain by acting at mainly 2 G-protein coupled receptors, called A1 and A2A receptors. The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonists have been clinically pursued for the last 2 decades, leading to final approval of the istradefylline, an A2AR antagonist, for the treatment of OFF-Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. The approval paves the way to develop novel therapeutic methods for A2AR antagonists to address 2 major unmet medical needs in PD and traumatic brain injury (TBI), namely neuroprotection or improving cognition. In this review, we first consider the evidence for aberrantly increased adenosine signaling in PD and TBI and the sufficiency of the increased A2AR signaling to trigger neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment. We further discuss the increasing preclinical data on the reversal of cognitive deficits in PD and TBI by A2AR antagonists through control of degenerative proteins and synaptotoxicity, and on protection against TBI and PD pathologies by A2AR antagonists through control of neuroinflammation. Moreover, we provide the supporting evidence from multiple human prospective epidemiological studies which revealed an inverse relation between the consumption of caffeine and the risk of developing PD and cognitive decline in aging population and Alzheimer's disease patients. Collectively, the convergence of clinical, epidemiological and experimental evidence supports the validity of A2AR as a new therapeutic target and facilitates the design of A2AR antagonists in clinical trials for disease-modifying and cognitive benefit in PD and TBI patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yuan-Guo Zhou
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang Province, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oharazawa A, Maimaituxun G, Watanabe K, Nishiyasu T, Fujii N. Metabolome analyses of skin dialysate: Insights into skin interstitial fluid biomarkers. J Dermatol Sci 2024:S0923-1811(24)00066-5. [PMID: 38740531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolites in biofluids can serve as biomarkers for diagnosing diseases and monitoring body conditions. Among the available biofluids, interstitial fluid (ISF) in the skin has garnered considerable attention owing to its advantages, which include inability to clot, easy access to the skin, and possibility of incorporating wearable devices. However, the scientific understanding of skin ISF composition is limited. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to compare metabolites between skin dialysate containing metabolites from the skin ISF and venous blood (plasma) samples, both collected under resting states. METHODS We collected forearm skin dialysate using intradermal microdialysis alongside venous blood (plasma) samples from 12 healthy young adults. We analyzed these samples using capillary electrophoresis-fourier transform mass spectrometry-based metabolomics (CE-FTMS). RESULTS Significant positive correlations were observed in 39 metabolites between the skin dialysate and plasma, including creatine (a mitochondrial disease biomarker), 1-methyladenosine (an early detection of cancer biomarker), and trimethylamine N-oxide (a posterior predictor of heart failure biomarker). Based on the Human Metabolome Technologies database, we identified 12 metabolites unique to forearm skin dialysate including nucleic acids, benzoate acids, fatty acids, amino acids, ascorbic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (an Alzheimer's disease biomarker), and cysteic acid (an acute myocardial infarction biomarker). CONCLUSION We show that some venous blood biomarkers may be predicted from skin dialysate or skin ISF, and that these fluids may serve as diagnostic and monitoring tools for health and clinical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gulinu Maimaituxun
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koichi Watanabe
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Japan
| | - Naoto Fujii
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The role of adenosine in alcohol-induced respiratory suppression. Neuropharmacology 2023; 222:109296. [PMID: 36377091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-related poisoning is the foremost cause of death resulting from excessive acute alcohol consumption. Respiratory failure is crucial to the pathophysiology of fatal alcohol poisoning. Alcohol increases accumulation of extracellular adenosine. Adenosine suppresses breathing. The goal of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that adenosine signaling contributes to alcohol-induced respiratory suppression. In the first experiment, the breathing of mice was monitored following an injection of the non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine (40 mg/kg), alcohol (5 g/kg), or alcohol and caffeine combined. Caffeine reduced alcohol-induced respiratory suppression suggesting that adenosine contributes to the effects of alcohol on breathing. The second experiment utilized the same experimental design, but with the blood brain barrier impermeant non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist 8-sulfophenyltheophylline (8-SPT, 60 mg/kg) instead of caffeine. 8-SPT did not reduce alcohol-induced respiratory suppression suggesting that adenosine is contributing to alcohol-induced respiratory suppression in the central nervous system. The third and fourth experiments used the same experimental design as the first, but with the selective A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX (1 mg/kg) and the selective A2A receptor antagonist istradefylline (3.3 mg/kg). Istradefylline, but not DPCPX, reduced alcohol-induced respiratory suppression indicating an A2A receptor mediated effect. In the fifth experiment, alcohol-induced respiratory suppression was evaluated in Adk+/- mice which have impaired adenosine metabolism. Alcohol-induced respiratory suppression was exacerbated in Adk+/- mice. These findings indicate that adenosinergic signaling contributes to alcohol-induced respiratory suppression. Improving our understanding of how alcohol affects breathing may lead to better treatment strategies and better outcomes for patients with severe alcohol poisoning.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fisher ES, Chen Y, Sifuentes MM, Stubblefield JJ, Lozano D, Holstein DM, Ren J, Davenport M, DeRosa N, Chen TP, Nickel G, Liston TE, Lechleiter JD. Adenosine A1R/A3R agonist AST-004 reduces brain infarction in mouse and rat models of acute ischemic stroke. FRONTIERS IN STROKE 2022; 1:1010928. [PMID: 38348128 PMCID: PMC10861240 DOI: 10.3389/fstro.2022.1010928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the second leading cause of death globally. No Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapies exist that target cerebroprotection following stroke. Our group recently reported significant cerebroprotection with the adenosine A1/A3 receptor agonist, AST-004, in a transient stroke model in non-human primates (NHP) and in a preclinical mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the specific receptor pathway activated was only inferred based on in vitro binding studies. The current study investigated the underlying mechanism of AST-004 cerebroprotection in two independent models of AIS: permanent photothrombotic stroke in mice and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. AST-004 treatments across a range of doses were cerebroprotective and efficacy could be blocked by A3R antagonism, indicating a mechanism of action that does not require A1R agonism. The high affinity A3R agonist MRS5698 was also cerebroprotective following stroke, but not the A3R agonist Cl-IB-MECA under our experimental conditions. AST-004 efficacy was blocked by the astrocyte specific mitochondrial toxin fluoroacetate, confirming an underlying mechanism of cerebroprotection that was dependent on astrocyte mitochondrial metabolism. An increase in A3R mRNA levels following stroke suggested an intrinsic cerebroprotective response that was mediated by A3R signaling. Together, these studies confirm that certain A3R agonists, such as AST-004, may be exciting new therapeutic avenues to develop for AIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Fisher
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Yanan Chen
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mikaela M. Sifuentes
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jeremy J. Stubblefield
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Damian Lozano
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Deborah M. Holstein
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - JingMei Ren
- NeuroVasc Preclinical Services, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | | | - Nicholas DeRosa
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Tsung-pei Chen
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Gerard Nickel
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - James D. Lechleiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Valada P, Hinz S, Vielmuth C, Lopes CR, Cunha RA, Müller CE, Lopes JP. The impact of inosine on hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity involves the release of adenosine through equilibrative nucleoside transporters rather than the direct activation of adenosine receptors. Purinergic Signal 2022:10.1007/s11302-022-09899-7. [PMID: 36156760 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inosine has robust neuroprotective effects, but it is unclear if inosine acts as direct ligand of adenosine receptors or if it triggers metabolic effects indirectly modifying the activity of adenosine receptors. We now combined radioligand binding studies with electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal slices to test how inosine controls synaptic transmission and plasticity. Inosine was without effect at 30 μM and decreased field excitatory post-synaptic potentials by 14% and 33% at 100 and 300 μM, respectively. These effects were prevented by the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX. Inosine at 300 (but not 100) μM also decreased the magnitude of long-term potentiation (LTP), an effect prevented by DPCPX and by the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist SCH58261. Inosine showed low affinity towards human and rat adenosine receptor subtypes with Ki values of > 300 µM; only at the human and rat A1 receptor slightly higher affinities with Ki values of around 100 µM were observed. Affinity of inosine at the rat A3 receptor was higher (Ki of 1.37 µM), while it showed no interaction with the human orthologue. Notably, the effects of inosine on synaptic transmission and plasticity were abrogated by adenosine deaminase and by inhibiting equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT) with dipyridamole and NBTI. This shows that the impact of inosine on hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity is not due to a direct activation of adenosine receptors but is instead due to an indirect modification of the tonic activation of these adenosine receptors through an ENT-mediated modification of the extracellular levels of adenosine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Valada
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sonja Hinz
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christin Vielmuth
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cátia R Lopes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - João Pedro Lopes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kalra S, Malik R, Singh G, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Mohan S, Albratty M, Albarrati A, Tambuwala MM. Pathogenesis and management of traumatic brain injury (TBI): role of neuroinflammation and anti-inflammatory drugs. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1153-1166. [PMID: 35802283 PMCID: PMC9293826 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important global health concern that represents a leading cause of death and disability. It occurs due to direct impact or hit on the head caused by factors such as motor vehicles, crushes, and assaults. During the past decade, an abundance of new evidence highlighted the importance of inflammation in the secondary damage response that contributes to neurodegenerative and neurological deficits after TBI. It results in disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and initiates the release of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes at the injury site. A growing number of researchers have discovered various signalling pathways associated with the initiation and progression of inflammation. Targeting different signalling pathways (NF-κB, JAK/STAT, MAPKs, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, GSK-3, Nrf2, RhoGTPase, TGF-β1, and NLRP3) helps in the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs in the management of TBI. Several synthetic and herbal drugs with both anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential showed effective results. This review summarizes different signalling pathways, associated pathologies, inflammatory mediators, pharmacological potential, current status, and challenges with anti-inflammatory drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunishtha Kalra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Rohit Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Govind Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. .,Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Syam Mohan
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.,Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Albarrati
- Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang ZD, Tao Q, Qin Z, Liu XW, Li SH, Bai LX, Yang YJ, Li JY. Uptake and Transport of Naringenin and Its Antioxidant Effects in Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells. Front Nutr 2022; 9:894117. [PMID: 35685871 PMCID: PMC9173001 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.894117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringenin, a flavanone, has been reported for a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, there are few reports on the absorption, transport and antioxidant effects of naringenin. The study was to explore the uptake, transport and antioxidant effects of naringenin in vitro. Cell transmembrane resistance, lucifer yellow transmission rate, and alkaline phosphatase activity were used to evaluate the successful construction of cell model. The results showed that the absorption and transport of naringenin by Caco-2 cells were time- and concentration-dependent. Different temperatures (37 and 4°C) had a significant effect on the uptake and transport of naringenin. Verapamil, potent inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, significantly inhibit naringenin transport in Caco-2 cells. The results revealed that naringenin was a moderately absorbed biological macromolecule and can penetrate Caco-2 cells, mainly mediated by the active transport pathway involved in P-glycoprotein. At the same time, naringenin pretreatment could significantly increase the viability of H2O2-induced Caco-2 cells. Twenty four differential metabolites were identified based on cellular metabolite analysis, mainly including alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, histidine metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, purine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, citrate cycle, riboflavin metabolism, and D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism. We concluded that the transport of naringenin by Caco-2 cells is mainly involved in active transport mediated by P-glycoprotein and naringenin may play an important role in oxidative stress-induced intestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dong Zhang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qi Tao
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhe Qin
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xi-Wang Liu
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shi-Hong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li-Xia Bai
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Strogulski NR, Stefani MA, Böhmer AE, Hansel G, Rodolphi MS, Kopczynski A, de Oliveira VG, Stefani ET, Portela JV, Schmidt AP, Oses JP, Smith DH, Portela LV. Cerebrospinal fluid purinomics as a biomarker approach to predict outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2022; 161:173-186. [PMID: 35157328 PMCID: PMC9035090 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high rates of mortality and long-term disability linked to neurochemical abnormalities. Although purine-derivatives play important roles in TBI pathogenesis in preclinical models, little is known about potential changes in purine levels and their implications in human TBI. We assessed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of purines in severe TBI patients as potential biomarkers that predict mortality and long-term dysfunction. This was a cross-sectional study performed in 17 severe TBI patients (Glasgow Coma Scale < 8) and 51 controls. Two to four hours after admission to ICU, patients were submitted to ventricular drainage and CSF collection for quantification of adenine and guanine purine-derivatives by HPLC. TBI patients survival was followed up to 3 days from admission. A neurofunctional assessment was performed through the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) two years after ICU admission. Purine levels were compared between control and TBI patients, and between surviving and non-surviving patients. Relative to controls, TBI patients presented increased CSF levels of GDP, guanosine, adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine. Further, GTP, GDP, IMP, and xanthine levels were different between surviving and non-surviving patients. Among the purines, guanosine was associated with improved mRS (p=0.042; r= -0.506). Remarkably, GTP displayed predictive value (AUC=0.841, p=0.024) for discriminating survival vs. non-survival patients up to three days from admission. These results support TBI-specific purine signatures, suggesting GTP as a promising biomarker of mortality, and guanosine as an indicator of long-term functional disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Strogulski
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Stefani
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Böhmer
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gisele Hansel
- Neuroinflammation and Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Rodolphi
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Afonso Kopczynski
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitória G de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda T Stefani
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana V Portela
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André P Schmidt
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Department of Anesthesia, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean Pierre Oses
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Douglas H Smith
- Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair and Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Luis V Portela
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dadgostar E, Rahimi S, Nikmanzar S, Nazemi S, Naderi Taheri M, Alibolandi Z, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR. Aquaporin 4 in Traumatic Brain Injury: From Molecular Pathways to Therapeutic Target. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:860-871. [PMID: 35088218 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03512-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known as an acute degenerative pathology of the central nervous system, and has been shown to increase brain aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression. Various molecular mechanisms affect AQP4 expression, including neuronal high mobility group box 1, forkhead box O3a, vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1 α) sirtuin 2, NF-κB, Malat1, nerve growth factor and Angiotensin II receptor type 1. In addition, inhibition of AQP4 with FK-506, MK-801 (indirectly by targeting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor), inactivation of adenosine A2A receptor, levetiracetam, adjudin, progesterone, estrogen, V1aR inhibitor, hypertonic saline, erythropoietin, poloxamer 188, brilliant blue G, HIF-1alpha inhibitor, normobaric oxygen therapy, astaxanthin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, sesamin, thaliporphine, magnesium, prebiotic fiber, resveratrol and omega-3, as well as AQP4 gene silencing lead to reduced edema upon TBI. This review summarizes current knowledge and evidence on the relationship between AQP4 and TBI, and the potential mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Rahimi
- School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Shahin Nikmanzar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Nazemi
- Tracheal Disease Research Center (TDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Naderi Taheri
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Alibolandi
- Anatomical Science Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gifford EK, Robbins EM, Jaquins-Gerstl A, Rerick MT, Nwachuku EL, Weber SG, Boutelle MG, Okonkwo DO, Puccio AM, Michael AC. Validation of Dexamethasone-Enhanced Continuous-Online Microdialysis for Monitoring Glucose for 10 Days after Brain Injury. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3588-3597. [PMID: 34506125 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces a pathophysiologic state that can be worsened by secondary injury. Monitoring brain metabolism with intracranial microdialysis can provide clinical insights to limit secondary injury in the days following TBI. Recent enhancements to microdialysis include the implementation of continuously operating electrochemical biosensors for monitoring the dialysate sample stream in real time and dexamethasone retrodialysis to mitigate the tissue response to probe insertion. Dexamethasone-enhanced continuous-online microdialysis (Dex-enhanced coMD) records long-lasting declines of glucose after controlled cortical impact in rats and TBI in patients. The present study employed retrodialysis and fluorescence microscopy to investigate the mechanism responsible for the decline of dialysate glucose after injury of the rat cortex. Findings confirm the long-term functionality of Dex-enhanced coMD for monitoring brain glucose after injury, demonstrate that intracranial glucose microdialysis is coupled to glucose utilization in the tissues surrounding the probes, and validate the conclusion that aberrant glucose utilization drives the postinjury glucose decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Gifford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Elaine M. Robbins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Andrea Jaquins-Gerstl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michael T. Rerick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Enyinna L. Nwachuku
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Stephen G. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Martyn G. Boutelle
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - David O. Okonkwo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ava M. Puccio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Adrian C. Michael
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bozdemir E, Vigil FA, Chun SH, Espinoza L, Bugay V, Khoury SM, Holstein DM, Stoja A, Lozano D, Tunca C, Sprague SM, Cavazos JE, Brenner R, Liston TE, Shapiro MS, Lechleiter JD. Neuroprotective Roles of the Adenosine A 3 Receptor Agonist AST-004 in Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2707-2721. [PMID: 34608616 PMCID: PMC8804149 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the greatest public health concerns with increasing morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Our group reported that stimulation of astrocyte mitochondrial metabolism by P2Y1 receptor agonists significantly reduced cerebral edema and reactive gliosis in a TBI model. Subsequent data on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and rapid metabolism of these compounds suggested that neuroprotection was likely mediated by a metabolite, AST-004, which binding data indicated was an adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) agonist. The neuroprotective efficacy of AST-004 was tested in a control closed cortical injury (CCCI) model of TBI in mice. Twenty-four (24) hours post-injury, mice subjected to CCCI and treated with AST-004 (0.22 mg/kg, injected 30 min post-trauma) exhibited significantly less secondary brain injury. These effects were quantified with less cell death (PSVue794 fluorescence) and loss of blood brain barrier breakdown (Evans blue extravasation assay), compared to vehicle-treated TBI mice. TBI-treated mice also exhibited significantly reduced neuroinflammatory markers, glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, astrogliosis) and ionized Ca2+-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1, microgliosis), both at the mRNA (qRT-PCR) and protein (Western blot and immunofluorescence) levels, respectively. Four (4) weeks post-injury, both male and female TBI mice presented a significant reduction in freezing behavior during contextual fear conditioning (after foot shock). AST-004 treatment prevented this TBI-induced impairment in male mice, but did not significantly affect impairment in female mice. Impairment of spatial memory, assessed 24 and 48 h after the initial fear conditioning, was also reduced in AST-004-treated TBI-male mice. Female TBI mice did not exhibit memory impairment 24 and 48 h after contextual fear conditioning and similarly, AST-004-treated female TBI mice were comparable to sham mice. Finally, AST-004 treatments were found to increase in vivo ATP production in astrocytes (GFAP-targeted luciferase activity), consistent with the proposed mechanism of action. These data reveal AST-004 as a novel A3R agonist that increases astrocyte energy production and enhances their neuroprotective efficacy after brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eda Bozdemir
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - Fabio A. Vigil
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - Sang H. Chun
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - Liliana Espinoza
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - Vladislav Bugay
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - Sarah M. Khoury
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - Deborah M. Holstein
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - Aiola Stoja
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - Damian Lozano
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - Ceyda Tunca
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - Shane M. Sprague
- Department of Neurosurgery, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - Jose E. Cavazos
- Department of Neurology, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - Robert Brenner
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - Theodore E. Liston
- Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals Inc, 245 First Street, Suite 1800, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Mark S. Shapiro
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| | - James D. Lechleiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Farr SA, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E, Campolo M, Niehoff ML, Doyle TM, Salvemini D. Adenosine A 3 receptor as a novel therapeutic target to reduce secondary events and improve neurocognitive functions following traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:339. [PMID: 33183330 PMCID: PMC7659122 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common pathological condition that presently lacks a specific pharmacological treatment. Adenosine levels rise following TBI, which is thought to be neuroprotective against secondary brain injury. Evidence from stroke and inflammatory disease models suggests that adenosine signaling through the G protein-coupled A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) can provide antiinflammatory and neuroprotective effects. However, the role of A3AR in TBI has not been investigated. Methods Using the selective A3AR agonist, MRS5980, we evaluated the effects of A3AR activation on the pathological outcomes and cognitive function in CD1 male mouse models of TBI. Results When measured 24 h after controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI, male mice treated with intraperitoneal injections of MRS5980 (1 mg/kg) had reduced secondary tissue injury and brain infarction than vehicle-treated mice with TBI. These effects were associated with attenuated neuroinflammation marked by reduced activation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (NFκB) and MAPK (p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)) pathways and downstream NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome activation. MRS5980 also attenuated TBI-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell influx. Moreover, when measured 4–5 weeks after closed head weight-drop TBI, male mice treated with MRS5980 (1 mg/kg) performed significantly better in novel object-placement retention tests (NOPRT) and T maze trials than untreated mice with TBI without altered locomotor activity or increased anxiety. Conclusion Our results provide support for the beneficial effects of small molecule A3AR agonists to mitigate secondary tissue injury and cognitive impairment following TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 915 N Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63106, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Timothy M Doyle
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA. .,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
McGuire JL, Ngwenya LB, McCullumsmith RE. Neurotransmitter changes after traumatic brain injury: an update for new treatment strategies. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:995-1012. [PMID: 30214042 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a pervasive problem in the United States and worldwide, as the number of diagnosed individuals is increasing yearly and there are no efficacious therapeutic interventions. A large number of patients suffer with cognitive disabilities and psychiatric conditions after TBI, especially anxiety and depression. The constellation of post-injury cognitive and behavioral symptoms suggest permanent effects of injury on neurotransmission. Guided in part by preclinical studies, clinical trials have focused on high-yield pathophysiologic mechanisms, including protein aggregation, inflammation, metabolic disruption, cell generation, physiology, and alterations in neurotransmitter signaling. Despite successful treatment of experimental TBI in animal models, clinical studies based on these findings have failed to translate to humans. The current international effort to reshape TBI research is focusing on redefining the taxonomy and characterization of TBI. In addition, as the next round of clinical trials is pending, there is a pressing need to consider what the field has learned over the past two decades of research, and how we can best capitalize on this knowledge to inform the hypotheses for future innovations. Thus, it is critically important to extend our understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI, particularly to mechanisms that are associated with recovery versus development of chronic symptoms. In this review, we focus on the pathology of neurotransmission after TBI, reflecting on what has been learned from both the preclinical and clinical studies, and we discuss new directions and opportunities for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L McGuire
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Laura B Ngwenya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Neurotrauma Center, University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, 45219, USA
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gunawardhana SM, Lunte SM. Continuous monitoring of adenosine and its metabolites using microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2018; 10:3737-3744. [PMID: 31579297 PMCID: PMC6774626 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay01041b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid monitoring of concentration changes of neurotransmitters and energy metabolites is important for understanding the biochemistry of neurological disease as well as for developing therapeutic options. This paper describes the development of a separation-based sensor using microchip electrophoresis (ME) with electrochemical (EC) detection coupled to microdialysis (MD) sampling for continuous on-line monitoring of adenosine and its downstream metabolites. The device was fabricated completely in PDMS. End-channel electrochemical detection was accomplished using a carbon fiber working electrode embedded in the PDMS. The separation conditions for adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and guanosine were investigated using a ME-EC chip with a 5-cm long separation channel. The best resolution was achieved using a background electrolyte consisting of 35 mM sodium borate at pH 10, 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 2 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and a field strength of 222 V/cm. Under these conditions, all four purines were separated in less than 85 s. Using a working electrode detection potential of 1.4 vs Ag/AgCl, the limits of detection were 25, 33, 10, and 25 μM for adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and guanosine, respectively. The ME-EC chip was then coupled to microdialysis sampling using a novel all-PDMS microdialysis-microchip interface that was reversibly sealed. This made alignment of the working electrode with the end of the separation channel much easier and more reproducible than could be obtained with previous MD-ME-EC systems. The integrated device was then used to monitor the enzymatic conversion of adenosine to inosine in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamal M Gunawardhana
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Susan M Lunte
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Niedzwiecki M, Samant P, Walker DI, Tran V, Jones DP, Prausnitz MR, Miller GW. Human Suction Blister Fluid Composition Determined Using High-Resolution Metabolomics. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3786-3792. [PMID: 29425024 PMCID: PMC5863097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial fluid (ISF) surrounds the cells and tissues of the body. Since ISF has molecular components similar to plasma, as well as compounds produced locally in tissues, it may be a valuable source of biomarkers for diagnostics and monitoring. However, there has not been a comprehensive study to determine the metabolite composition of ISF and to compare it to plasma. In this study, the metabolome of suction blister fluid (SBF), which largely consists of ISF, collected from 10 human volunteers was analyzed using untargeted high-resolution metabolomics (HRM). A wide range of metabolites were detected in SBF, including amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, and compounds of exogenous origin. Various systemic and skin-derived metabolite biomarkers were elevated or found uniquely in SBF, and many other metabolites of clinical and physiological significance were well correlated between SBF and plasma. In sum, using untargeted HRM profiling, this study shows that SBF can be a valuable source of information about metabolites relevant to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan
M. Niedzwiecki
- Department
of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Pradnya Samant
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Clinical
Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical
Care Medicine, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United
States
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Clinical
Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical
Care Medicine, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United
States
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Clinical
Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical
Care Medicine, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United
States
| | - Mark R. Prausnitz
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Gary W. Miller
- Department
of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mohamed AAR, Elbohi KM, El Sharkawy NI, Hassan MA. Biochemical and Apoptotic Biomarkers of Experimentally Induced Traumatic Brain Injury: In Relation to Time since Death. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
17
|
Welihinda AA, Kaur M, Raveendran KS, Amento EP. Enhancement of inosine-mediated A 2AR signaling through positive allosteric modulation. Cell Signal 2017; 42:227-235. [PMID: 29126977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inosine is an endogenous nucleoside that is produced by metabolic deamination of adenosine. Inosine is metabolically more stable (half-life 15h) than adenosine (half-life <10s). Inosine exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects similar to those observed with adenosine. These effects are mediated in part through the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). Relative to adenosine inosine exhibits a lower affinity towards the A2AR. Therefore, it is generally believed that inosine is incapable of activating the A2AR through direct engagement, but indirectly activates the A2AR upon metabolic conversion to higher affinity adenosine. A handful of studies, however, have provided evidence for direct inosine engagement at the A2AR leading to activation of downstream signaling events and inhibition of cytokine production. Here, we demonstrate that under conditions devoid of adenosine, inosine as well as an analog of inosine 6-S-[(4-Nitrophenyl)methyl]-6-thioinosine selectively and dose-dependently activated A2AR-mediated cAMP production and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in CHO cells stably expressing the human A2AR. Inosine also inhibited LPS-stimulated TNF-α, CCL3 and CCL4 production by splenic monocytes in an A2AR-dependent manner. In addition, we demonstrate that a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the A2AR enhanced inosine-mediated cAMP production, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. The cumulative effects of allosteric enhancement of adenosine-mediated and inosine-mediated A2AR activation may be the basis for the sustained anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects observed in vivo and thereby provide insights into potential therapeutic interventions for inflammation- and immune-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajith A Welihinda
- Molecular Medicine Research Institute, 428 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94085.
| | - Manmeet Kaur
- Molecular Medicine Research Institute, 428 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94085
| | - Kaviya S Raveendran
- Molecular Medicine Research Institute, 428 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94085
| | - Edward P Amento
- Molecular Medicine Research Institute, 428 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94085
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jackson EK, Kotermanski SE, Menshikova EV, Dubey RK, Jackson TC, Kochanek PM. Adenosine production by brain cells. J Neurochem 2017; 141:676-693. [PMID: 28294336 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The early release of adenosine following traumatic brain injury (TBI) suppresses seizures and brain inflammation; thus, it is important to elucidate the cellular sources of adenosine following injurious stimuli triggered by TBI so that therapeutics for enhancing the early adenosine-release response can be optimized. Using mass spectrometry with 13 C-labeled standards, we investigated in cultured rat neurons, astrocytes, and microglia the effects of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD; models energy failure), H2 O2 (produces oxidative stress), and glutamate (induces excitotoxicity) on intracellular and extracellular levels of 5'-AMP (adenosine precursor), adenosine, and inosine and hypoxanthine (adenosine metabolites). In neurons, OGD triggered increases in intracellular 5'-AMP (2.8-fold), adenosine (2.6-fold), inosine (2.2-fold), and hypoxanthine (5.3-fold) and extracellular 5'-AMP (2.2-fold), adenosine (2.4-fold), and hypoxanthine (2.5-fold). In neurons, H2 O2 did not affect intracellular or extracellular purines; yet, glutamate increased intracellular adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine (1.7-fold, 1.7-fold, and 1.6-fold, respectively) and extracellular adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine (2.9-fold, 2.1-fold, and 1.6-fold, respectively). In astrocytes, neither H2 O2 nor glutamate affected intracellular or extracellular purines, and OGD only slightly increased intracellular and extracellular hypoxanthine. Microglia were unresponsive to OGD and glutamate, but were remarkably responsive to H2 O2 , which increased intracellular 5'-AMP (1.6-fold), adenosine (1.6-fold), inosine (2.1-fold), and hypoxanthine (1.6-fold) and extracellular 5'-AMP (5.9-fold), adenosine (4.0-fold), inosine (4.3-fold), and hypoxanthine (1.9-fold). CONCLUSION Under these particular experimental conditions, cultured neurons are the main contributors to adenosine production/release in response to OGD and glutamate, whereas cultured microglia are the main contributors upon oxidative stress. Developing therapeutics that recruit astrocytes to produce/release adenosine could have beneficial effects in TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shawn E Kotermanski
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth V Menshikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raghvendra K Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Travis C Jackson
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Simon DW, McGeachy MJ, Bayır H, Clark RSB, Loane DJ, Kochanek PM. The far-reaching scope of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:171-191. [PMID: 28186177 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 'silent epidemic' of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been placed in the spotlight as a result of clinical investigations and popular press coverage of athletes and veterans with single or repetitive head injuries. Neuroinflammation can cause acute secondary injury after TBI, and has been linked to chronic neurodegenerative diseases; however, anti-inflammatory agents have failed to improve TBI outcomes in clinical trials. In this Review, we therefore propose a new framework of targeted immunomodulation after TBI for future exploration. Our framework incorporates factors such as the time from injury, mechanism of injury, and secondary insults in considering potential treatment options. Structuring our discussion around the dynamics of the immune response to TBI - from initial triggers to chronic neuroinflammation - we consider the ability of soluble and cellular inflammatory mediators to promote repair and regeneration versus secondary injury and neurodegeneration. We summarize both animal model and human studies, with clinical data explicitly defined throughout this Review. Recent advances in neuroimmunology and TBI-responsive neuroinflammation are incorporated, including concepts of inflammasomes, mechanisms of microglial polarization, and glymphatic clearance. Moreover, we highlight findings that could offer novel therapeutic targets for translational and clinical research, assimilate evidence from other brain injury models, and identify outstanding questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W Simon
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA
| | - Mandy J McGeachy
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3500 Terrace Street, BST South, S719, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA
| | - Robert S B Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3434 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Welihinda AA, Kaur M, Greene K, Zhai Y, Amento EP. The adenosine metabolite inosine is a functional agonist of the adenosine A2A receptor with a unique signaling bias. Cell Signal 2016; 28:552-60. [PMID: 26903141 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that is produced by catabolism of adenosine. Adenosine has a short half-life (approximately 10s) and is rapidly deaminated to inosine, a stable metabolite with a half-life of approximately 15h. Resembling adenosine, inosine acting through adenosine receptors (ARs) exerts a wide range of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in vivo. The immunomodulatory effects of inosine in vivo, at least in part, are mediated via the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), an observation that cannot be explained fully by in vitro pharmacological characterization of inosine at the A2AR. It is unclear whether the in vivo effects of inosine are due to inosine or a metabolite of inosine engaging the A2AR. Here, utilizing a combination of label-free, cell-based, and membrane-based functional assays in conjunction with an equilibrium agonist-binding assay we provide evidence for inosine engagement at the A2AR and subsequent activation of downstream signaling events. Inosine-mediated A2AR activation leads to cAMP production with an EC50 of 300.7μM and to extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation with an EC50 of 89.38μM. Our data demonstrate that inosine produces ERK1/2-biased signaling whereas adenosine produces cAMP-biased signaling at the A2AR, highlighting pharmacological differences between these two agonists. Given the in vivo stability of inosine, our data suggest an additional, previously unrecognized, mechanism that utilizes inosine to functionally amplify and prolong A2AR activation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajith A Welihinda
- Molecular Medicine Research Institute, 428 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, United States.
| | - Manmeet Kaur
- Molecular Medicine Research Institute, 428 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, United States
| | - Kelly Greene
- Molecular Medicine Research Institute, 428 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, United States
| | - Yongjiao Zhai
- Molecular Medicine Research Institute, 428 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, United States
| | - Edward P Amento
- Molecular Medicine Research Institute, 428 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Titus DJ, Oliva AA, Wilson NM, Atkins CM. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors as therapeutics for traumatic brain injury. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 21:332-42. [PMID: 25159077 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140826113731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Developing therapeutics for traumatic brain injury remains a challenge for all stages of recovery. The pathological features of traumatic brain injury are diverse, and it remains an obstacle to be able to target the wide range of pathologies that vary between traumatic brain injured patients and that evolve during recovery. One promising therapeutic avenue is to target the second messengers cAMP and cGMP with phosphodiesterase inhibitors due to their broad effects within the nervous system. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors have the capability to target different injury mechanisms throughout the time course of recovery after brain injury. Inflammation and neuronal death are early targets of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and synaptic dysfunction and circuitry remodeling are late potential targets of phosphodiesterase inhibitors. This review will discuss how signaling through cyclic nucleotides contributes to the pathology of traumatic brain injury in the acute and chronic stages of recovery. We will review our current knowledge of the successes and challenges of using phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of traumatic brain injury and conclude with important considerations in developing phosphodiesterase inhibitors as therapeutics for brain trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Coleen M Atkins
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Experimental advances in the study of neuroglia signaling have been greatly accelerated by the generation of transgenic mouse models. In particular, an elegant manipulation that interferes with astrocyte vesicular release of gliotransmitters via overexpression of a dominant-negative domain of vesicular SNARE (dnSNARE) has led to documented astrocytic involvement in processes that were traditionally considered strictly neuronal, including the sleep-wake cycle, LTP, cognition, cortical slow waves, depression, and pain. A key premise leading to these conclusions was that expression of the dnSNARE was specific to astrocytes. Inconsistent with this premise, we report here widespread expression of the dnSNARE transgene in cortical neurons. We further demonstrate that the activity of cortical neurons is reversibly suppressed in dnSNARE mice. These findings highlight the need for independent validation of astrocytic functions identified in dnSNARE mice and thus question critical evidence that astrocytes contribute to neurotransmission through SNARE-dependent vesicular release of gliotransmitters.
Collapse
|
23
|
Dachir S, Shabashov D, Trembovler V, Alexandrovich AG, Benowitz LI, Shohami E. Inosine improves functional recovery after experimental traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2014; 1555:78-88. [PMID: 24502983 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite years of research, no effective therapy is yet available for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The most prevalent and debilitating features in survivors of TBI are cognitive deficits and motor dysfunction. A potential therapeutic method for improving the function of patients following TBI would be to restore, at least in part, plasticity to the CNS in a controlled way that would allow for the formation of compensatory circuits. Inosine, a naturally occurring purine nucleoside, has been shown to promote axon collateral growth in the corticospinal tract (CST) following stroke and focal TBI. In the present study, we investigated the effects of inosine on motor and cognitive deficits, CST sprouting, and expression of synaptic proteins in an experimental model of closed head injury (CHI). Treatment with inosine (100 mg/kg i.p. at 1, 24 and 48 h following CHI) improved outcome after TBI, significantly decreasing the neurological severity score (NSS, p<0.04 vs. saline), an aggregate measure of performance on several tasks. It improved non-spatial cognitive performance (object recognition, p<0.016 vs. saline) but had little effect on sensorimotor coordination (rotarod) and spatial cognitive functions (Y-maze). Inosine did not affect CST sprouting in the lumbar spinal cord but did restore levels of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 in the hippocampus, though not in the cerebral cortex. Our results suggest that inosine may improve functional outcome after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Dachir
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Dalia Shabashov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Victoria Trembovler
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Alexander G Alexandrovich
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children׳s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Esther Shohami
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Verrier JD, Jackson TC, Gillespie DG, Janesko-Feldman K, Bansal R, Goebbels S, Nave KA, Kochanek PM, Jackson EK. Role of CNPase in the oligodendrocytic extracellular 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway. Glia 2013; 61:1595-606. [PMID: 23922219 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (3',5'-cAMP) is an endogenous source of localized adenosine production in many organs. Recent studies suggest that extracellular 2',3'-cAMP (positional isomer of 3',5'-cAMP) is also a source of adenosine, particularly in the brain in vivo post-injury. Moreover, in vitro studies show that both microglia and astrocytes can convert extracellular 2',3'-cAMP to adenosine. Here, we examined the ability of primary mouse oligodendrocytes and neurons to metabolize extracellular 2',3'-cAMP and their respective adenosine monophosphates (2'-AMP and 3'-AMP). Cells were also isolated from mice deficient in 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase). Oligodendrocytes metabolized 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP with 10-fold greater efficiency than did neurons (and also more than previously examined microglia and astrocytes); whereas, the production of 3'-AMP was minimal in both oligodendrocytes and neurons. The production of 2'-AMP from 2',3'-cAMP was reduced by 65% in CNPase -/- versus CNPase +/+ oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes also converted 2'-AMP to adenosine, and this was also attenuated in CNPase -/- oligodendrocytes. Inhibition of classic 3',5'-cAMP-3'-phosphodiesterases with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine did not block metabolism of 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP and inhibition of classic ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) with α,β-methylene-adenosine-5'-diphosphate did not attenuate the conversion of 2'-AMP to adenosine. These studies demonstrate that oligodendrocytes express the extracellular 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway (2',3'-cAMP → 2'-AMP → adenosine). This pathway is more robustly expressed in oligodendrocytes than in all other CNS cell types because CNPase is the predominant enzyme that metabolizes 2',3'-cAMP to 2-AMP in CNS cells. By reducing levels of 2',3'-cAMP (a mitochondrial toxin) and increasing levels of adenosine (a neuroprotectant), oligodendrocytes may protect axons from injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Verrier
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Prins ML, Alexander D, Giza CC, Hovda DA. Repeated mild traumatic brain injury: mechanisms of cerebral vulnerability. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:30-8. [PMID: 23025820 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the 3.5 million annual new head injury cases is a subpopulation of children and young adults who experience repeated traumatic brain injury (TBI). The duration of vulnerability after a single TBI remains unknown, and biomarkers have yet to be determined. Decreases in glucose metabolism (cerebral metabolic rate of glucose [CMRglc]) are consistently observed after experimental and human TBI. In the current study, it is hypothesized that the duration of vulnerability is related to the duration of decreased CMRglc and that a single mild TBI (mTBI) increases the brain's vulnerability to a second insult for a period, during which a subsequent mTBI will worsen the outcome. Postnatal day 35 rats were given sham, single mTBI, or two mTBI at 24-h or 120-h intervals. (14)C-2-deoxy-D-glucose autoradiography was conducted at 1 or 3 days post-injury to calculate CMRglc. At 24 h after a single mTBI, CMRglc is decreased by 19% in both the parietal cortex and hippocampus, but approached sham levels by 3 days post-injury. When a second mTBI is introduced during the CMRglc depression of the first injury, the consequent CMRglc is depressed (36.5%) at 24 h and remains depressed (25%) at 3 days. In contrast, when the second mTBI is introduced after the metabolic recovery of the first injury, the consequent CMRglc depression is similar to that seen with a single injury. Results suggest that the duration of metabolic depression reflects the time-course of vulnerability to second injury in the juvenile brain and could serve as a valuable biomarker in establishing window of vulnerability guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi L Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Grözinger G, Schenk M, Morgalla MH, Thiel C, Thiel K, Schuhmann MU. The values of cerebrovascular pressure reactivity and brain tissue oxygen pressure reactivity in experimental anhepatic liver failure. Neurocrit Care 2013; 17:271-80. [PMID: 22547041 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-012-9714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated in a porcine model of anhepatic acute liver failure (ALF), the value of two parameters describing cerebrovascular autoregulatory capacity, pressure reactivity index (PRx) and brain tissue oxygen pressure reactivity (ORx), regarding their power to predict the development of intracranial hypertension. METHODS In six pigs, hepatectomy was performed. Only one animal was sham operated. All animals received neuromonitoring including arterial blood pressure, intracranial pressure (ICP), and brain tissue partial oxygen pressure (P(br)O(2)). The average time of neuromonitoring was 31.0 h. Cerebral perfusion pressures (CPP), cerebrovascular pressure reactivity index (PRx) and brain tissue oxygen reactivity index (ORx) were calculated. RESULTS Perioperative disturbance of AR improved within 4 h after surgery. From 6 to 16 h post hepatectomy, ICP did slowly increase by 4 mmHg from baseline; CPP remained stable around 40 mmHg. PRx and ORx, however, indicated in this period a progressive loss of AR, reflected in a decrease of P(br)O(2) despite unchanged CPP. Beyond 16 h, ICP rose quickly. At CPP levels below 35 mmHg, P(br)O(2) fell to ischemic levels. CONCLUSIONS The loss of cerebrovascular autoregulatory capacity, indicated by a rise of PRx and ORx precedes the final crisis of uncontrollable intracranial hypertension in this animal model by hours. During this phase cerebral blood flow, as reflected in tissue oxygenation, deteriorates despite unchanged CPP. Monitoring of AR during ALF therefore seems to carry the power to identify a risk for development of critical CBF and intracranial hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Grözinger
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Weiner J, Parida SK, Maertzdorf J, Black GF, Repsilber D, Telaar A, Mohney RP, Arndt-Sullivan C, Ganoza CA, Faé KC, Walzl G, Kaufmann SHE. Biomarkers of inflammation, immunosuppression and stress with active disease are revealed by metabolomic profiling of tuberculosis patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40221. [PMID: 22844400 PMCID: PMC3402490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tuberculosis (TB) causes more deaths than any other pathogen, most infected individuals harbor the pathogen without signs of disease. We explored the metabolome of >400 small molecules in serum of uninfected individuals, latently infected healthy individuals and patients with active TB. We identified changes in amino acid, lipid and nucleotide metabolism pathways, providing evidence for anti-inflammatory metabolomic changes in TB. Metabolic profiles indicate increased activity of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), decreased phospholipase activity, increased abundance of adenosine metabolism products, as well as indicators of fibrotic lesions in active disease as compared to latent infection. Consistent with our predictions, we experimentally demonstrate TB-induced IDO1 activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate a link between metabolic profiles and cytokine signaling. Finally, we show that 20 metabolites are sufficient for robust discrimination of TB patients from healthy individuals. Our results provide specific insights into the biology of TB and pave the way for the rational development of metabolic biomarkers for TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (SHEK); (JW)
| | - Shreemanta K. Parida
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gillian F. Black
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk Repsilber
- Biomathematics/Bioinformatics Group, Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, FBN, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Anna Telaar
- Biomathematics/Bioinformatics Group, Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, FBN, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Robert P. Mohney
- Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Christian A. Ganoza
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kellen C. Faé
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (SHEK); (JW)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Verrier JD, Jackson TC, Bansal R, Kochanek PM, Puccio AM, Okonkwo DO, Jackson EK. The brain in vivo expresses the 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway. J Neurochem 2012; 122:115-25. [PMID: 22360621 PMCID: PMC3371318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although multiple biochemical pathways produce adenosine, studies suggest that the 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway (2',3'-cAMP→2'-AMP/3'-AMP→adenosine) contributes to adenosine production in some cells/tissues/organs. To determine whether the 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway exists in vivo in the brain, we delivered to the brain (gray matter and white matter separately) via the inflow perfusate of a microdialysis probe either 2',3'-cAMP, 3',5'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, or 5'-AMP and measured the recovered metabolites in the microdialysis outflow perfusate with mass spectrometry. In both gray and white matter, 2',3'-cAMP increased 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP and adenosine, and 3',5'-cAMP increased 5'-AMP and adenosine. In both brain regions, 2'-AMP, 3-AMP and 5'-AMP were converted to adenosine. Microdialysis experiments in 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) wild-type mice demonstrated that traumatic brain injury (controlled cortical impact model) activated the brain 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway; similar experiments in CNPase knockout mice indicated that CNPase was involved in the metabolism of endogenous 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP and to adenosine. In CSF from traumatic brain injury patients, 2',3'-cAMP was significantly increased in the initial 12 h after injury and strongly correlated with CSF levels of 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, adenosine and inosine. We conclude that in vivo, 2',3'-cAMP is converted to 2'-AMP/3'-AMP, and these AMPs are metabolized to adenosine. This pathway exists endogenously in both mice and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Verrier
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Travis C. Jackson
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Rashmi Bansal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Ava M. Puccio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - David O. Okonkwo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Edwin K. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wagner AK, Zitelli KT. A Rehabilomics focused perspective on molecular mechanisms underlying neurological injury, complications, and recovery after severe TBI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 20:39-48. [PMID: 22444246 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying TBI pathophysiology and recovery are both complex and varied. Further, the pathology underlying many of the clinical sequelae observed in this population evolve over the acute injury period and encompass the subacute and chronic phases of recovery, supporting the contemporary concept that TBI is a chronic disease rather than a static insult from which limited recovery occurs. TBI related complications can also span from acute care to the very chronic stages of recovery that occur years after the initial trauma. Despite ongoing neurodegeneration, the TBI recovery period is also characterized by a propensity for neuroplasticity and rewiring through multiple mechanisms. This review summarizes key elements of acute pathophysiology, how they link to structural damage and ongoing degeneration, and how this process coincides with a permissive neuroplastic environment. The pathophysiology of selected TBI related complications is also discussed. Each of these concepts is studied through the lens of Rehabilomics, wherein an emphasis is placed on biomarker studies characterizing these pathophysiological mechanisms, and biomarker profiles are assessed in relation to multi-modal outcomes and susceptibility to rehabilitation relevant complications. In reviewing these concepts, implications for future research and theranostic principles for patient care are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, United States; Center for Neuroscience University of Pittsburgh, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lusardi TA, Lytle NK, Szybala C, Boison D. Caffeine prevents acute mortality after TBI in rats without increased morbidity. Exp Neurol 2011; 234:161-8. [PMID: 22226594 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with a high incidence of acute mortality followed by chronic alteration of homeostatic network activity that includes the emergence of posttraumatic seizures. We hypothesized that acute and chronic outcome after severe TBI critically depends on disrupted bioenergetic network homeostasis, which is governed by the availability of the brain's endogenous neuroprotectant adenosine. We used a rat lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) model of severe TBI with an acute mortality rate of 46.7%. A subset of rats was treated with 25mg/kg caffeine intraperitoneally within 1 min of the injury. We assessed neuromotor function at 24h and 4 weeks, and video-EEG activity and histology at 4 weeks following injury. We first demonstrate that acute mortality is related to prolonged apnea and that a single acute injection of the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine can completely prevent TBI-induced mortality when given immediately following the TBI. Second, we demonstrate that neuromotor function is not affected by caffeine treatment at either 24h or 4 weeks following injury. Third, we demonstrate development of epileptiform EEG bursts as early as 4 weeks post-injury that are significantly reduced in duration in the rats that received caffeine. Our data demonstrate that acute treatment with caffeine can prevent lethal apnea following fluid percussion injury, with no negative influence on motor function or histological outcome. Further, we show epileptiform bursting is reduced after caffeine treatment, suggesting a potential role in the modulation of epilepsy development after severe injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Lusardi
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
A novel multicenter preclinical drug screening and biomarker consortium for experimental traumatic brain injury: operation brain trauma therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 71:S15-24. [PMID: 21795873 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31822117fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
Chen JF, Chern Y. Impacts of methylxanthines and adenosine receptors on neurodegeneration: human and experimental studies. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:267-310. [PMID: 20859800 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are some of the most feared illnesses in modern society, with no effective treatments to slow or halt this neurodegeneration. Several decades after the earliest attempt to treat Parkinson's disease using caffeine, tremendous amounts of information regarding the potential beneficial effect of caffeine as well as adenosine drugs on major neurodegenerative disorders have accumulated. In the first part of this review, we provide general background on the adenosine receptor signaling systems by which caffeine and methylxanthine modulate brain activity and their role in relationship to the development and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The demonstration of close interaction between adenosine receptor and other G protein coupled receptors and accessory proteins might offer distinct pharmacological properties from adenosine receptor monomers. This is followed by an outline of the major mechanism underlying neuroprotection against neurodegeneration offered by caffeine and adenosine receptor agents. In the second part, we discuss the current understanding of caffeine/methylxantheine and its major target adenosine receptors in development of individual neurodegenerative disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis. The exciting findings to date include the specific in vivo functions of adenosine receptors revealed by genetic mouse models, the demonstration of a broad spectrum of neuroprotection by chronic treatment of caffeine and adenosine receptor ligands in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, the encouraging development of several A(2A) receptor selective antagonists which are now in advanced clinical phase III trials for Parkinson's disease. Importantly, increasing body of the human and experimental studies reveals encouraging evidence that regular human consumption of caffeine in fact may have several beneficial effects on neurodegenerative disorders, from motor stimulation to cognitive enhancement to potential neuroprotection. Thus, with regard to neurodegenerative disorders, these potential benefits of methylxanthines, caffeine in particular, strongly argue against the common practice by clinicians to discourage regular human consumption of caffeine in aging populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Traumatic brain injury reduces soluble extracellular amyloid-β in mice: a methodologically novel combined microdialysis-controlled cortical impact study. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 40:555-64. [PMID: 20682338 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) deposition has been observed in young traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, leading to the hypothesis that elevated extracellular Aβ levels could underlie the increased risk of dementia following TBI. However, a recent microdialysis-based study in human brain injury patients found that extracellular Aβ dynamics correlate with changes in neurological status. Because neurological status is generally diminished following injury, this correlation suggested the alternative hypothesis that soluble extracellular Aβ levels may instead be reduced after TBI relative to baseline. We have developed a methodologically novel mouse model that combines experimental controlled cortical impact TBI with intracerebral microdialysis. In this model, we found that Aβ levels in microdialysates were immediately decreased by 25-50% in the ipsilateral hippocampus following TBI. This result was found in PDAPP, Tg2576, and Tg2576-ApoE2 transgenic mice producing human Aβ plus wild-type animals. Changes were not due to altered probe function, edema, changes in APP levels, or Aβ deposition. Similar decreases in Aβ were observed in phosphate buffered saline-soluble tissue extracts. Hippocampal electroencephalographic activity was also decreased up to 40% following TBI, and correlated with reduced microdialysate Aβ levels. These results support the alternative hypothesis that post-injury extracellular soluble Aβ levels are acutely decreased relative to baseline. Reduced neuronal activity may contribute, though the underlying mechanisms have not been definitively determined. Further work will be needed to assess the dynamics of insoluble and oligomeric Aβ after TBI.
Collapse
|
34
|
Lusardi TA. Adenosine neuromodulation and traumatic brain injury. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 7:228-37. [PMID: 20190964 PMCID: PMC2769006 DOI: 10.2174/157015909789152137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous signaling molecule, with widespread activity across all organ systems. There is evidence that adenosine regulation is a significant factor in traumatic brain injury (TBI) onset, recovery, and outcome, and a growing body of experimental work examining the therapeutic potential of adenosine neuromodulation in the treatment of TBI. In the central nervous system (CNS), adenosine (dys)regulation has been demonstrated following TBI, and correlated to several TBI pathologies, including impaired cerebral hemodynamics, anaerobic metabolism, and inflammation. In addition to acute pathologies, adenosine function has been implicated in TBI comorbidities, such as cognitive deficits, psychiatric function, and post-traumatic epilepsy. This review presents studies in TBI as well as adenosine-related mechanisms in co-morbidities of and unfavorable outcomes resulting from TBI. While the exact role of the adenosine system following TBI remains unclear, there is increasing evidence that a thorough understanding of adenosine signaling will be critical to the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the treatment of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Lusardi
- R. S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratory, Portland OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Despite major advances in a variety of neuroscientific research fields, the majority of neurodegenerative and neurological diseases are poorly controlled by currently available drugs, which are largely based on a neurocentric drug design. Research from the past 5 years has established a central role of glia to determine how neurons function and, consequently, glial dysfunction is implicated in almost every neurodegenerative and neurological disease. Glial cells are key regulators of the brain's endogenous neuroprotectant and anticonvulsant adenosine. This review will summarize how glial cells contribute to adenosine homeostasis and how glial adenosine receptors affect glial function. We will then move on to discuss how glial cells interact with neurons and the vasculature, and outline new methods to study glial function. We will discuss how glial control of adenosine function affects neuronal cell death, and its implications for epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, ischemia, and Parkinson's disease. Eventually, glial adenosine-modulating drug targets might be an attractive alternative for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. There are, however, several major open questions that remain to be tackled.
Collapse
|
36
|
Marklund N, Sihver S, Hovda DA, Långström B, Watanabe Y, Ronquist G, Bergström M, Hillered L. Increased Cerebral Uptake of [18F]Fluoro-Deoxyglucose but not [1-14C]Glucose Early following Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:1281-93. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Marklund
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University CSO, Imanet, and Uppsala Applied Science Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven Sihver
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Uppsala University CSO, Imanet, and Uppsala Applied Science Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David A. Hovda
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bengt Långström
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University CSO, Imanet, and Uppsala Applied Science Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Department of Neuroscience, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gunnar Ronquist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Biochemical Structure And Function, Uppsala University CSO, Imanet, and Uppsala Applied Science Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Bergström
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University CSO, Imanet, and Uppsala Applied Science Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hillered
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University CSO, Imanet, and Uppsala Applied Science Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Marklund N, Sihver S, Hovda D, Långström B, Watanabe Y, Ronquist G, Bergström M, Hillered L. INCREASED CEREBRAL UPTAKE OF [18F]FLUORO-DEOXYGLUCOSE BUT NOT [1-14C]GLUCOSE EARLY FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN RATS. J Neurotrauma 2009. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008-0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
38
|
Bjerring PN, Eefsen M, Hansen BA, Larsen FS. The brain in acute liver failure. A tortuous path from hyperammonemia to cerebral edema. Metab Brain Dis 2009; 24:5-14. [PMID: 19050999 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-008-9116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a condition with an unfavourable prognosis. Multiorgan failure and circulatory collapse are frequent causes of death, but cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension (ICH) are also common complications with a high risk of fatal outcome. The underlying pathogenesis has been extensively studied and although the development of cerebral edema and ICH is of a complex and multifactorial nature, it is well established that ammonia plays a pivotal role. This review will focus on the effects of hyperammonemia on neurotransmission, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, inflammation and regulation of cerebral blood flow. Finally, potential therapeutic targets and future perspectives are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nissen Bjerring
- Dept. Hepatology, section A-2121, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Thomale UW, Griebenow M, Mautes A, Beyer TF, Dohse NK, Stroop R, Sakowitz OW, Unterberg AW, Stover JF. Heterogeneous regional and temporal energetic impairment following controlled cortical impact injury in rats. Neurol Res 2008; 29:594-603. [PMID: 17535559 DOI: 10.1179/016164107x166272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Following traumatic brain injury metabolic stability is impaired. Duration and reversibility of these changes might be important to guide specific interventions. METHODS To characterize temporal and regional changes in cerebral metabolism, 68 male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a focal cortical contusion. Lesion progression and mitochondrial impairment were determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, respectively. Metabolic alterations were determined at hours 6 and 24 and day 7 by measuring extracellular glucose, lactate and hypoxanthine levels with microdialysis catheters placed adjacent and distant to the contusion and by quantifying changes in tissue ATP, lactate and glucose using bioluminescence imaging. RESULTS The cortical lesion reached its maximal extent at hour 24 and remained confined to the ipsilateral hemisphere. In microdialysate, at hour 6, extracellular hypoxanthine and lactate reached maximal values, thereafter hypoxanthine normalized while lactate remained increased. Extracellular glucose reached the highest values at hour 24 and remained elevated. Bioluminescence imaging revealed heterogeneous changes in areas distant to the contusion. No significant changes were found in ATP content. Slightly elevated tissue glucose until 24 hours in the ipsilateral hemisphere was observed. Following a continuous increase, lactate levels were the highest by 6 hours in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus. DISCUSSION CCI is associated with disturbances in energetic metabolism. Metabolic perturbation is not restricted to the early phase and the contusional region following focal cortical contusion, but also involves hippocampus and primarily uninjured parts of the hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich W Thomale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Campus Virchow, Medical School of Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Atkins CM, Oliva AA, Alonso OF, Pearse DD, Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Modulation of the cAMP signaling pathway after traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2007; 208:145-58. [PMID: 17916353 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in both focal and diffuse brain pathologies that are exacerbated by the inflammatory response and progress from hours to days after the initial injury. Using a clinically relevant model of TBI, the parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury (FPI) model, we found injury-induced impairments in the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathway. Levels of cAMP were depressed in the ipsilateral parietal cortex and hippocampus, as well as activation of its downstream target, protein kinase A, from 15 min to 48 h after moderate FPI. To determine if preventing hydrolysis of cAMP by administration of a phosphodiesterase (PDE) IV inhibitor would improve outcome after TBI, we treated animals intraperitoneally with rolipram (0.3 or 3.0 mg/kg) 30 min prior to TBI, and then once per day for 3 days. Rolipram treatment restored cAMP to sham levels and significantly reduced cortical contusion volume and improved neuronal cell survival in the parietal cortex and CA3 region of the hippocampus. Traumatic axonal injury, characterized by beta-amyloid precursor protein deposits in the external capsule, was also significantly reduced in rolipram-treated animals. Furthermore, levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), were significantly decreased with rolipram treatment. These results demonstrate that the cAMP-PKA signaling cascade is downregulated after TBI, and that treatment with a PDE IV inhibitor improves histopathological outcome and decreases inflammation after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coleen M Atkins
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tumini E, Porcellini E, Chiappelli M, Conti CM, Beraudi A, Poli A, Caciagli F, Doyle R, Conti P, Licastro F. The G51S purine nucleoside phosphorylase polymorphism is associated with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease patients. Hum Psychopharmacol 2007; 22:75-80. [PMID: 17221831 DOI: 10.1002/hup.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a polygenic and multifactorial complex disease, whose etiopathology is still unclear, however several genetic factors have shown to increase the risk of developing the disease. Purine nucleotides and nucleosides play an important role in the brain. Besides their role in neurotransmission and neuromodulation, they are involved in trophic factor release, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses. These mediators may also have a pivotal role in the control of neurodegenerative processes associated with AD. In this report the distribution of the exonic G/A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) gene, resulting in the amino acid substitution serine to glycine at position 51 (G51S), was investigated in a large population of AD patients (n=321) and non-demented control (n=208). The PNP polymorphism distribution was not different between patients and controls. The polymorphism distribution was also analyzed in AD patients stratified according to differential progressive rate of cognitive decline during a 2-year follow-up. An increased representation of the PNP AA genotype was observed in AD patients with fast cognitive deterioration in comparison with that from patients with slow deterioration rate. Our findings suggest that the G51S PNP polymorphism is associated with a faster rate of cognitive decline in AD patients, highlighting the important role of purine metabolism in the progression of this neurodegenerative disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Tumini
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Italy, Psychiatric Department Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Brust TB, Cayabyab FS, Zhou N, MacVicar BA. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase contributes to adenosine A1 receptor-mediated synaptic depression in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 2006; 26:12427-38. [PMID: 17135404 PMCID: PMC6674914 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4052-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is arguably the most potent and widespread presynaptic modulator in the CNS, yet adenosine receptor signal transduction pathways remain unresolved. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism in which adenosine A1 receptor stimulation leads to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and contributes to the inhibition of synaptic transmission. Western blot analysis indicated that selective A1 receptor activation [with N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA)] resulted in rapid increases in phosphorylated p38 (phospho-p38) MAPK immunoreactivity in membrane fractions, and decreases in phospho-p38 MAPK in cytosolic fractions. Immunoprecipitation with a phospho-p38 MAPK antibody revealed constitutive association of this phosphoprotein with adenosine A1 receptors. Phospho-p38 MAPK activation by A1 receptor stimulation induced translocation of PP2a (protein phosphatase 2a) to the membrane. We then examined the actions of p38 MAPK activation in A1 receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition. Excitatory postsynaptic field potentials evoked in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus markedly decreased in response to adenosine (10 microM), the A1 receptor agonist CPA (40 nM), or a 5 min exposure to hypoxia. These inhibitory responses were mediated by A1 receptor activation because the selective antagonist DPCPX (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine) (100 nM) prevented them. In agreement with the biochemical analysis, the selective p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole] (25 microM) blocked the inhibitory actions of A1 receptor activation, whereas both the inactive analog SB202474 [4-ethyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-(4'-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole] (25 microM) and the ERK 1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) MAPK inhibitor PD98059 [2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone] (50 microM) were ineffective. In contrast, the p38 MAPK inhibitors did not inhibit GABA(B)-mediated synaptic depression. These data suggest A1 receptor-mediated p38 MAPK activation is a crucial step underlying the presynaptic inhibitory effect of adenosine on CA3-CA1 synaptic transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson B. Brust
- Brain Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 2B5
| | - Francisco S. Cayabyab
- Brain Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 2B5
| | - Ning Zhou
- Brain Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 2B5
| | - Brian A. MacVicar
- Brain Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 2B5
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Statler KD. Pediatric posttraumatic seizures: epidemiology, putative mechanisms of epileptogenesis and promising investigational progress. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:354-63. [PMID: 16943659 DOI: 10.1159/000094162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic seizures and epilepsy are common in children experiencing traumatic brain injury and portend worse functional outcome. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of pediatric posttraumatic seizures and epilepsy remains poorly understood, and no efficacious preventive therapy for post-traumatic epilepsy has been identified. This article reviews the epidemiology of pediatric posttraumatic seizures, discusses prominent putative mechanisms of posttraumatic epileptogenesis and highlights recent promising progress in experimental investigations of posttraumatic seizures and epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Statler
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84158-0289, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Salci K, Nilsson P, Goiny M, Contant C, Piper I, Enblad P. Low intracranial compliance increases the impact of intracranial volume insults to the traumatized brain: a microdialysis study in a traumatic brain injury rodent model. Neurosurgery 2006; 59:367-73; discussion 367-73. [PMID: 16883177 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000222648.61065.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The vulnerability of the brain is considered to be increased after trauma. The present study was undertaken to determine whether intracranial volume insults in the posttraumatic period led to increased metabolic disturbances if intracranial compliance was decreased. METHODS A weight drop technique with a brain compression of 1.5 mm was used for injury. Intracranial compensatory volume was decreased 60 microl by placing rubber film between the dura mater and the bone. Intracranial volume insults were induced using the Bolus injection technique. Microdialysis was used to measure interstitial lactate, pyruvate, hypoxanthine, and glycerol. Fifty-two rats were allocated to trauma and sham groups with 0 to 3 layers of rubber film with and without intracranial volume insults. RESULTS In the groups with reduced intracranial volume exposed to intracranial volume insults, the time course of metabolic markers showed higher increases and slower recovery rates than for the other groups. Reduced intracranial volume or intracranial volume insults alone did not cause any changes compared with controls. CONCLUSION These results support the hypothesis that decreased intracranial compliance increases the vulnerability of the brain for secondary volume insults even with intracranial pressure at low levels between the insults. This finding has important clinical implications in that it stresses the need to identify patients with low intracranial compliance so that their treatment can be optimized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Salci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Marklund N, Salci K, Ronquist G, Hillered L. Energy metabolic changes in the early post-injury period following traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:1085-93. [PMID: 16909313 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cerebral energy metabolism may be a major contributor to the secondary injury cascade that occurs following traumatic brain injury (TBI). To estimate the cortical energy metabolic state following mild and severe controlled cortical contusion (CCC) TBI in rats, ipsi-and contralateral cortical tissues were frozen in situ at 15 and 40 min post-injury and adenylate (ATP, ADP, AMP) levels were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the energy charge (EC) was calculated. At 15 min post-injury, mildly brain-injured animals showed a 43% decrease in cortical ATP levels and a 2.4-fold increase in AMP levels (P < 0.05), and there was a significant reduction of the ipsilateral cortical EC when compared to sham-injured animals (P < 0.05). At 40 min post-injury, the ipsilateral adenylate levels and EC had recovered to the values observed in the sham-injury group. In the severe CCC group, there was a 51% decrease in ipsilateral cortical ATP levels and a 5.3-fold increase in AMP levels with a significant reduction of cortical EC at 15 min post-injury (P < 0.05). At 40 min post-injury, a 2.6-fold ipsilateral increase in AMP levels and an 11% and 44% decrease in EC and ATP levels, respectively, remained (P < 0.05). A 37-38% reduction of the total adenylate pool was observed ipsilaterally in both CCC severity groups at the early time-point, and a 19% and 28% decrease remained in the mild and severe CCC groups, respectively, at 40 min post-injury. Significant contralateral ATP and EC changes were only observed in the severe CCC group at 40 min post-injury (P < 0.05). The energy-requiring secondary injury cascades that occur early post-injury do not challenge the brain tissue to the extent of ATP depletion and may provide a window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Marklund
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kochanek PM, Vagni VA, Janesko KL, Washington CB, Crumrine PK, Garman RH, Jenkins LW, Clark RSB, Homanics GE, Dixon CE, Schnermann J, Jackson EK. Adenosine A1 receptor knockout mice develop lethal status epilepticus after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006; 26:565-75. [PMID: 16121125 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine, acting at A1 receptors, exhibits anticonvulsant effects in experimental epilepsy--and inhibits progression to status epilepticus (SE). Seizures after traumatic brain injury (TBI) may contribute to pathophysiology. Thus, we hypothesized that endogenous adenosine, acting via A1 receptors, mediates antiepileptic benefit after experimental TBI. We subjected A1-receptor knockout (ko) mice, heterozygotes, and wild-type (wt) littermates (n=115) to controlled cortical impact (CCI). We used four outcome protocols in male mice: (1) observation for seizures, SE, and mortality in the initial 2 h, (2) assessment of seizure score (electroencephalogram (EEG)) in the initial 2 h, (3) assessment of mortality at 24 h across injury levels, and (4) serial assessment of arterial blood pressure, heart rate, blood gases, and hematocrit. Lastly, to assess the influence of gender on this observation, we observed female mice for seizures, SE, and mortality in the initial 2 h. Seizure activity was noted in 83% of male ko mice in the initial 2 h, but was seen in no heterozygotes and only 33% of wt (P<0.05). Seizures in wt were brief (1 to 2 secs). In contrast, SE involving lethal sustained (>1 h) tonic clonic activity was uniquely seen in ko mice after CCI (50% incidence in males), (P<0.05). Seizure score was twofold higher in ko mice after CCI versus either heterozygote or wt (P<0.05). An injury-intensity dose-response for 24 h mortality was seen in ko mice (P<0.05). Physiologic parameters were similar between genotypes. Seizures were seen in 100% of female ko mice after CCI versus 14% of heterozygotes and 25% wt (P<0.05) and SE was restricted to the ko mice (83% incidence). Our data suggest a critical endogenous anticonvulsant action of adenosine at A1 receptors early after experimental TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kochanek PM, Hendrich KS, Jackson EK, Wisniewski SR, Melick JA, Shore PM, Janesko KL, Zacharia L, Ho C. Characterization of the effects of adenosine receptor agonists on cerebral blood flow in uninjured and traumatically injured rat brain using continuous arterial spin-labeled magnetic resonance imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25:1596-612. [PMID: 15931163 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hypoperfusion after traumatic brain injury may exacerbate damage. Adenosine, a vasodilator, regulates cerebral blood flow (CBF). Treatment with adenosine receptor agonists has shown benefit in experimental CNS trauma; however, their effects on CBF after injury remain undefined. We used magnetic resonance imaging to assess CBF in uninjured rats both early and at 24 h after intrahippocampal administration of either the nonselective adenosine receptor agonist 2-chloroadenosine (2-CA, 12 nmol) or the A(2A)-receptor agonist 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)-phenethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarbox-amidoadenosine (CGS 21680, 6 nmol). We also assessed the effects of these agents on cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRglu). We then assessed the effect of 2-CA on CBF at 3.5 to 5 h after controlled cortical impact (CCI). Injection of 2-CA into uninjured rat brain produced marked increases in CBF in ipsilateral hippocampus and cortex versus vehicle (P<0.05); CBF increases persisted even at 24 h. Measurement of hippocampal levels of 2-CA showed persistent increases to 24 h. CGS 21680 produced even more marked global increases in CBF than seen with 2-CA (2-6-fold versus vehicle, P<0.05 in 10/12 regions of interest (ROIs)). Neither agonist altered CMRglu versus vehicle. After CCI, 2-CA increased CBF in ipsilateral hippocampal and hemispheric ROIs (P<0.05 versus vehicle), but the response was attenuated at severe injury levels. We report marked increases in CBF after injection of adenosine receptor agonists into uninjured rat brain despite unaltered CMRglu. 2-Chloroadenosine produced enduring increases in CBF in uninjured brain and attenuated posttraumatic hypoperfusion. Future studies of adenosine-related therapies in CNS injury should address the role of CBF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Choi JW, Yoo BK, Ryu MK, Choi MS, Park GH, Ko KH. Adenosine and purine nucleosides prevent the disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential by peroxynitrite in rat primary astrocytes. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28:810-5. [PMID: 16114496 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that astrocytes deprived of glucose became highly vulnerable to peroxynitrite, and adenosine and its metabolites attenuated the gliotoxicity via the preservation of cellular ATP level. Here, we found that adenosine and related metabolites prevented the disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) in glucose-deprived rat primary astrocytes exposed to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), a peroxynitrite releasing agent. Exposure to glucose deprivation and SIN-1 (2 h) significantly disrupted MTP in astrocytes, and adenosine prevented it in dose-dependent manner with an EC50 of 5.08 microM. Adenosine also partially prevented the cell death by myxothiazol, a well-known inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration. Blockade of adenosine deamination or intracellular transport with erythro-9-(-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenosine (EHNA) or S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI), respectively, completely reversed the protective effect of adenosine. Other purine nucleos(t)ides including inosine, guanosine, ATP, ADP, AMP, ITP, and GTP also showed similar protective effects. This study indicates that adenosine and related purine nucleos(t)ides may protect astrocytes from peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Woong Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hillered L, Vespa PM, Hovda DA. Translational neurochemical research in acute human brain injury: the current status and potential future for cerebral microdialysis. J Neurotrauma 2005; 22:3-41. [PMID: 15665601 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2005.22.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microdialysis (MD) was introduced as an intracerebral sampling method for clinical neurosurgery by Hillered et al. and Meyerson et al. in 1990. Since then MD has been embraced as a research tool to measure the neurochemistry of acute human brain injury and epilepsy. In general investigators have focused their attention to relative chemical changes during neurointensive care, operative procedures, and epileptic seizure activity. This initial excitement surrounding this technology has subsided over the years due to concerns about the amount of tissue sampled and the complicated issues related to quantification. The interpretation of mild to moderate MD fluctuations in general remains an issue relating to dynamic changes of the architecture and size of the interstitial space, blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, and analytical imprecision, calling for additional validation studies and new methods to control for in vivo recovery variations. Consequently, the use of this methodology to influence clinical decisions regarding the care of patients has been restricted to a few institutions. Clinical studies have provided ample evidence that intracerebral MD monitoring is useful for the detection of overt adverse neurochemical conditions involving hypoxia/ischemia and seizure activity in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), traumatic brain injury (TBI), thromboembolic stroke, and epilepsy. There is some data strongly suggesting that MD changes precede the onset of secondary neurological deterioration following SAH, hemispheric stroke, and surges of increased ICP in fulminant hepatic failure. These promising investigations have relied on MD-markers for disturbed glucose metabolism (glucose, lactate, and pyruvate) and amino acids. Others have focused on trying to capture other important neurochemical events, such as excitotoxicity, cell membrane degradation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) formation, cellular edema, and BBB dysfunction. However, these other applications need additional validation. Although these cerebral events and their corresponding changes in neurochemistry are important, other promising MD applications, as yet less explored, comprise local neurochemical provocations, drug penetration to the human brain, MD as a tool in clinical drug trials, and for studying the proteomics of acute human brain injury. Nevertheless, MD has provided new important insights into the neurochemistry of acute human brain injury. It remains one of very few methods for neurochemical measurements in the interstitial compartment of the human brain and will continue to be a valuable translational research tool for the future. Therefore, this technology has the potential of becoming an established part of multimodality neuro-ICU monitoring, contributing unique information about the acute brain injury process. However, in order to reach this stage, several issues related to quantification and bedside presentation of MD data, implantation strategies, and quality assurance need to be resolved. The future success of MD as a diagnostic tool in clinical neurosurgery depends heavily on the choice of biomarkers, their sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value for secondary neurochemical events, and the availability of practical bedside methods for chemical analysis of the individual markers. The purpose of this review was to summarize the results of clinical studies using cerebral MD in neurosurgical patients and to discuss the current status of MD as a potential method for use in clinical decision-making. The approach was to focus on adverse neurochemical conditions in the injured human brain and the MD biomarkers used to study those events. Methodological issues that appeared critical for the future success of MD as a routine intracerebral sampling method were addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hillered
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yoo BK, Choi JW, Yoon SY, Ko KH. Protective effect of adenosine and purine nucleos(t)ides against the death by hydrogen peroxide and glucose deprivation in rat primary astrocytes. Neurosci Res 2005; 51:39-44. [PMID: 15596239 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2004.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose deprivation (GD) induced ATP loss and cell death in astrocytes. Here, we reported that adenosine and related purine nucleos(t)ides recovered cellular ATP level and completely prevented the cell death in rat primary astrocytes co-treated with H2O2 and glucose deprivation. Time- and concentration-dependently, H2O2 induced cell death and ATP loss in glucose-deprived astrocytes. Adenosine or ATP prevented both astrocytic death and ATP loss caused by H2O2/GD in dose-dependent manner. Further, inhibition of adenosine deamination or transport with erythro-9-(-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenosine or S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine largely attenuated the protective effect of adenosine. Other purine nucleos(t)ides such as inosine, guanosine, ADP, AMP, ITP and GTP also showed similar protective effects. Adenosine or ATP also blocked the mitochondrial dysfunction and glutathione (GSH) depletion in H2O2-treated glucose-deprived astrocytes. The present results suggest that adenosine and related purine nucleos(t)ides may protect astrocytes from H2O2 and glucose deprivation induced the potentiated death by restoration of cellular ATP level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Kwon Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|